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Objective: Placental abruption is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes including intrauterine fetal demise, which subsequently results in stillbirth. However, few studies have demonstrated the preventability of stillbirth due to placental abruption. Therefore, we evaluated the possibility of preventing stillbirth caused by placental abruption by reviewing all stillbirths in our region., Methods: This study reviewed all stillbirths after 22 weeks of gestation in Shiga Prefecture, Japan from 2010 to 2019, excluding lethal disorders. We evaluated 350 stillbirth cases, with and without placental abruption., Results: There were 32 stillbirths with PA and 318 without placental abruption. The probability of preventing stillbirth was significantly higher in patients with placental abruption than in those without (30% vs. 8%, p  < 0.001). We also determined the recommendations for preventing stillbirths with placental abruption., Conclusion: Some stillbirths caused by placental abruption can be prevented. We recommend improvements to perinatal maternal-fetal care and perinatal emergency transport systems.

Objective: We aimed to examine amniotic fluid neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) levels during pregnancy., Study Design: This study included singleton pregnancies. Amniotic fluid samples were collected at the time of vaginal delivery, cesarean section, amniocentesis, amnioreduction, and amnioinfusion. We analyzed changes of the NGAL and L-FABP levels during pregnancy and the factors affecting these values and their association with clinical outcomes., Results: Three hundred and one pregnancies were analyzed. Respective Pearson correlation coefficients for the NGAL and L-FABP levels and gestational age at inspection were - 0.351 and - 0.819 (p <0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively); weak and strong negative correlation were observed. The NGAL level was significantly higher in the intra-amniotic infection group than in the control group (p < 0.001). The L-FABP level was significantly higher in the fetal blood flow abnormalities group than in the control group (p < 0.001). The NGAL and L-FABP levels were significantly higher in the adverse outcomes group than in the control group (p = 0.019 and p < 0.001, respectively), and the respective areas under the concentration-time curve, with optimal cutoff values, for the NGAL and L-FABP levels were 0.693 (14,800 µg/gCr) and 0.864 (378 µg/gCr)., Conclusions: Amniotic fluid NGAL and L-FABP levels reflect fetal and neonatal immaturity. Additionally, the NGAL level is a useful predictive factor of intra-amniotic infection, and the L-FABP level is a useful predictive factor of fetal condition and short- and long-term prognoses., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Objective: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with perinatal adverse outcomes including intrauterine fetal death. Antenatally unidentified FGR has a higher risk of intrauterine fetal death than that identified antenatally. We, therefore, investigated the antenatal identification of FGR among intrauterine fetal deaths, and assessed the perinatal factors associated with the identification of FGR., Methods: This retrospective and population-based study reviewed all stillbirths in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, from 2007 to 2016 with exclusion criteria of multiple births, births at unidentified gestational weeks or < 22 gestational weeks, and lethal disorders. We analyzed cases of FGR, using the Japanese clinical definition: Z -score of estimated fetal weight for gestational age <-1.5 standard deviations ( SD )., Results: We identified 94 stillbirths with FGR among 429 stillbirths. Thirty-seven cases were antenatally identified during pregnancy management (39%). Dividing cases by a Z -score of -2.5 SD , 51 cases were classified as ≤-2.5 SD . Twenty-eight of the 51 cases (55%) with a Z -score <-2.5 SD were antenatally identified as having FGR, whereas 9 of the 43 cases (21%) with a Z -score ≥-2.5 SD were antenatally identified as having FGR ( p  = .002). Among cases with a Z -Score <-2.5 SD , 16 of 21 (76%) beyond 28 weeks' gestation and 12 of 30 (40%) before 28weeks' gestation were antenatally identified as having FGR ( p  = .023)., Conclusion: Fetal growth restriction leading to intrauterine fetal death in Japan was antenatally identified in less than half of cases. Antenatal identification of FGR was associated with the severity of growth restriction.

Objective: We aimed to analyze the predictive efficacy of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 (IL-6) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) for fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS)-related infection., Materials and Methods: We included singleton pregnancies classified into FIRS and non-FIRS groups. FIRS was defined as histologic chorioamnionitis and funisitis. Amniotic fluid samples were collected during vaginal delivery (VD) or cesarean section (CS). We compared amniotic fluid IL-6 and NGAL levels between the groups., Results: Forty-six pregnancies were analyzed and classified into 20 (43.5%) FIRS and 26 (56.5%) non-FIRS pregnancies. We observed significant differences in amniotic fluid IL-6 and NGAL. Amniotic fluid collection significantly influenced NGAL levels (p < 0.001). The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), with optimal cutoff values, for amniotic fluid IL-6 and NGAL (VD and CS) levels was 0.948 (11,344 pg/mL), 0.800 (1180 ng/mL), and 0.946 (708 ng/mL), respectively., Conclusion: Amniotic fluid IL-6 and NGAL levels showed equivalent predictive ability for FIRS-related infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Gallbladder torsion is a rare disease that requires immediate surgical intervention to avoid maternal and/or foetal sepsis and death. However, preoperative diagnosis is challenging because the disease has no specific symptoms. A 37-year-old pregnant woman at 34 weeks of gestation presented with severe epigastric pain. Ultrasonography and computed tomography scan findings showed a distended gallbladder without stones, floating from the hepatic bed, and laboratory examination demonstrated normal liver function; therefore, we made a diagnosis of gallbladder torsion and performed a caesarean section and an open cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia. This is the first report wherein gallbladder torsion in pregnancy was diagnosed preoperatively. Gallbladder torsion should be considered as a differential diagnosis in case of such imaging findings.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as fetuses who have failed to achieve a normal weight for gestational age. FGR is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, including stillbirth. Pregnant women often perceive decreased fetal movements before intrauterine fetal death. Previous reports on the association between fetal movements and FGR have mainly targeted livebirths, with few focusing on stillbirths. Studying stillbirths, not livebirths, may help improve perinatal adverse outcomes. This study evaluated the association between FGR leading to stillbirth and maternal perception of decreased fetal movement. This was a population-based study reviewing all stillbirths in Shiga Prefecture, Japan for 10 years. We analyzed 219 stillbirth cases, those with versus without FGR. We then compared maternal visits to healthcare providers due to perception of decreased fetal movement between these two groups. There were 82 stillbirths with FGR, and the remaining 137 stillbirth were without FGR. Women with FGR, compared with those without, were significantly less often to visit the outpatient department due to decreased fetal movement (30%; 25/82 vs. 46%; 63/137: P = 0.034). Pregnant women have more difficulty perceiving decreased fetal movements in cases with severe FGR than in those without FGR. Healthcare providers, including midwives, may need to closely monitor FGR pregnancy in addition to instructing pregnant women to be aware of decreased fetal movement.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? The physiological response to sacral neuromodulation by pregnant women and foetuses has not been previously explored. What is the main finding and its importance? Sacral surface electrical stimulation had no adverse effect on pregnant women and foetuses at least 36 weeks of gestation. It may cause uterine relaxation resulting from decreased uterine artery pulsatility index and increased umbilical venous flow volume and thereby improve utero-placental perfusion and improve lower back pain., Abstract: This study aimed to examine the impact of sacral surface electrical stimulation on maternal and foetal physiology during pregnancy. Ten pregnant women at 36 weeks of gestation without multiple gestations, foetuses with malformations, foetal growth restriction, hypertensive disorders, polyhydramnios, or oligohydramnios were enrolled. This prospective study monitored maternal and foetal physiological responses before and after sacral surface electrical stimulation for single pregnancies. Sacral surface electrical stimulation was performed once per patient. Each parameter was measured directly before and then immediately after stimulation. Follow-up measurements were conducted at 12 h, 1 day, 2 days and 7 days after stimulation. Variables of interest were compared before and after the stimulation. Regarding the foetal Doppler measurements, significant differences were not found in the umbilical and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index. However, foetuses showed a significant increase in the umbilical venous flow volume. The uterine contraction frequency and the maternal uterine artery pulsatility index significantly decreased. Pregnancy outcomes, and rates of caesarean section, foetal distress, and neonatal asphyxia were not confirmed. In conclusion, sacral surface electrical stimulation had no adverse effects on pregnant women or foetuses at 36 weeks of gestation and might improve utero-placental perfusion and lower back pain., (© 2022 The Authors. Experimental Physiology © 2022 The Physiological Society.)

Background: Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is caused by ectopic rhythms, originating in the atrioventricular node, typically with heart rate between 200 and 250 bpm. Herein, we present a case of fetal JET with normal fetal heart rate and a review of nine cases., Case Presentation: A 32-year-old, gravida 2, para 1, woman in whom fetal JET could not be diagnosed prenatally because the fetal heart rate was within the normal range. The fetus was diagnosed with premature restriction of the foramen ovale, and a cesarean section was performed, owing to the right heart overload that was characterized by fetal ascites and abnormal fetal Doppler velocity. Postnatally, the female neonate was diagnosed with JET on a 12-lead electrocardiogram, which revealed a neonatal heart rate of 158 bpm with narrow QRS and atrioventricular dissociation. After failure to respond to amiodarone therapy, she was treated with flecainide, which controlled the JET rate from 120 to 150 bpm. Fetal tachycardia with ventriculo-atrial (VA) dissociation or 1:1 VA conduction with a shorter VA interval than that of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia confirmed the diagnosis of fetal JET., Conclusions: JET should be suspected even in the absence of tachycardia in patients with ductus venosus and pulmonary vein retrograde flow or tricuspid and mitral regurgitation without a cardiac anomaly, as tachycardia might sometimes be intermittent in cases of JET., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Ultrasonography and fetal heart rate monitoring are subjective assessments of fetal condition, which warrants the need for objective markers to predict fetal condition. Urinary L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) levels correlate with hypoperfusion. Elevated amniotic fluid L-FABP levels may represent fetal tissue hypoperfusion since the amniotic fluid contains fetal urine. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effectiveness of amniotic fluid L-FABP as a predictor of fetal condition. We classified singleton pregnancies into groups based on fetal growth restriction (FGR) with and without fetal blood flow abnormalities (FGR and healthy-FGR groups, respectively) and the non-FGR group (control group). We collected amniotic fluid at the time of vaginal delivery, cesarean section and amniocentesis, and compared the patient characteristics, clinical outcomes and amniotic fluid levels of L-FABP between the groups. We analyzed 153 singleton pregnancies and 186 amniotic fluid samples (FGR group, 6 (3.9%) pregnancies and 23 (12.4%) samples; healthy-FGR group, 15 (9.8%) pregnancies and 20 (10.7%) samples; control group, 132 (86.3%) pregnancies and 143 (76.9%) samples). The amniotic fluid L-FABP level was significantly higher in the FGR group compared to that in the healthy-FGR and control groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that the amniotic fluid L-FABP level was not affected by fetal body weight. Additionally, the amniotic fluid L-FABP levels increased significantly in cases with fetal blood flow abnormalities or early gestational age. Therefore, amniotic fluid L-FABP level may be an objective and accurate predictive marker of fetal condition.

Aim: To analyze the effectiveness of amniotic fluid neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and L-type fatty acid-binding protein as predictive factors for fetal inflammatory response syndrome., Methods: We classified single pregnancy cases into the fetal inflammatory response syndrome and nonfetal inflammatory response syndrome groups. We collected amniotic fluid at vaginal delivery and cesarean section and compared the patient characteristics, maternal white blood cell count, C-reactive protein level, and amniotic fluid interleukin-6; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; and L-type fatty acid-binding protein levels between the groups. We further analyzed the relationship between L-type fatty acid-binding protein levels and neonatal clinical outcomes., Results: We analyzed 129 pregnancies, of which 36 and 93 (27.9% and 72.1%, respectively) were classified into the fetal inflammatory response syndrome and nonfetal inflammatory response syndrome groups, respectively. We observed significant differences in the maternal white blood cell counts and amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels. On the multivariate analysis, the useful predictive factors were maternal white blood cell count and amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels. Furthermore, the level of L-type fatty acid-binding protein was significantly higher in the transient tachypnea of the newborn and postnatal respiratory support group than in the control group., Conclusions: The maternal white blood cell count and amniotic interleukin-6 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels were effective predictors of fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Amniotic fluid L-type fatty acid-binding protein level was an effective predictor of neonatal respiratory support., (© 2021 Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology.)

We analysed the effectiveness of transvaginal ultrasonographic and foetal/maternal pulse Doppler findings as predictors of labour onset within 1 week. We included 22 single normal pregnancies and evaluated the one-point and short- and long-term differences in uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), umbilical artery PI, middle cerebral artery PI (MCA-PI), peak systolic velocity, and cervical length (CL). Presence of funnelling and membrane separation over the internal cervical os was evaluated. Significant changes were observed in the one-point measurement of and short-term and long-term differences in CL, the one-point measurement of and long-term difference in MCA-PI, and the presence of membrane separation (Grade 2). In multivariate analysis, the significant predictors were short-term differences in CL (odds ratio [OR]: 5.27), long-term differences in MCA-PI (OR: 13.3), and presence of membrane separation (Grade 2) (OR: 5.38). Transvaginal ultrasonographic and foetal pulse Doppler findings were effective predictors of labour onset within 1 week.Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Parameters reported to predict labour onset include the Bishop score, cervical length, decreased long-term cervical length, funnelling of the internal cervical os, and adrenal gland volume. What do the results of this study add? Short-term changes in cervical length, long-term changes in middle cerebral artery pulsatility index, and the presence of membrane separation Grade 2 were found to be useful predictive factors of labour onset in this study. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The prediction of labour onset enables clinicians to properly manage pregnancy and delivery considering maternal and foetal conditions.

Maternal perception of decreased fetal movement is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Although there have been several studies on interventions related to the fetal movements count, most focused on adverse perinatal outcomes, and little is known about the impact of the fetal movement count on maternal behavior after the perception of decreased fetal movement. We investigated the impact of the daily fetal movement count on maternal behavior after the perception of decreased fetal movement and on the stillbirth rate in this prospective population-based study. Pregnant women in Shiga prefecture of Japan were asked to count the time of 10 fetal movements from 34 weeks of gestation. We analyzed 101 stillbirths after the intervention compared to 121 stillbirths before the intervention. In multivariable analysis, maternal delayed visit to a health care provider after the perception of decreased fetal movement significantly reduced after the intervention (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11-0.83). Our regional stillbirth rates in the pre-intervention and post-intervention periods were 3.06 and 2.70 per 1000 births, respectively. Informing pregnant women about the fetal movement count was associated with a reduction in delayed maternal reaction after the perception of decreased fetal movement, which might reduce stillbirths.

Eating disorders are common psychiatric disorders among women of reproductive age, and the prevalence of eating disorders has been increasing over time in Japan and other countries. The aim of the present study was to assess perinatal outcomes in maternal anorexia nervosa in Japan and to explore methods to improve perinatal outcomes. This study consists of a case series describing 13 single pregnancies of 11 women with a history of anorexia nervosa, and a cross-sectional study comparing 13 cases with 240 healthy controls. In the case group, nine cases conceived while underweight, including three who had fertility treatment. Anorexia symptoms during pregnancy were quite common, and pregnant smokers presented with extremely disturbed eating behaviors. In a cross-sectional study, premature birth and the standard deviations from the mean birth weight and mean head circumference at birth were evaluated as outcome measures. The adjusted odds ratios or the adjusted differences between two means for the above outcomes were estimated by two approaches: multivariate models and matching analysis. Statistical analysis showed that maternal anorexia nervosa was associated with an increased risk of premature birth and symmetric growth restriction mediated by low pre-pregnancy body mass index and poor gestational weight gain which were adjusted as confounders. Smoking during pregnancy was a potential indicator of abnormal eating behavior and could be predictive of poor perinatal outcomes. We therefore conclude that remission of anorexia nervosa before pregnancy could improve perinatal outcomes through both normal nutrition and smoking cessation. Fertility treatment while underweight is not recommended.

Background: Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm (UAP) normally presents genital bleeding in the puerperal period, and severe hydronephrosis rarely presents during pregnancy. We report a rare case of severe ureteral obstruction accompanied by uterine artery pseudoaneurysm in the early second trimester of pregnancy, which was successfully treated by surgical intervention., Case Presentation: A 42-year-old nulligravid woman who had undergone myomectomy 3 years earlier was referred to our hospital for acute left abdominal pain at the 17th week of gestation. Ultrasonography showed severe left hydronephrosis and a 6-cm mass in the parauterine space. Color Doppler ultrasonography revealed a spinning turbulent flow pattern inside the mass lesion. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed the left uterine artery feeding blood flow to the mass and left ureteral obstruction by the mass. These results indicated left hydronephrosis secondary to left uterine artery pseudoaneurysm. To resolve the problem, laparotomy was performed. As uterine artery isolation was impossible, ligation of the left internal iliac artery and releasing of the ureteral obstruction were carried out. The hydronephrosis and abdominal pain promptly resolved after the surgery. Thereafter, fetal development proceeded normally in the remaining months of the pregnancy. A healthy baby was delivered through cesarean section at 36 weeks gestational age. At the cesarean section, the left lower uterine segment where the UAP had been present was not visible because of the firm adhesion in around it., Conclusions: Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm can cause hydronephrosis in the early second trimester of pregnancy. Ligation of the unilateral internal iliac artery is a safe and effective intervention to block the blood flow to the uterine artery pseudoaneurysm during pregnancy, when uterine artery ligation seems not possible. In the pregnancy after previous surgical procedures to the uterus, uterine artery pseudoaneurysm should be considered in the differential diagnosis of symptomatic hydronephrosis.