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Purpose: The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has transformed the care of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, with survival approaching that of healthy individuals. Current-day challenges in chronic myeloid leukemia care include adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. We studied adherence from resource-constrained settings and tried to analyze the factors responsible for nonadherence in these individuals. We also correlated adherence to current molecular status., Patients and Methods: This was a single-center, cross-sectional, observational study from north India. It consisted of a questionnaire-based survey in which a one-to-one interview technique was used by trained nursing staff administering the Modified Morisky Adherence Scale (MMAS-9) questionnaire. Adherence was also measured on the basis of physician's assessment. JMP 13.0.0 was used for statistical analysis., Results: A total of 333 patients with a median age of 42 years were included in the study. The median BCR-ABL/ABL ratio (IS) was 0.175 (0.0 to 98.0). The mean MMAS-9 score was 11 ± 2. Adherence was seen in 54.95% on the basis of MMAS-9, whereas physician's assessment reported adherence in 90.39% of patients. Using the χ 2 test, no relationship was found between the two assessment techniques. There was a significant relationship between major molecular response status and adherence by physician's assessment and MMAS-9 ( P < .001). Bivariate analysis by logistic fit showed a good relation between the MMAS-9 score and the BCR-ABL/ABL ratio (IS), χ 2 (1,220) = 135.45 ( P < .001). On multivariate analysis, enrolment in the Novartis Oncology Access program (a patient assistance program) was significantly associated with adherence ( P = .012)., Conclusion: This study highlights the lack of adherence in real-world settings and the various factors responsible. Such studies are important from a public health services perspective in various settings around the world because they may lead to corrective action being taken at the institutional level.