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Background: Small cell bladder cancer (SCBC) is a rare histologic subtype with relative paucity of data regarding treatment response and outcomes. We reviewed 2 databases to compare outcomes in patients with localized SCBC treated with cystectomy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). We hypothesized that survival would be similar with these therapy approaches., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our institutional and SEER-Medicare databases to identify patients with SCBC. Overall survival (OS) was determined from the date of diagnosis to last follow-up/death. For those with nonmetastatic disease, a multivariate Cox analysis was used to compare locoregional therapy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) + cystectomy versus CCRT., Results: We identified 53 patients in our institutional database and 1166 patients in SEER-Medicare with localized SCBC. Median OS (mOS) with NAC + cystectomy was 46 months (95% CI, 21-72) and 45 months (95% CI, 0-104) in the institutional and SEER-Medicare databases, respectively, whereas mOS with CCRT was 26 months (95% CI, 5-47) and 23 months (95% CI, 18-28) in the 2 series, respectively. In multivariate analysis, NAC followed by cystectomy was associated with an approximately 30% reduction in mortality compared to CCRT in both institutional and national databases but did not reach statistical significance (Institution HR 0.71, 95% CI, 0.22-2.4, P = .58; SEER HR 0.73, 95% CI, 0.49-1.08; P = .11)., Conclusions: SCBC is very aggressive with limited survival observed in our institutional and SEER-Medicare datasets regardless of locoregional therapy used. There is an unmet need to define the optimal locoregional therapy for nonmetastatic stage and identify novel therapeutic targets., Competing Interests: Disclosure Dimitra Rafailia Bakaloudi: no conflicts to disclose. Elizabeth L. Koehne: no conflicts to disclose. Leonidas N. Diamantopoulos: no conflicts to disclose. Sarah K. Holt: no conflicts to disclose. Rishi R. Sekar: no conflicts to disclose. Fady Ghali: Consulting: Immunitybio Funda Vakar-Lopez: no conflicts to disclose. Yaw A. Nyame: no conflicts to disclose. Sarah P. Psutka: Research Funding: National Institute on Aging; Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network; PRIME Education, Inc; Guidelines Committee: American Urological Association: Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Guidelines 2023 Advisory/Consultancy: Janssen (SunRise-4 Global Co-PI), Immunity Bio, Merck, CG Oncology John L. Gore: Research Grant funding from Ferring Pharmaceuticals. Claire de la Calle: no conflicts to disclose. Daniel W. Lin: DSMB for the POTOMAC study with AstraZeneca; Consulting or Advisory Role—Astellas Pharma, Clovis Oncology, Janssen Oncology, and Lantheus, Research Funding –Veracyte; MDxHealth. George R. Schade: Advisor ImmunityBio, Consultant EDAP. Intellectual property licensed to Petal Surgical. Jay Liao: no conflicts to disclose. Andrew C. Hsieh: Honoraria—Hotspot Therapeutics; Research Funding—eFFECTOR Inc; Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property—MTOR modulators and uses thereof Patent number: 9629843; Use Of Translational Profiling To Identify Target Molecules For Therapeutic Treatment, Publication number: 20140288097. Todd Yezefski: Institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, Astellas, participation in educational programs for Dendreon Jessica E. Hawley: consulting for Seagen, Daiichi-Sankyo, Immunity Bio; institutional research support from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Crescendo Biologics, Macrogenics, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, PromiCell, Amgen, and Vaccitech. Evan Y. Yu: consulting for Aadi Bioscience, Advanced Accelerator Applications, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Lantheus, Loxo, Merck, Oncternal; institutional research support from Bayer, Blue Earth, Daiichi-Sankyo, Dendreon, Lantheus, Merck, Oncternal, Seagen, Surface, Taiho, Tyra. Robert B. Montgomery: Research Funding—AstraZeneca, Bayer, Clovis, Janssen Oncology. Petros Grivas (unrelated to this manuscript in the last 2 years): consulting for MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, EMD Serono, Seagen, Pfizer, Janssen, Roche, Astellas Pharma, Gilead Sciences, Silverback Therapeutics, BostonGene, Fresenius Kabi, Lucence Health, PureTech, G1 Therapeutics, Aadi Biosciences, CG Oncology, Strata Oncology, ImmunityBio, Asieris Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie; Institutional research funding: Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, QED Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Mirati Therapeutics, EMD Serono, G1 Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Acrivon Therapeutics, ALX Oncology, Genentech. Jonathan L. Wright: Royalties—UpToDate; Clinical Trials/Research—Merck, Nucleix, Altor Biosciences, Pacific Edge, Seagen, Janssen, Veracyte; Consulting—ImmunityBio; Pacific Edge., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Histological grading of prostate cancer is a powerful prognostic tool, but current criteria for grade assignment are not fully optimised. Our goal was to develop and test a simplified histological grading model, based heavily on large cribriform/intraductal carcinoma, with optimised sensitivity for predicting metastatic potential., Methods and Results: Two separate non-overlapping cohorts were identified: a 419-patient post-radical prostatectomy cohort with long term clinical follow-up and a 209-patient post-radical prostatectomy cohort in which all patients had pathologically confirmed metastatic disease. All prostatectomies were re-reviewed for high-risk histological patterns of carcinoma termed 'unfavourable histology'. Unfavourable histology is defined by any classic Gleason pattern 5 component, any large cribriform morphology (> 0.25 mm) or intraductal carcinoma, complex intraluminal papillary architecture, grade 3 stromogenic carcinoma and complex anastomosing cord-like growth. For the outcome cohort, Kaplan-Meier analysis compared biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death between subjects with favourable and unfavourable histology, stratified by pathological stage and grade group. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models evaluated adding unfavourable histology to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) post-prostatectomy nomogram and stratification by percentage of unfavourable histology. At 15 years unfavourable histology predicted biochemical recurrence, with sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 88%, metastatic disease at 100 and 48% and death at 100 and 46%. Grade group 2 prostate cancers with unfavourable histology were associated with metastasis independent of pathological stage, while those without had no risk. Histological models for prediction of metastasis based on only large cribriform/intraductal carcinoma or increasing diameter of cribriform size improved specificity, but with lower sensitivity. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models demonstrated that unfavourable histology significantly improved discriminatory power of the MSKCC post-prostatectomy nomogram for biochemical failure (likelihood ratio test P < 0.001). In the retrospective review of a separate RP cohort in which all patients had confirmed metastatic disease, none had unequivocal favourable histology., Conclusions: Unfavourable histology at radical prostatectomy is associated with metastatic risk, predicted adverse outcomes better than current grading and staging systems and improved the MSKCC post-prostatectomy nomogram. Most importantly, unfavourable histology stratified grade group 2 prostate cancers into those with and without metastatic potential, independent of stage. While unfavourable histology is driven predominantly by large cribriform/intraductal carcinoma, the recognition and inclusion of other specific architectural patterns add to the sensitivity for predicting metastatic disease. Moreover, a simplified dichotomous model improves communication and could increase implementation., (© 2024 The Author(s). Histopathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction. Papillary urothelial carcinomas are currently graded as either low- or high-grade tumors based on World Health Organization (WHO) 2022 guidelines for genitourinary tumors. However, a minority of tumors are mixed-grade tumors, composed predominantly of low-grade cancer with a minor high-grade component. In the 2022 WHO these cancers are recognized as having outcomes comparable to low-grade cancers, although data to date has been limited. Methods. The pathology records of a large academic institution were searched for mixed-grade, non-muscle invasive papillary carcinomas of the bladder and ureter in order to characterize prognosis of these cancers. Results . Of 136 cancers, the majority (n = 104, 76.5%) were solitary, mixed-grade tumors, while 21 (15.4%) had a concurrent low-grade cancer and 11 (8.1%) had multiple mixed-grade tumors at the time of diagnosis. At follow-up (median 48.3 months, range = 1.3 months-18.1 years), 71 cancers recurred (52.2%): 52 (38.2%) as low- or mixed-grade cancers and 18 (13.2%) as high-grade cancers. There were no instances of stage-progression to >p T2. Conclusions . The clinical outcome of mixed-grade carcinomas was similar to what has been reported for low-grade carcinomas. Based on our results, and prior congruent studies of mixed-grade lesions, these lesions may be regarded as a distinct sub-category with a better prognosis than high-grade tumors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) presents diagnostic challenges due to small biopsy specimen size, poor orientation, and technical obstacles that can yield equivocal diagnoses. This uncertainty often mandates repeated biopsies to evaluate the necessity of nephroureterectomy. Prior studies have suggested cytokeratin 17 (CK17) immunostain as an adjunctive tool for diagnosing bladder urothelial neoplasia in both urine cytology and tissue biopsy specimens. We evaluated the utility of CK17 in differentiating UTUC from benign urothelium and its ability to stratify low-grade from high-grade neoplasia. Our study involved a cohort of previously diagnosed cytology (n = 29) and tissue specimens from biopsies and resections (n = 85). We evaluated CK17 staining percentage in cytology and tissue samples and localization patterns in biopsy/resection samples. Our findings showed a statistically significant distinction (p < 0.05) between UTUC and benign tissue specimens based on full thickness localization pattern (odds ratio 8.8 [95% CI 1.53-67.4]). The percentage of CK17 staining failed to significantly differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic cases in cytology or tissue samples. Additionally, based on prior research showing the efficacy of CK20/CD44/p53 triple panel in bladder urothelial neoplasia, we utilized tissue microarrays to evaluate if these markers could distinguish UTUC from benign urothelium. We found that CK20/CD44/p53, individually or in combination, could not distinguish urothelial neoplasia from non-neoplasia. Full thickness CK17 urothelial localization by immunohistochemistry was highly reproducible with excellent interobserver agreement and may play a supplementary role in distinguishing upper tract urothelial neoplasia from benign urothelium., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Distinguishing indolent from clinically significant localized prostate cancer is a major clinical challenge and influences clinical decision-making between treatment and active surveillance. The development of novel predictive biomarkers will help with risk stratification, and clinical decision-making, leading to a decrease in over or under-treatment of patients with prostate cancer. Here, we report that Trop2 is a prognostic tissue biomarker for clinically significant prostate cancer by utilizing the Canary Prostate Cancer Tissue Microarray (CPCTA) cohort composed of over 1100 patients from a multi-institutional study. We demonstrate that elevated Trop2 expression is correlated with worse clinical features including Gleason score, age, and pre-operative PSA levels. More importantly, we demonstrate that elevated Trop2 expression at radical prostatectomy predicts worse overall survival in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Additionally, we detect shed Trop2 in urine from men with clinically significant prostate cancer. Our study identifies Trop2 as a novel tissue prognostic biomarker and a candidate non-invasive marker for prostate cancer., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

HOXB13 is a key lineage homeobox transcription factor that plays a critical role in the differentiation of the prostate gland. Several studies have suggested that HOXB13 alterations may be involved in prostate cancer development and progression. Despite its potential biological relevance, little is known about the expression of HOXB13 across the disease spectrum of prostate cancer. To this end, we validated a HOXB13 antibody using genetic controls and investigated HOXB13 protein expression in murine and human developing prostates, localized prostate cancers, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers. We observed that HOXB13 expression increases during later stages of murine prostate development. All localized prostate cancers showed HOXB13 protein expression. Interestingly, lower HOXB13 expression levels were observed in higher-grade tumors, although no significant association between HOXB13 expression and recurrence or disease-specific survival was found. In advanced metastatic prostate cancers, HOXB13 expression was retained in the majority of tumors. While we observed lower levels of HOXB13 protein and mRNA levels in tumors with evidence of lineage plasticity, 84% of androgen receptor-negative castration-resistant prostate cancers and neuroendocrine prostate cancers (NEPCs) retained detectable levels of HOXB13. Notably, the reduced expression observed in NEPCs was associated with a gain of HOXB13 gene body CpG methylation. In comparison to the commonly used prostate lineage marker NKX3.1, HOXB13 showed greater sensitivity in detecting advanced metastatic prostate cancers. Additionally, in a cohort of 837 patients, 383 with prostatic and 454 with non-prostatic tumors, we found that HOXB13 immunohistochemistry had a 97% sensitivity and 99% specificity for prostatic origin. Taken together, our studies provide valuable insight into the expression pattern of HOXB13 during prostate development and cancer progression. Furthermore, our findings support the utility of HOXB13 as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer, particularly to confirm the prostatic origin of advanced metastatic castration-resistant tumors. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland., (© 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.)

Background: Nectin-4 and Trop-2 are transmembrane targets of FDA-approved antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) Enfortumab-vedotin (EV) and Sacituzumab govitecan (SG), respectively, for the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). The expression and role of Nectin-4 and Trop-2 in mUC variant histology is poorly described., Materials and Methods: We evaluate membranous and cytoplasmic protein expression, and mRNA levels of Nectin-4 and Trop-2 within matched primary and metastatic mUC samples to determine heterogeneity of ADC targets in mUC variants., Results: Patients with mUC were consented for rapid autopsy immediately after death. Tissues from matched primary and metastatic lesions were collected. A total of 67 specimens from 20 patients were analyzed: 27 were UC, 17 plasmacytoid (PUC), 18 UC with squamous differentiation (UCSD), and 5 neuroendocrine (NE); 10 from primary and 57 from metastatic sites. All histology except NE expressed moderate-high levels of Nectin-4 and Trop-2 by both immunohistochemistry and RNAseq. Nectin-4 demonstrated prominent cytoplasmic staining in metastatic PUC and UCSD. Trop-2 demonstrated strong cytoplasmic and membrane staining in primary and metastatic tumors. Interestingly, Nectin-4 and Trop-2 expression are positively correlated at both mRNA and protein levels., Conclusion: UC and non-NE variants express notable level of Nectin-4 and Trop-2 in both primary and metastatic lesions. Membrane staining of Nectin-4 and Trop-2 is present but cytoplasmic staining is a more common event in both mUC and mUC variant histology. These findings support evaluation of EV and SG in heavily treated variant histology BC and urge attention on the clinical relevance of cytoplasmic localization of ADC targets., Competing Interests: Disclosure Evan Yu: Institutional grants: Daiichi-Sankyo, Taiho, Dendreon, Merck, Seattle Genetics, Blue Earth, Bayer - DAROL and citDNA, Lantheus Consulting with honorarium (in the last 3 years): Jansen, Merck, Advanced Accelerator Applications, Bayer, Exelixis, Clovis, Abbvie, Sanofi-Genzyme Funda Vakar-Lopez: AstraZeneca - Virtual Advisory Board Member on metastatic urothelial cancer Petros Grivas: Institutional grants: Bavarian Nordic; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Clovis Oncology; Debiopharm; Merck KGaA; Gilead; Pfizer; MSD; QED Therapeutics; GlaxoSmithKline; G1 Therapeutics; Mirati Therapeutics Consulting: Aadi Bioscience; AstraZeneca; Asieris Pharmaceuticals, Astellas Pharma, BMS; Boston Gene, CG Oncology, Dyania Health; Exelixis; Lucence Health; Fresenius Kabi, G1 Therapeutics; Gilead; Guardant Health; ImmunityBio; Infinity Pharmaceuticals; Janssen; Merck KGaA; Mirati Therapeutics; MSD; Genentech/Roche; Pfizer; PureTech; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; QED Therapeutics; Seattle Genetics, Strata Oncology, 4D Pharma PLC, UroGen, Silverback Therapeutics Bruce Montgomery: Institutional grants: AstraZeneca, Janssen Oncology, Clovis Oncology, Astellas Pharma, BeiGene John K. Lee: Institutional grants: Immunomedics Michael Schweizer: Institutional grants: Zenith Epigenetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Immunomedics, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Madison Vaccines, Hoffman-La Roche, Tmunity, SignalOne Bio and Ambrx, Inc. Paid consultant and/or received Honoria: Sanofi, AstraZeneca, PharmaIn and Resverlogix. Jonathan Wright Institutional grants: Merck, Veracyte, Pacific Edge, Janssen, Nucleix. Consultant: Immunity Bio Royalties: UpToDate Other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss is associated with adverse outcomes in prostate cancer and can be measured via immunohistochemistry. The purpose of the study was to establish the clinical application of an in-house developed artificial intelligence (AI) image analysis workflow for automated detection of PTEN loss on digital images for identifying patients at risk of early recurrence and metastasis. Postsurgical tissue microarray sections from the Canary Foundation (n = 1264) stained with anti-PTEN antibody were evaluated independently by pathologist conventional visual scoring (cPTEN) and an automated AI-based image analysis pipeline (AI-PTEN). The relationship of PTEN evaluation methods with cancer recurrence and metastasis was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard and decision curve models. Both cPTEN scoring by the pathologist and quantification of PTEN loss by AI (high-risk AI-qPTEN) were significantly associated with shorter metastasis-free survival (MFS) in univariable analysis (cPTEN hazard ratio [HR], 1.54; CI, 1.07-2.21; P = .019; AI-qPTEN HR, 2.55; CI, 1.83-3.56; P < .001). In multivariable analyses, AI-qPTEN showed a statistically significant association with shorter MFS (HR, 2.17; CI, 1.49-3.17; P < .001) and recurrence-free survival (HR, 1.36; CI, 1.06-1.75; P = .016) when adjusting for relevant postsurgical clinical nomogram (Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment [CAPRA] postsurgical score [CAPRA-S]), whereas cPTEN does not show a statistically significant association (HR, 1.33; CI, 0.89-2; P = .2 and HR, 1.26; CI, 0.99-1.62; P = .063, respectively) when adjusting for CAPRA-S risk stratification. More importantly, AI-qPTEN was associated with shorter MFS in patients with favorable pathological stage and negative surgical margins (HR, 2.72; CI, 1.46-5.06; P = .002). Workflow also demonstrated enhanced clinical utility in decision curve analysis, more accurately identifying men who might benefit from adjuvant therapy postsurgery. This study demonstrates the clinical value of an affordable and fully automated AI-powered PTEN assessment for evaluating the risk of developing metastasis or disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Adding the AI-qPTEN assessment workflow to clinical variables may affect postoperative surveillance or management options, particularly in low-risk patients., (Copyright © 2023 United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: To examine oncologic outcomes and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (SUC) treated with radical cystectomy (RC)., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively queried our institutional database (2003-18) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare (2004-2015) for patients with cT2-4, N0-2, M0 SUC and conventional UC (CUC) treated with RC. Clinicopathologic characteristics were described using descriptive statistics (t test, χ2-test and log-rank-test for group comparison). Overall (OS) and recurrence-free-survival (RFS) after RC were estimated with the Kaplan Meier method and associations with OS were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards models., Results: We identified 38 patients with SUC and 287 patients with CUC in our database, and 190 patients with SUC in SEER-Medicare. In the institutional cohort, patients with SUC versus CUC had higher rates of pT3/4 stage (66% vs. 35%, P < 0.001), lower rates of ypT0N0 (6% vs. 35%, P = .02), and worse median OS (17.5 vs. 120 months, P < .001). Further, patients with SUC in the institutional versus SEER-Medicare cohort had similar median OS (17.5 vs. 21 months). In both cohorts, OS was comparable between patients with SUC undergoing NAC+RC vs. RC alone (17.5 vs. 18.4 months, P = .98, institutional cohort; 24 vs. 20 months, P = .56, SEER cohort). In Cox proportional hazards models for the institutional RC cohort, SUC was independently associated with worse OS (HR 2.3, CI 1.4-3.8, P = .001)., Conclusion: SUC demonstrates poor pathologic response to NAC and worse OS compared with CUC, with no OS benefit associated with NAC. A unique pattern of rapid abdominopelvic cystic recurrence was identified., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We uncover a tumor-suppressive process in urothelium called transcriptional-translational conflict caused by deregulation of the central chromatin remodeling component ARID1A. Loss of Arid1a triggers an increase in a nexus of pro-proliferation transcripts, but a simultaneous inhibition of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which results in tumor suppression. Resolution of this conflict through enhancing translation elongation speed enables the efficient and precise synthesis of a network of poised mRNAs resulting in uncontrolled proliferation, clonogenic growth, and bladder cancer progression. We observe a similar phenomenon in patients with ARID1A-low tumors, which also exhibit increased translation elongation activity through eEF2. These findings have important clinical implications because ARID1A-deficient, but not ARID1A-proficient, tumors are sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of protein synthesis. These discoveries reveal an oncogenic stress created by transcriptional-translational conflict and provide a unified gene expression model that unveils the importance of the crosstalk between transcription and translation in promoting cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by cystectomy is the standard for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), however, NAC confers only a small survival benefit and new strategies are needed to increase its efficacy. Pre-clinical data suggest that in response to DNA damage the tumor microenvironment (TME) adopts a paracrine secretory phenotype dependent on mTOR signaling which may provide an escape mechanism for tumor resistance, thus offering an opportunity to increase NAC effectiveness with mTOR blockade., Patients & Methods: We conducted a phase I/II clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine-cisplatin-rapamycin combination. Grapefruit juice was administered to enhance rapamycin pharmacokinetics by inhibiting intestinal enzymatic degradation. Phase I was a dose determination/safety study followed by a single arm Phase II study of NAC prior to radical cystectomy evaluating pathologic response with a 26% pCR rate target., Results: In phase I, 6 patients enrolled, and the phase 2 dose of 35 mg rapamycin established. Fifteen patients enrolled in phase II; 13 were evaluable. Rapamycin was tolerated without serious adverse events. At the preplanned analysis, the complete response rate (23%) did not meet the prespecified level for continuing and the study was stopped due to futility. With immunohistochemistry, successful suppression of the mTOR signaling pathway in the tumor was achieved while limited mTOR activity was seen in the TME., Conclusion: Adding rapamycin to gemcitabine-cisplatin therapy for patients with MIBC was well tolerated but failed to improve therapeutic efficacy despite evidence of mTOR blockade in tumor cells. Further efforts to understand the role of the tumor microenvironment in chemotherapy resistance is needed., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Cribriform growth pattern is well-established as an adverse pathologic feature in prostate cancer. The literature suggests "large" cribriform glands associate with aggressive behavior; however, published studies use varying definitions for "large". We aimed to identify an outcome-based quantitative cut-off for "large" vs "small" cribriform glands. We conducted an initial training phase using the tissue microarray based Canary retrospective radical prostatectomy cohort. Of 1287 patients analyzed, cribriform growth was observed in 307 (24%). Using Kaplan-Meier estimates of recurrence-free survival curves (RFS) that were stratified by cribriform gland size, we identified 0.25 mm as the optimal cutoff to identify more aggressive disease. In univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses, size >0.25 mm was a significant predictor of worse RFS compared to patients with cribriform glands ≤0.25 mm, independent of pre-operative PSA, grade, stage and margin status (p < 0.001). In addition, two different subset analyses of low-intermediate risk cases (cases with Gleason score ≤ 3 + 4 = 7; and cases with Gleason score = 3 + 4 = 7/4 + 3 = 7) likewise demonstrated patients with largest cribriform diameter >0.25 mm had a significantly lower RFS relative to patients with cribriform glands ≤0.25 mm (each subset p = 0.004). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in outcomes between patients with cribriform glands ≤ 0.25 mm and patients without cribriform glands. The >0.25 mm cut-off was validated as statistically significant in a separate 419 patient, completely embedded whole-section radical prostatectomy cohort by biochemical recurrence, metastasis-free survival, and disease specific death, even when cases with admixed Gleason pattern 5 carcinoma were excluded. In summary, our findings support reporting cribriform gland size and identify 0.25 mm as an optimal outcome-based quantitative measure for defining "large" cribriform glands. Moreover, cribriform glands >0.25 mm are associated with potential for metastatic disease independent of Gleason pattern 5 adenocarcinoma., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) has been associated with worse outcomes across tumor types, including bladder cancer. We report our institutional experience with PBT utilization in the setting of radical cystectomy (RC) for patients with bladder cancer, exploring whether timing of PBT receipt influences perioperative and oncologic outcomes., Methods: Consecutive patients with bladder cancer treated with RC were identified. PBT was defined as red blood cell transfusion during RC or the postoperative admission. Clinicopathologic and peri and/or postoperative parameters were extracted and compared between patients who did and did not receive PBT using Mann Whitney U Test, chi-square, and log-rank test. Overall (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were estimated with the Kaplan Meier method. Univariate/multivariate logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to identify variables associated with postoperative and oncologic outcomes, respectively., Results: The cohort consisted of 747 patients (77% men; median age 67 years). Median follow-up was 61.5 months (95% CI 55.8-67.2) At least one postoperative complication (90-day morbidity) occurred in 394 (53%) patients. Median OS and RFS were 91.8 months (95% CI: 76.0-107.6) and 66.0 months (95% CI: 48.3-83.7), respectively. On multivariate analysis, intraoperative, but not postoperative, BT was independently associated with shorter OS (HR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.32-2.29) and RFS (HR: 1.55, 95%CI: 1.20-2.01), after adjusting for relevant clinicopathologic variables. PBT (intra- or post- operative) was significantly associated with prolonged postoperative hospitalization ≥10 days., Conclusions: Intraoperative BT was associated with inferior OS and RFS, and PBT overall was associated with prolonged hospitalization following RC. Further studies are needed to validate this finding and explore potential causes for this observation., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest Leonidas N. Diamantopoulos: no conflicts to disclose;Rishi R. Sekar: no conflicts to disclose; Sarah K. Holt: no conflicts to disclose; Ali R. Khaki: no conflicts to disclose; Natalie J Miller: no conflicts to disclose; Adam Gadzinski: no conflicts to disclose; Yaw A. Nyame: no conflicts to disclose; Brian R. Winters: no conflicts to disclose; Funda Vakar-Lopez: no conflicts to disclose; Maria S. Tretiakova: no conflicts to disclose; Sarah P. Psutka: Honoraria - Prime; Education; Travel, Accommodations, Expenses - Prime Education. John L. Gore: Research Grant funding from Ferring Pharmaceuticals.Daniel W. Lin: DSMB for the POTOMAC study with AstraZeneca; Consulting or Advisory Role – Astellas Pharma, Clovis Oncology, Dendreon; Research Funding – GenomeDx; Genomic Health; MDxHealth. George R. Schade: Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property - Global Cancer Technology. Andrew C. Hsieh: Honoraria - Hotspot Therapeutics; Research Funding - eFFECTOR Inc; Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property - MTOR modulators and uses thereof Patent number: 9629843; Use Of Translational Profiling To Identify Target Molecules For Therapeutic Treatment, Publication number: 20140288097. John K. Lee: Research Funding - Immunomedics; Todd Yezefski: no conflicts to disclose; Michael T. Schweizer: Paid consultant to  Resverlogix. He has received research funding to his institution from Immunomedics, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Madison Vaccines, Tmunity and Hoffmann-La Roche. Heather H. Cheng: Research Funding - Astellas Medivation, Clovis Oncology, Color Foundation, Janssen, Sanofi. Consulting for AstraZeneca. Royalties – UpToDate. Evan Y. Yu: consulting for Abbvie, Advanced Accelerator Applications, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Clovis, Dendreon, Incyte, Janssen, Merck, Pharmacyclics, QED, Sanofi, and Seattle Genetics; institutional research support from Bayer, Blue Earth, Daiichi-Sankyo, Dendreon, Merck, Pharmacyclics, Taiho, and Seattle Genetics (all unrelated in last 3 years).Lawrence D. True: Stock and Other Ownership Interests – Lightspeed Micro Research Funding, Ventana Medical Systems; Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property – Lens on an open-top lightsheet microscope. Robert B. Montgomery: Research Funding – AstraZeneca, ESSA, Ferring, Janssen Oncology. Petros Grivas (all unrelated in the last 3 years): consulting for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clovis Oncology, Dyania Health, Driver, EMD Serono, Exelixis, Foundation Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Genzyme, Heron Therapeutics, Immunomedics, Janssen, Merck, Mirati Therapeutics, Pfizer, Roche, Seattle Genetics, QED Therapeutics; institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, Bavarian Nordic, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clovis Oncology, Debiopharm, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunomedics, Kure It Cancer Research, Merck, Mirati Therapeutics, Oncogenex, Pfizer, QED Therapeutics. Jonathan L. Wright: Royalties – UpToDate; Clinical Trials - Movember Foundation, Merck, Nucleix, Altor Biosciences; Consulting – Sanofi Genzyme., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Transcription factor E3-rearranged renal cell carcinoma (TFE3-RCC) has heterogenous morphologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) features.131 pathologists with genitourinary expertise were invited in an online survey containing 23 questions assessing their experience on TFE3-RCC diagnostic work-up.Fifty (38%) participants completed the survey. 46 of 50 participants reported multiple patterns, most commonly papillary pattern (almost always 9/46, 19.5%; frequently 29/46, 63%). Large epithelioid cells with abundant cytoplasm were the most encountered cytologic feature, with either clear (almost always 10/50, 20%; frequently 34/50, 68%) or eosinophilic (almost always 4/49, 8%; frequently 28/49, 57%) cytology. Strong (3+) or diffuse (>75% of tumour cells) nuclear TFE3 IHC expression was considered diagnostic by 13/46 (28%) and 12/47 (26%) participants, respectively. Main TFE3 IHC issues were the low specificity (16/42, 38%), unreliable staining performance (15/42, 36%) and background staining (12/42, 29%). Most preferred IHC assays other than TFE3, cathepsin K and pancytokeratin were melan A (44/50, 88%), HMB45 (43/50, 86%), carbonic anhydrase IX (41/50, 82%) and CK7 (32/50, 64%). Cut-off for positive TFE3 fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) was preferably 10% (9/50, 18%), although significant variation in cut-off values was present. 23/48 (48%) participants required TFE3 FISH testing to confirm TFE3-RCC regardless of the histomorphologic and IHC assessment. 28/50 (56%) participants would request additional molecular studies other than FISH assay in selected cases, whereas 3/50 participants use additional molecular cases in all cases when TFE3-RCC is in the differential.Optimal diagnostic approach on TFE3-RCC is impacted by IHC and/or FISH assay preferences as well as their conflicting interpretation methods., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPC) is a rare urothelial carcinoma variant with conflicting data guiding clinical practice. In this study, we explored oncologic outcomes in relation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in a retrospective cohort of patients with MPC, alongside data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively identified patients with MPC or conventional urothelial carcinoma (CUC) without any variant histology undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) in our institution (2003-2018). SEER-Medicare was also queried to identify patients diagnosed with MPC (2004-2015). Clinicopathologic data and treatment modalities were extracted. Overall survival (OS) was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon and chi-square tests were used for comparative analysis and Cox regression for identifying clinical covariates associated with OS., Results: Our institutional database yielded 46 patients with MPC and 457 with CUC. In SEER-Medicare, 183 patients with MPC were identified, and 63 (34%) underwent RC. In the institutional cohort, patients with MPC had significantly higher incidence of cN+ (17% vs. 8%), pN+ stage (30% vs. 17%), carcinoma-in-situ (43% vs. 25%), and lymphovascular invasion (30% vs. 16%) at RC versus those with CUC (all P < .05). Pathologic complete response (ypT0N0) to NAC was 33% for MPC and 35% for CUC (P = .899). Median OS was lower for institutional MPC versus CUC in univariate analysis (43.6 vs. 105.3 months, P = .006); however, MPC was not independently associated with OS in the multivariate model. Median OS was 25 months in the SEER MPC cohort for patients undergoing RC, while NAC was not associated with improved OS in that group., Conclusion: Pathologic response to NAC was not significantly different between MPC and CUC, while MPC histology was not an independent predictor of OS. Further studies are needed to better understand biological mechanisms behind its aggressive features as well as the role of NAC in this histology variant., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Bladder cancer is among the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Currently, few bladder cancer models have undergone thorough characterization to assess their fidelity to patient tumors, especially upon propagation in the laboratory. Here, we establish and molecularly characterize CoCaB 1, an aggressive cisplatin-resistant muscle-invasive bladder cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and companion organoid system. CoCaB 1 was a subcutaneous PDX model reliably transplanted in vivo and demonstrated an acceleration in growth upon serial transplantation, which was reflected in organoid and 2D cell culture systems. Transcriptome analysis revealed progression towards an increasingly proliferative and stem-like expression profile. Gene expression differences between organoid and PDX models reflected expected differences in cellular composition, with organoids enriched in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism genes and deprived of extracellular components observed in PDXs. Both PDX and organoid models maintained the histological fidelity and mutational heterogeneity of their parental tumor. This study establishes the CoCaB 1 PDX and organoid system as companion representative tumor models for the development of novel bladder cancer therapies.

Significance: Processing and diagnosing a set of 12 prostate biopsies using conventional histology methods typically take at least one day. A rapid and accurate process performed while the patient is still on-site could significantly improve the patient's quality of life., Aim: We develop and assess the feasibility of a one-hour-to-diagnosis (1Hr2Dx) method for processing and providing a preliminary diagnosis of a set of 12 prostate biopsies., Approach: We developed a fluorescence staining, optical clearing, and 3D open-top light-sheet microscopy workflow to enable 12 prostate needle core biopsies to be processed and diagnosed within an hour of receipt. We analyzed 44 biopsies by the 1Hr2Dx method, which does not consume tissue. The biopsies were then processed for routine, slide-based 2D histology. Three pathologists independently evaluated the 3D 1Hr2Dx and 2D slide-based datasets in a blinded, randomized fashion. Turnaround times were recorded, and the accuracy of our method was compared with gold-standard slide-based histology., Results: The average turnaround time for tissue processing, imaging, and diagnosis was 44.5 min. The sensitivity and specificity of 1Hr2Dx in diagnosing cancer were both >90  %  ., Conclusions: The 1Hr2Dx method has the potential to improve patient care by providing an accurate preliminary diagnosis within an hour of biopsy.

Bladder cancer, one of the more common cancers, is a heterogeneous disease, both morphologically and clinically. Although histological classification and extent of the disease (staging) guide treatment options, the heterogeneity in responses to therapy highlights the need for better stratification of patients for the appropriate therapy in order to achieve better outcomes. Several molecular classifications of muscle-invasive bladder cancer have been proposed but currently their use in clinical practice is limited by the complexity of the methods used and diversity of the subtypes., (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)

Penile cancer is an under-studied disease that occurs more commonly in developing countries and 30-50% of cases show high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Therapeutic advances are slow, largely due to the absence of animal models for translational research. Here, we report the first mouse model for HPV-related penile cancer. Ten-week-old mice expressing all the HPV16 early genes under control of the cytokeratin 14 (Krt14) gene promoter and matched wild-type controls were exposed topically to dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or vehicle for 16 weeks. At 30 weeks of age, mice were sacrificed for histological analysis. Expression of Ki67, cytokeratin 14, and of the HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 was confirmed using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR, respectively. HPV16-transgenic mice developed intraepithelial lesions including condylomas and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN). Lesions expressed cytokeratin 14 and the HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 and showed deregulated cell proliferation, demonstrated by Ki67-positive supra-basal cells. HPV16-transgenic mice exposed to DMBA showed increased PeIN incidence and squamous cell carcinoma. Malignant lesions showed varied histological features closely resembling those of HPV-associated human penile cancers. Wild-type mice showed no malignant or pre-malignant lesions even when exposed to DMBA. These observations provide the first experimental evidence to support the etiological role of HPV16 in penile carcinogenesis. Importantly, this is the first mouse model to recapitulate key steps of HPV-related penile carcinogenesis and to reproduce morphological and molecular features of human penile cancer, providing a unique in vivo tool for studying its biology and advancing basic and translational research. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (© 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Background: Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma is a rare bladder cancer variant with scarce data on outcomes and prognostic factors., Objective: We report our institutional experience with this histology to determine response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, definitive surgery and survival., Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with plasmacytoid, as well as conventional urothelial carcinoma (for comparison) seen in our institution (2007 - 2018). Baseline characteristics, clinicopathologic and treatment data were captured. T-test, chi-squared and log-rank test was used for group comparison. Kaplan Meier method was used for estimation of overall survival and Cox regression for identification of prognostic factors., Results: 64 patients with plasmacytoid and 418 with conventional urothelial histology were identified; 53% of those with plasmacytoid presented with cT3/4 stage and 67% underwent extirpative surgery. Patients with plasmacytoid histology had higher rates of pT3/4 (65% vs. 28%), nodal disease (37% vs. 16%) and positive surgical margins (23% vs. 5%) compared to urothelial group (p < 0.01), as well as higher incidence of post-operative recurrence (47% vs. 29%, p = 0.05) and lower ypT0N0 rates after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (10% vs. 33%, p = 0.03). Plasmacytoid histology was associated with lower median overall survival compared to conventional urothelial (24 vs. 154 months, p < 0.01)., Conclusions: Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma frequently presented with advanced stage at diagnosis and extirpative surgery, poor pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and inferior outcomes, when compared to conventional urothelial. Prospective trials evaluating upfront cystectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy and/or novel treatments should be considered., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Statement Leonidas Nikolaos Diamantopoulos No Relationships to Disclose Ali Raza Khaki Stock and Other Ownership Interests - Pfizer; Procter & Gamble; Walgreens Boots Alliance Petros Grivas: personal fees and other from Genentech, personal fees and other from Bayer, personal fees and other from Merck & Co., personal fees and other from Mirati Therapeutics, other from Oncogenex, personal fees and other from Pfizer, personal fees and other from Bristol-Myers Squibb, personal fees, non-financial support and other from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Biocept, personal fees, non-financial support and other from ClovisOncology, personal fees from EMD Serono, personal fees from Seattle Genetics, personal fees from Foundation Medicine, personal fees from Driver Inc., personal fees from QED Therapeutics, personal fees from Heron Therapeutics, personal fees from Janssen, other from Bavarian Nordic, other from Immunomedics, other from Debiopharm, personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Genzyme, personal fees from Exelixis. John L. Gore Research Funding – Ferring Pharmaceuticals George R Schade Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property - Global Cancer Technology Andrew Caleb Hsieh Honoraria - Hotspot Therapeutics Research Funding - eFFECTOR Inc Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property - MTOR modulators and uses thereof Patent number: 9629843; USE OF TRANSLATIONAL PROFILING TO IDENTIFY TARGET MOLECULES FOR THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT Publication number: 20140288097 John Kyung Lee Research Funding - Immunomedics Todd Yezefski No Relationships to Disclose Evan Y. Yu Consulting or Advisory Role - Amgen; AstraZeneca; Bayer; Churchill Pharmaceuticals; Dendreon; EMD Serono; Incyte; Janssen; Merck; QED; Seattle Genetics; Tolmar Research Funding - Agensys; Astellas Pharma; Bayer; Dendreon; Genentech/Roche; Merck; Seattle Genetics Michael Thomas Schweizer Consulting or Advisory Role - Janssen Research Funding - AstraZeneca; Janssen; Madison Vaccines, Inc.; Pfizer; Roche; Zenith Epigenetics Heather H. Cheng Research Funding - Astellas Medivation; Clovis Oncology; Color Foundation; Inovio Pharmaceuticals; Janssen; Sanofi Sarah P. Psutka Honoraria - Prime Education Travel, Accommodations, Expenses - Prime Education Daniel W. Lin Consulting or Advisory Role - Astellas Pharma; Clovis Oncology; Dendreon Research Funding - GenomeDx; Genomic Health; MDxHealth Maria S. Tretiakova No Relationships to Disclose Funda Vakar-Lopez No Relationships to Disclose Robert B. Montgomery Research Funding - AstraZeneca; ESSA; Ferring; Janssen Oncology Jonathan L. Wright Speakers’ Bureau - Foundation Health Partners Carroll Cancer Center; OncLive; Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Research Funding - Altor BioScience; Merck; Nucleix Other Relationship - Movember; UpToDate

Purpose: After cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), 60% of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) still have residual invasive disease at radical cystectomy. The NAC-induced biological alterations in these cisplatin-resistant tumors remain largely unstudied., Experimental Design: Radical cystectomy samples were available for gene expression analysis from 133 patients with residual invasive disease after cisplatin-based NAC, of whom 116 had matched pre-NAC samples. Unsupervised consensus clustering (CC) was performed and the consensus clusters were investigated for their biological and clinical characteristics. Hematoxylin & Eosin and IHC on tissue microarrays were used to confirm tissue sampling and gene expression analysis., Results: Established molecular subtyping models proved to be inconsistent in their classification of the post-NAC samples. Unsupervised CC revealed four distinct consensus clusters. The CC1-Basal and CC2-Luminal subtypes expressed genes consistent with a basal and a luminal phenotype, respectively, and were similar to the corresponding established pretreatment molecular subtypes. The CC3-Immune subtype had the highest immune activity, including T-cell infiltration and checkpoint molecule expression, but lacked both basal and luminal markers. The CC4-Scar-like subtype expressed genes associated with wound healing/scarring, although the proportion of tumor cell content in this subtype did not differ from the other subtypes. Patients with CC4-Scar-like tumors had the most favorable prognosis., Conclusions: This study expands our knowledge on MIBC not responding to cisplatin by suggesting molecular subtypes to understand the biology of these tumors. Although these molecular subtypes imply consequences for adjuvant treatments, this ultimately needs to be tested in clinical trials., (©2018 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Cellular senescence is a tumor suppressive mechanism that can paradoxically contribute to aging pathologies. Despite evidence of immune clearance in mouse models, it is not known how senescent cells (SnCs) persist and accumulate with age or in tumors in individuals. Here, we identify cooperative mechanisms that orchestrate the immunoevasion and persistence of normal and cancer human SnCs through extracellular targeting of natural killer receptor signaling. Damaged SnCs avoid immune recognition through MMPs-dependent shedding of NKG2D-ligands reinforced via paracrine suppression of NKG2D receptor-mediated immunosurveillance. These coordinated immunoediting processes are evident in residual, drug-resistant tumors from cohorts of >700 prostate and breast cancer patients treated with senescence-inducing genotoxic chemotherapies. Unlike in mice, these reversible senescence-subversion mechanisms are independent of p53/p16 and exacerbated in oncogenic RAS-induced senescence. Critically, the p16INK4A tumor suppressor can disengage the senescence growth arrest from the damage-associated immune senescence program, which is manifest in benign nevi lesions where indolent SnCs accumulate over time and preserve a non-pro-inflammatory tissue microenvironment maintaining NKG2D-mediated immunosurveillance. Our study shows how subpopulations of SnCs elude immunosurveillance, and reveals secretome-targeted therapeutic strategies to selectively eliminate -and restore the clearance of- the detrimental SnCs that actively persist after chemotherapy and accumulate at sites of aging pathologies.

Background: Little is known about the genomic differences between metastatic urothelial carcinoma (LTUC) and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). We compare genomic features of primary and metastatic UTUC and LTUC tumors in a cohort of patients with end stage disease., Methods: We performed whole exome sequencing on matched primary and metastatic tumor samples (N=37) from 7 patients with metastatic UC collected via rapid autopsy. Inter- and intra-patient mutational burden, mutational signatures, predicted deleterious mutations, and somatic copy alterations (sCNV) were analyzed., Results: We investigated 3 patients with UTUC (3 primary samples, 13 metastases) and 4 patients with LTUC (4 primary samples, 17 metastases). We found that sSNV burden was higher in metastatic LTUC compared to UTUC. Moreover, the APOBEC mutational signature was pervasive in metastatic LTUC and less so in UTUC. Despite a lower overall sSNV burden, UTUC displayed greater inter- and intra-individual genomic distances at the copy number level between primary and metastatic tumors than LTUC. Our data also indicate that metastatic UTUC lesions can arise from small clonal populations present in the primary cancer. Importantly, putative druggable mutations were found across patients with the majority shared across all metastases within a patient., Conclusions: Metastatic UTUC demonstrated a lower overall mutational burden but greater structural variability compared to LTUC. Our findings suggest that metastatic UTUC displays a greater spectrum of copy number divergence from LTUC. Importantly, we identified druggable lesions shared across metastatic samples, which demonstrate a level of targetable homogeneity within individual patients.

The incidence of prostate cancer is directly linked to age, but age-associated changes that facilitate prostate cancer development and progression are poorly understood. This study investigated age-related changes in the prostate microenvironment for their influence on prostate cancer behavior. Prostate cancer cells implanted orthotopically into the prostate demonstrated accelerated tumor growth in aged compared with young mice. Metastatic lesions following intravenous injection were also more numerous in aged mice. Tumors from young and aged mice showed no significant differences concerning their proliferation index, apoptosis, or angiogenesis. However, analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells by IHC and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed elevated numbers of macrophages in prostates from aged mice, which are quickly polarized towards a phenotype resembling protumorigenic tumor-associated macrophages upon tumor cell engraftment. Older patients with prostate cancer (>60 years old) in The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD) dataset displayed higher expression of macrophage markers (CD163 and VSIG4) which associated with higher rates of biochemical relapse. Remodeling of the collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) was associated with prostate cancer growth and invasion in the aged microenvironment. Moreover, the collagen matrix extracted from aged mice enhanced the invasiveness and proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro . Together, these results demonstrate that the aged prostatic microenvironment can regulate the growth and metastasis of malignant prostate cells, highlighting the role of resident macrophages and their polarization towards a protumorigenic phenotype, along with remodeling of the ECM. IMPLICATIONS: These findings demonstrate the importance of age-associated tumor microenvironment alterations in regulating key aspects of prostate cancer progression., (©2018 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Purpose: Ductal prostate cancer (dPC) is a rare variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma associated with poor outcomes. Although its histopathologic features are well characterized, the underlying molecular hallmarks of this aggressive subtype are not well described. We sought to provide a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of mutations associated with dPC., Methods: Three case series across multiple institutions were assembled. All patients had a diagnosis of dPC, and histopathologic classification was confirmed by an expert genitourinary pathologist. Case series 1 included men who were prospectively enrolled in a tumor sequencing study at the University of Washington (n = 22). Case series 2 and 3 included archival samples from men treated at Johns Hopkins Hospital (n = 21) and University of Calgary (n = 8), respectively. Tumor tissue was sequenced on a targeted next-generation sequencing assay, UW-OncoPlex, according to previously published methods. The frequency of pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations are reported., Results: Overall, 25 patients (49%) had at least one DNA damage repair gene alteration, including seven (14%) with a mismatch repair gene mutation and 16 (31%) with a homologous repair mutation. Germline autosomal dominant mutations were confirmed or suspected in 10 patients (20%). Activating mutations in the PI3K pathway (n = 19; 37%), WNT pathway (n = 16; 31%), and MAPK pathway (n = 8; 16%) were common., Conclusion: This study strongly suggests that dPCs are enriched for actionable mutations, with approximately 50% of patients demonstrating DNA damage repair pathway alteration(s). Patients with dPC should be offered next-generation sequencing to guide standard-of-care treatment (eg, immune checkpoint inhibitors) or triaged toward an appropriate clinical trial (eg, poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase inhibitors).

Background: The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been implicated in driving tumor biology in multiple malignancies, including urothelial carcinoma (UC). We investigate how mTOR and phosphorylated mTOR (pmTOR) protein expression correlate with chemoresponsiveness in the tumor and its microenvironment at final pathologic staging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC)., Methods: A single-institution retrospective analysis was performed on 62 patients with cT2-4Nany UC undergoing NAC followed by radical cystectomy. Diagnostic (transurethral resection specimens, TURBT) and postchemotherapy radical cystectomy specimens were evaluated for mTOR and pmTOR protein expression using immunohistochemistry of the tumor, peritumoral stroma, and normal surrounding stroma. Protein expression levels were compared between clinical and pathologic stage. Whole transcriptome analysis was performed to evaluate mRNA expression relative to mTOR pathway activation., Results: Baseline levels of mTOR and pmTOR within TURBT specimens were not associated with clinical stage and response to chemotherapy overall. Nonresponders with advanced pathologic stage at cystectomy (ypT2-4/ypTanyN+) had significantly elevated mTOR tumor staining (P = 0.006) and a sustained mTOR and pmTOR staining in the peritumoral and surrounding normal stroma (NS). Several genes relevant to mTOR activity were found to be up-regulated in the tumors of nonresponders. Remarkably, complete responders at cystectomy (ypT0) had significant decreases in both mTOR and pmTOR protein expression in the peritumoral and normal stroma (P = 0.01-0.03)., Conclusions: Our results suggest that mTOR pathway activity is increased in tumor and sustained in its microenvironment in patients with adverse pathologic findings at cystectomy. These findings suggest the relevance of targeting this pathway in bladder cancer., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Distinguishing urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) from other flat lesions of the urinary bladder with cytologic atypia is critically important for the management of patients with bladder neoplasia. However, there is high interpathologist variability in making these distinctions., Objective: The aim of this study is to assess interobserver agreement between general and specialized genitourinary pathologists, and to compare these diagnoses with those rendered after an immunohistochemical panel is performed. We hypothesized that addition of a set of immunohistochemical stains would reduce the number of cases classified within intermediate categories of atypia of uncertain significance and low-grade dysplasia., Design: Two genitourinary pathologists independently assessed haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections of 127 bladder biopsies from each of the 4 International Society of Urological Pathology/World Health Organization categories of flat lesions diagnosed by general pathologists. A subset of biopsies from 49 patients was reassessed after staining with a 3-antibody panel (CD44, CK20, and p53) and the results were correlated with patient follow-up., Results: Based on these immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains, 26 cases (53.1%) were recategorized. Of most clinical importance, 5 of 27 cases (18.5%) originally diagnosed as either atypia of uncertain significance or low-grade dysplasia were recategorized as CIS, and recurrent disease was identified on subsequent biopsies. None of the 10 cases diagnosed as CIS based on H&E stains were recategorized., Conclusions: This triad of IHC stains can improve the precision of pathologic diagnosis of histologically atypical urothelial lesions of flat bladder mucosa. We recommend that pathologists apply this set of IHC stains to such lesions they find problematic based on H&E stains.

Precision oncology entails making treatment decisions based on a tumor's molecular characteristics. For prostate cancer, identifying clinically relevant molecular subgroups is challenging, as molecular profiling is not routine outside of academic centers. Since histologic variants of other cancers correlates with specific genomic alterations, we sought to determine if ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate (dPC) - a rare and aggressive histopathologic variant - was associated with any recurrent actionable mutations. Tumors from 10 consecutive patients with known dPC were sequenced on a targeted next-generation DNA sequencing panel. The median age at diagnosis was 59 years (range, 40-73). Four (40%) patients had metastases upon presentation. Archival tissue from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissue samples from nine patients and a biopsy of a metastasis from one patient with castration-resistant prostate cancer were available for analysis. Nine of 10 samples had sufficient material for tumor sequencing. Four (40%) patients' tumors had a mismatch repair (MMR) gene alteration (N = 2, MSH2; N = 1, MSH6; and N = 1, MLH1), of which 3 (75%) had evidence of hypermutation. Sections of the primary carcinomas of three additional patients with known MMR gene alterations/hypermutation were histologically evaluated; two of these tumors had dPC. MMR mutations associated with hypermutation were common in our cohort of dPC patients. Since hypermutation may predict for response to immune checkpoint blockade, the presence of dPC may be a rapid means to enrich populations for further screening. Given our small sample size, these findings require replication.

Histologic grading remains the gold standard for prognosis in prostate cancer, and assessment of Gleason score plays a critical role in active surveillance management. We sought to optimize the prognostic stratification of grading and developed a method of recording and studying individual architectural patterns by light microscopic evaluation that is independent of standard Gleason grade. Some of the evaluated patterns are not assessed by current Gleason grading (eg, reactive stromal response). Individual histologic patterns were correlated with recurrence-free survival in a retrospective postradical prostatectomy cohort of 1275 patients represented by the highest-grade foci of carcinoma in tissue microarrays. In univariable analysis, fibromucinous rupture with varied epithelial complexity had a significantly lower relative risk of recurrence-free survival in cases graded as 3+4=7. Cases having focal "poorly formed glands," which could be designated as pattern 3+4=7, had lower risk than cribriform patterns with either small cribriform glands or expansile cribriform growth. In separate multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses of both Gleason score 3+3=6 and 3+4=7 carcinomas, reactive stromal patterns were associated with worse recurrence-free survival. Decision tree models demonstrate potential regrouping of architectural patterns into categories with similar risk. In summary, we argue that Gleason score assignment by current consensus guidelines are not entirely optimized for clinical use, including active surveillance. Our data suggest that focal poorly formed gland and cribriform patterns, currently classified as Gleason pattern 4, should be in separate prognostic groups, as the latter is associated with worse outcome. Patterns with extravasated mucin are likely overgraded in a subset of cases with more complex epithelial bridges, whereas stromogenic cancers have a worse outcome than conveyed by Gleason grade alone. These findings serve as a foundation to facilitate optimization of histologic grading and strongly support incorporating reactive stroma into routine assessment.

Background: Pathologic variables that characterize response of prostate carcinoma to current neoadjuvant therapy have not been characterized in detail. This study reports (i) the histological features of prostate cancer treated with abiraterone and enzalutamide and inter-pathologist variance in identifying these features, and (ii) the effect of the novel androgen deprivation agents on residual cancer volume., Methods: We reviewed sections of prostatectomies from 37 patients treated with neoadjuvant agents and 22 untreated patients, tabulated the frequency of nine features of cancer (intact cancer glands, isolated cancer cells, poorly formed glands, cribriform architecture, clear spaces, intraductal carcinoma, solid sheets of cancer cells, prominent nucleoli, and previously described ABC grouping) and two features of benign glands (prominent basal cells and coalescent corpora amylacea). We used several methods, including a novel metric (visual grid system), to estimate residual tumor volume., Results: The most highly reproducible features were ABC grouping (κ = 0.56-0.7), presence of intraductal carcinoma (κ = 0.34-0.72), cribriform architecture (κ = 0.42-0.68), solid sheets of tumor cells (κ = 0.44-0.56), and coalescent corpora amylacea (κ = 0.4-0.54). Among poorly reproducible features were prominent nucleoli (κ = 0.03-0.11), clear spaces (κ = 0.05-0.07), and poorly formed cancer glands (κ = 0.02-0.1). Determination of tumor mass was excellent regardless of the method used-maximum tumor size (κ = 0.9-0.94), tumor area (κ = 0.94-0.96), and grid-based tumor cellularity (κ = 0.9)., Conclusions: We propose using a set of parameters including maximum tumor size, tumor area/volume, cellularity, volume, and ABC grouping for evaluating radical prostatectomies post-neoadjuvant therapy. Prostate 76:1285-1292, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Purpose: Active surveillance represents a strategy to address the overtreatment of prostate cancer, yet uncertainty regarding individual patient outcomes remains a concern. We evaluated outcomes in a prospective multicenter study of active surveillance., Materials and Methods: We studied 905 men in the prospective Canary PASS enrolled between 2008 and 2013. We collected clinical data at study entry and at prespecified intervals, and determined associations with adverse reclassification, defined as increased Gleason grade or greater cancer volume on followup biopsy. We also evaluated the relationships of clinical parameters with pathology findings in participants who underwent surgery after a period of active surveillance., Results: At a median followup of 28 months 24% of participants experienced adverse reclassification, of whom 53% underwent treatment while 31% continued on active surveillance. Overall 19% of participants received treatment, 68% with adverse reclassification, while 32% opted for treatment without disease reclassification. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling the percent of biopsy cores with cancer, body mass index and prostate specific antigen density were associated with adverse reclassification (p=0.01, 0.04, 0.04, respectively). Of 103 participants subsequently treated with radical prostatectomy 34% had adverse pathology, defined as primary pattern 4-5 or nonorgan confined disease, including 2 with positive lymph nodes, with no significant relationship between risk category at diagnosis and findings at surgery (p=0.76)., Conclusions: Most men remain on active surveillance at 5 years without adverse reclassification or adverse pathology at surgery. However, clinical factors had only a modest association with disease reclassification, supporting the need for approaches that improve the prediction of this outcome., (Copyright © 2016 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The pathology report is a critical document that helps guide the management of patients with cancer. More and more patients read their reports, intending to participate in decisions about their care. However, a substantial subset of patients may lack the ability to comprehend this often technical and complex document. We hypothesized that most literature on pathology reports discusses reports from the perspective of other physicians and not from the perspective of patients. An expert panel of physicians developed a list of search criteria, which we used to identify articles on PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Reviews, and Google Scholar databases. Two reviewers independently evaluated all articles to identify for detailed review those that met search criteria. We identified the primary audience of the selected articles and the degree to which these articles addressed clarity of communication of pathology reports with patients. Of 801 articles identified in our search, 25 involved the formatting of pathology reports for clarity of communication. Recurrent themes in proposed improvements in reports included content standardization, variation in terminology, clarity of communication, and quality improvement. No articles discussed patients as their target audience. No study evaluated the health literacy level required of patients to comprehend pathology reports. In summary, there is a scarcity of patient-centered approaches to improve pathology reports. The literature on pathology reports does not include patients as a target audience. Limited resources are available to help patients comprehend their reports. Efforts to improve patient-centered communication are desirable to address this overlooked aspect of patient care., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Since the identification of the TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement as the most common fusion event in prostate cancer, various methods have been developed to detect this rearrangement and to study its prognostic significance. We report a novel four-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay that detects not only the typical TMPRSS2-ERG fusion but also alternative rearrangements of the TMPRSS2 or ERG gene. We validated this assay on fresh, frozen, or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate cancer specimens, including cell lines, primary prostate cancer tissues, xenograft tissues derived from metastatic prostate cancer, and metastatic tissues from castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. When compared with either reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or the Gen-Probe method as the technical reference, analysis using the four-color FISH assay demonstrated an analytical sensitivity of 94.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80-0.99) and specificity of 100% (95% CI 0.89-1.00) for detecting the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. The TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was detected in 41% and 43% of primary prostate cancer (n = 59) and CRPC tumors (n = 82), respectively. Rearrangements other than the typical TMPRSS2-ERG fusion were confirmed by karyotype analysis and found in 7% of primary cancer and 13% of CRPC tumors. Successful karyotype analyses are reported for the first time on four of the xenograft samples, complementing the FISH results. Analysis using the four-color FISH assay provides sensitive detection of TMPRSS2 and ERG gene rearrangements in prostate cancer., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: We evaluated the reproducibility of Gleason grading as relevant to the clinical treatment of men on active surveillance., Materials and Methods: Three sets of digital images of prostatic adenocarcinoma in biopsies were reviewed and assigned Gleason scores by a total of 11 pathologists from 7 institutions. Interobserver and intra-observer reproducibility were assessed for assignment of the highest Gleason pattern (3 vs 4 or higher). We also identified 97 consecutive patients on active surveillance. Prostate biopsy glass slides from 82 of the patients were available for re-review and the frequency of carcinoma requiring the distinction of tangentially sectioned Gleason pattern 3 from 4 was determined., Results: Interobserver reproducibility for classic Gleason patterns was substantial (Light's κ 0.76). Interobserver reproducibility for the histological distinction of tangentially sectioned Gleason pattern 3 from Gleason pattern 4 was only fair (Light's κ 0.27). Intra-observer reproducibility ranged from 65% to 100% (mean 81.5%). Of the 82 patients on active surveillance 61 had carcinoma and 15 (24.5%) had a set of biopsies with at least 1 focus in which the distinction between tangentially sectioned Gleason pattern 3 and poorly formed pattern 4 glands had to be considered., Conclusions: The reproducibility of grading classic Gleason patterns is high. However, variability in grading occurred when distinguishing between tangentially sectioned pattern 3 glands and the poorly formed gland subset of pattern 4. Developing universally accepted histological and/or molecular criteria to distinguish these patterns and subsequently characterizing their natural history would be useful when treating patients on active surveillance., (Copyright © 2011 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Testosterone and inflammation have been linked to the development of common age-associated diseases affecting the prostate gland including prostate cancer, prostatitis, and benign prostatic hypertrophy. We hypothesized that testosterone regulates components of prostate tight junctions which serve as a barrier to inflammation, thus providing a connection between age- and treatment-associated testosterone declines and prostatic pathology. We examined the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins in prostate biospecimens from mouse models and a clinical study of chemical castration, using transcript profiling, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. We determined that low serum testosterone is associated with reduced transcript and protein levels of Claudin 4 and Claudin 8, resulting in defective tight junction ultrastructure in benign prostate glands. Expression of Claudin 4 and Claudin 8 was negatively correlated with the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate caused by testosterone deprivation. Testosterone suppression also induced an autoimmune humoral response directed toward prostatic proteins. Testosterone supplementation in castrate mice resulted in re-expression of tight junction components in prostate epithelium and significantly reduced prostate inflammatory cell numbers. These data demonstrate that tight junction architecture in the prostate is related to changes in serum testosterone levels, and identify an androgen-regulated mechanism that potentially contributes to the development of prostate inflammation and consequent pathology., (© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011)

Background: Although androgens are depleted in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), metastases still express nuclear androgen receptor (AR) and androgen regulated genes. We recently reported that C-terminal truncated constitutively active AR splice variants contribute to CRPC development. Since specific antibodies detecting all C-terminal truncated AR variants are not available, our aim was to develop an approach to assess the prevalence and function of AR variants in prostate cancer (PCa)., Methodology/principal Findings: Using 2 antibodies against different regions of AR protein (N- or C-terminus), we successfully showed the existence of AR variant in the LuCaP 86.2 xenograft. To evaluate the prevalence of AR variants in human PCa tissue, we used this method on tissue microarrays including 50 primary PCa and 162 metastatic CRPC tissues. RT-PCR was used to confirm AR variants. We observed a significant decrease in nuclear C-terminal AR staining in CRPC but no difference between N- and C-terminal AR nuclear staining in primary PCa. The expression of the AR regulated proteins PSA and PSMA were marginally affected by the decrease in C-terminal staining in CRPC samples. These data suggest that there is an increase in the prevalence of AR variants in CRPC based on our ability to differentiate nuclear AR expression using N- and C-terminal AR antibodies. These findings were validated using RT-PCR. Importantly, the loss of C-terminal immunoreactivity and the identification of AR variants were different depending on the site of metastasis in the same patient., Conclusions: We successfully developed a novel immunohistochemical approach which was used to ascertain the prevalence of AR variants in a large number of primary PCa and metastatic CRPC. Our results showed a snapshot of overall high frequency of C-terminal truncated AR splice variants and site specific AR loss in CRPC, which could have utility in stratifying patients for AR targeted therapeutics.

Purpose: The clinical significance of ductal prostatic carcinoma is not well-defined. In a population based cancer registry we identified a large group of patients with ductal carcinoma to characterize the impact of the ductal subtype on presentation and survival in men with prostate cancer., Materials and Methods: We used a national cancer registry to identify incident cases of ductal and acinar adenocarcinoma from 1996 to 2006. We analyzed clinicopathological variables and performed Cox multivariate survival analysis. Prostate specific antigen values were available for 2004 to 2006 and used to assess differences in Gleason grade and serum prostate specific antigen between ductal and acinar cancer cases at diagnosis., Results: We identified 442,881 acinar and 371 ductal cases. Ductal cases were more likely to present with distant disease (12% vs 4%, p <0.001) and be poorly differentiated (50% vs 32%, p <0.001). Ductal histology was associated with a 30% decrease in geometric mean prostate specific antigen (adjusted coefficient 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.8) and more than 2-fold increased odds of prostate specific antigen less than 4.0 ng/ml (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-4.0) independent of other clinicopathological variables. In men with nondistant disease at diagnosis ductal histology was associated with 2.2-fold (CI 1.4-3.5) increased disease specific mortality., Conclusions: In what is to our knowledge the largest series of this histological subtype ductal cancer cases were more likely to present with advanced stage cancer and lower prostate specific antigen, suggesting that timely disease detection is a significant challenge. Also, men with locoregional disease were more likely to die of the disease., (Copyright © 2010 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Advancing age is associated with substantial increases in the incidence rates of common diseases affecting the prostate gland including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinoma. The prostate is comprised of a functional secretory epithelium, a basal epithelium, and a supporting stroma comprised of structural elements, and a spectrum of cell types that includes smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells. As reciprocal interactions between epithelium and stromal constituents are essential for normal organogenesis and serve to maintain normal functions, discordance within the stroma could permit or promote disease processes. In this study we sought to identify aging-associated alterations in the mouse prostate microenvironment that could influence pathology., Methodology/principal Findings: We quantitated transcript levels in microdissected glandular-adjacent stroma from young (age 4 months) and old (age 20-24 months) C57BL/6 mice, and identified a significant change in the expression of 1259 genes (p<0.05). These included increases in transcripts encoding proteins associated with inflammation (e.g., Ccl8, Ccl12), genotoxic/oxidative stress (e.g., Apod, Serpinb5) and other paracrine-acting effects (e.g., Cyr61). The expression of several collagen genes (e.g., Col1a1 and Col3a1) exhibited age-associated declines. By histology, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy we determined that the collagen matrix is abundant and disorganized, smooth muscle cell orientation is disordered, and inflammatory infiltrates are significantly increased, and are comprised of macrophages, T cells and, to a lesser extent, B cells., Conclusion/significance: These findings demonstrate that during normal aging the prostate stroma exhibits phenotypic and molecular characteristics plausibly contributing to the striking age associated pathologies affecting the prostate.

Artemisinin is a plant-derived anti-malarial drug that has relatively low toxicity in humans and is activated by heme and/or intracellular iron leading to intracellular free radical formation. Interestingly, artemisinin has displayed anti-cancer activity, with artemisinin dimers being more potent than monomeric artemisinin. Intracellular iron uptake is regulated by the transferrin receptor (TfR), and the activity of artemisinin depends on the availability of iron. We examined the level of TfR in prostate cancer (PCa) tumor cells, synthesized two new artemisinin dimers, and evaluated the effect of dihydroartemisinin and artemisinin dimers, ON-2Py and 2Py, on proliferation and apoptosis in PCa cells. TfR was expressed in the majority of PCa bone and soft tissue metastases, all 24 LuCaP PCa xenografts, and PCa cell lines. After treatment with dihydroartemisinin, ON-2Py, or 2Py all PCa cell lines displayed dose-dependent decrease in cell number. 2Py was most effective in decreasing cell number. An increase in apoptotic events and growth arrest was observed in the C4-2 and LNCaP cell lines. Growth arrest was observed in PC-3 cells, but no significant change was observed in DU 145 cells. Treatment with 2Py resulted in a loss of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin in all four cell lines. 2Py treatment also decreased androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen expression in C4-2 and LNCaP cells, with a concomitant loss of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1 and c-Myc. This study shows the potential use of artemisinin derivatives as therapeutic candidates for PCa and warrants the initiation of preclinical studies.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) has a propensity to metastasize to bone. Tumor cells replace bone marrow and can elicit an osteoblastic, osteolytic, or mixed bone response. Our objective was to elucidate the mechanisms and key factors involved in promoting osteoclastogenesis in PCa bone metastasis., Methods: We cultured osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells with conditioned medium (CM) from PC-3 and C4-2B cells. MC3T3-E1 mineralization decreased in the presence of PC-3 CM, whereas C4-2B CM had no effect on mineralization. Using oligo arrays and validating by real-time PCR, we observed a decrease in the expression of mineralization-associated genes in MC3T3-E1 cells grown in the presence of PC-3 CM. In addition, PC-3 CM induced the expression of osteoclastogenesis-associated genes IGFBP-5, IL-6, MCP-1, and RANKL while decreasing OPG expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, CM from MC3T3-E1 cells cultured in the presence of PC-3 CM, in association with soluble RANKL, increased osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Investigation of PCa metastases and xenografts by immunohistochemistry revealed that the osteoclastic factor IL-6 was expressed in the majority of PCa bone metastases and to a lesser extent in PCa soft tissue metastases. In vitro it was determined that soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) was necessary for IL-6 to inhibit mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells., Results: PC-3 cells inhibit osteoblast activity and induce osteoblasts to produce osteoclastic factors that promote osteoclastogenesis, and one of these factors, IL-6, is highly expressed in PCa bone metastases., Conclusions: IL-6 may have an important role in promoting osteoclastogenesis in PCa bone metastasis through its' interaction with sIL-6R., (Prostate 70: 412-424, 2010. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Background: Secondary analyses of two randomized, controlled phase III trials demonstrated that selenium and vitamin E could reduce prostate cancer incidence. To characterize pharmacodynamic and gene expression effects associated with use of selenium and vitamin E, we undertook a randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIA study of prostate cancer patients before prostatectomy and created a preoperative model for prostatectomy tissue interrogation., Methods: Thirty-nine men with prostate cancer were randomly assigned to treatment with 200 microg of selenium, 400 IU of vitamin E, both, or placebo. Laser capture microdissection of prostatectomy biopsy specimens was used to isolate normal, stromal, and tumor cells. Gene expression in each cell type was studied with microarray analysis and validated with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. An analysis of variance model was fit to identify genes differentially expressed between treatments and cell types. A beta-uniform mixture model was used to analyze differential expression of genes and to assess the false discovery rate. All statistical tests were two-sided., Results: The highest numbers of differentially expressed genes by treatment were 1329 (63%) of 2109 genes in normal epithelial cells after selenium treatment, 1354 (66%) of 2051 genes in stromal cells after vitamin E treatment, and 329 (56%) of 587 genes in tumor cells after combination treatment (false discovery rate = 2%). Validation of 21 representative genes across all treatments and all cell types yielded Spearman correlation coefficients between the microarray analysis and the PCR validation ranging from 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31 to 0.79) for the vitamin E group to 0.87 (95% CI = 0.53 to 0.99) for the selenium group. The increase in the mean percentage of p53-positive tumor cells in the selenium-treated group (26.3%), compared with that in the placebo-treated group (5%), showed borderline statistical significance (difference = 21.3%; 95% CI = 0.7 to 41.8; P = .051)., Conclusions: We have demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of the preoperative model and its power as a hypothesis-generating engine. We have also identified cell type- and zone-specific tissue effects of interventions with selenium and vitamin E that may have clinical implications.

Although the presence of the muscularis mucosae (MM) in the urinary bladder is well known, hyperplastic MM (HMM) has not been well established in the English literature. In this study, we analyzed the presence and distribution of the MM and HMM in 102 consecutive cystectomy specimens and 17 bladders obtained at autopsy. Hyperplastic MM, defined as MM composed of more than 3 layers of muscle fibers appearing either as fibers parallel to the surface mucosa or rounded bundles, was found in all of the cystectomy specimens. Hyperplasia was subclassified as mild (4 to 6 layers of smooth muscle) and prominent (more than 6 layers). Hyperplastic MM was found in the dome, trigone, and anterior, posterior, left lateral, and right lateral walls. The incidence was relatively similar among these locations. The 3 patterns of HMM (continuous, interrupted, scattered) were similar to those of MM. Hyperplastic MM appeared most frequently in the scattered pattern and was always adjacent to large-caliber blood vessels. The hyperplasia is usually mild and is occasionally prominent. The presence of HMM did not appear to be related to the patient's age and occurs slightly more often in bladders from cystectomy for neoplasms than bladders obtained from autopsy. Although the MM has been used along with the muscularis propria as a histological landmark for staging of bladder cancer, little is known about HMM. Pathologists should be aware of its occurrence and morphologic patterns to accurately assess the depth of invasion of bladder tumors and avoid misinterpreting HMM as the muscularis propria.

Background: The current study was conducted to determine the clinical characteristics and prognostic features associated with prostatic small cell carcinoma (SCC)., Methods: Between January 1985 and May 2005, 83 patients with SCC of the prostate were identified. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to assess the prognostic significance of the clinical parameters associated with disease-specific outcomes., Results: Twenty-one patients had no evidence of distant metastasis at the time of the diagnosis of SCC, with the remaining patients demonstrating radiologic or biopsy-proven evidence of metastatic disease. Compared with patients with metastases, patients without metastases at the time of diagnosis were older (P = .001) and had a lower serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level at the time of diagnosis (P = .002). On multivariate analysis, an elevated serum LDH level and low serum albumin at the time of SCC diagnosis was found to be predictive of inferior progression-free survival (P = .02 and P = .008, respectively) and inferior disease-specific survival (DSS) (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). At the time of last follow-up, 72 patients (87%) had died of disease, with a median DSS duration of 13.1 months (range, 10.7-17.1 months). There was a statistically significant difference noted with regard to the median DSS of patients with nonmetastatic versus those with metastatic SCC (17.7 months [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 12.1-39.2 months] vs 12.5 months [95% CI, 8.1-16.1 months], respectively; P = .03)., Conclusions: SCC of the prostate is a highly aggressive tumor, with serum LDH and albumin levels at the time of diagnosis believed to be predictive of disease-related outcomes. Although palliative, current systemic therapy does not result in cure and does not provide long-term survival for patients with metastases. For patients with nonmetastatic disease, a strategy utilizing systemic and local therapies should be evaluated further.

ErbB-3, an ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, including prostate cancer. We found that ErbB-3 expression was up-regulated in prostate cancer cells within lymph node and bone metastases. Despite being a plasma membrane protein, ErbB-3 was also detected in the nuclei of the prostate cancer cells in the metastatic specimens. Because most metastatic specimens were from men who had undergone androgen ablation, we examined the primary tumors from patients who have undergone hormone deprivation therapy and found that a significant fraction of these specimens showed nuclear localization of ErbB3. We thus assessed the effect of androgens and the bone microenvironment on the nuclear translocation of ErbB-3 by using xenograft tumor models generated from bone-derived prostate cancer cell lines, MDA PCa 2b, and PC-3. In subcutaneous tumors, ErbB-3 was predominantly in the membrane/cytoplasm; however, it was present in the nuclei of the tumor cells in the femur. Castration of mice bearing subcutaneous MDA PCa 2b tumors induced a transient nuclear translocation of ErbB-3, with relocalization to the membrane/cytoplasm upon tumor recurrence. These findings suggest that the bone microenvironment and androgen status influence the subcellular localization of ErbB-3 in prostate cancer cells. We speculate that nuclear localization of ErbB-3 may aid prostate cancer cell survival during androgen ablation and progression of prostate cancer in bone.

Context: Primary bladder angiosarcomas are extremely rare, and their clinical and pathologic features are not well described., Objective: To further refine the clinical features of primary bladder angiosarcomas and define their pathologic spectra., Data Sources: Relevant sources were identified using MEDLINE and a subsequent bibliographic search of all pertinent reports and reviews. We also searched the M. D. Anderson pathology archives., Study Selection: After excluding 4 cases that likely secondarily involved the bladder, we identified 9 true primary bladder angiosarcomas., Data Extraction: Data were extracted on the following: demographics, clinical presentation, predisposing factors, gross pathology, microscopic pathology, immunophenotype, therapy, and outcomes., Data Synthesis: Primary bladder angiosarcomas were found at a mean age of 64.2 years, with a male-female ratio of 8:1. Two cases arose in a postirradiation setting. Primary bladder angiosarcomas typically presented with hematuria and were grossly hemorrhagic, raised masses (mean size, 6.7 cm) of the trigone and/or dome. Histologically, most showed classic anastomosing channels lined by plump hyperchromatic cells, though many showed variant histology such as solid growth and epithelioid cytology. Three (43%) of 7 patients died within a year, but only 1 patient died with evidence of disease. The remaining patients were alive at the time of publication of their respective cases (mean, 22 months)., Conclusions: Primary angiosarcomas of the bladder are typically rare tumors of middle-aged and elderly men that present with locally advanced disease and show a wide histologic spectrum. However, their prognosis may be better than previously thought.