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Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) make up a group of lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the aberrant accumulation of glycosaminoglycans throughout the body. Patients with MPSs display various signs and symptoms, such as retinopathy, which is also observed in patients with MPS II. Unfortunately, retinal disorders in MPS II are resistant to conventional intravenous enzyme-replacement therapy because the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) impedes drug penetration. In this study, we show that a fusion protein, designated pabinafusp alfa, consisting of an antihuman transferrin receptor antibody and iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), crosses the BRB and reaches the retina in a murine model of MPS II. We found that retinal function, as assessed by electroretinography (ERG) in MPS II mice, deteriorated with age. Early intervention with repeated intravenous treatment of pabinafusp alfa decreased heparan sulfate deposition in the retina, optic nerve, and visual cortex, thus preserving or even improving the ERG response in MPS II mice. Histological analysis further revealed that pabinafusp alfa mitigated the loss of the photoreceptor layer observed in diseased mice. In contrast, recombinant nonfused IDS failed to reach the retina and hardly affected the retinal disease. These results support the hypothesis that transferrin receptor-targeted IDS can penetrate the BRB, thereby ameliorating retinal dysfunction in MPS II.

Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is known to be negatively affected by heat stress, and its production is threatened by global warming, particularly in arid regions. Thus, efforts to better understand the molecular responses of wheat to heat stress are required. In the present study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics, was applied to develop a protocol that monitors chemical changes in common wheat under heat stress. Wheat plants at the three-leaf stage were subjected to heat stress at a 42 °C daily maximum temperature for 3 days, and this led to delayed growth in comparison to that of the control. Measurement of FTIR spectra and their principal component analysis showed partially overlapping features between heat-stressed and control leaves. In contrast, supervised machine learning through linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the spectra demonstrated clear discrimination of heat-stressed leaves from the controls. Analysis of LDA loading suggested that several wavenumbers in the fingerprinting region (400-1800 cm -1 ) contributed significantly to their discrimination. Novel spectrum-based biomarkers were developed using these discriminative wavenumbers that enabled the successful diagnosis of heat-stressed leaves. Overall, these observations demonstrate the versatility of FTIR-based chemical fingerprints for use in heat-stress profiling in wheat.

Several studies using bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury rat model revealed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to pulmonary fibrosis. Conversely, microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as useful markers of various diseases. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the EMT state through focusing on alveolar epithelial cells and identify the miRNAs that can be used as markers to predict pulmonary fibrosis using a BLM-induced lung injury rat model. Intratracheal administration of BLM increased hydroxyproline, a component of collagen, in lung tissues at day 14, but not at day 7. However, BLM induced EMT at day 7, which was accompanied with increased mRNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin, a representative EMT marker, in alveolar epithelium, thereby suggesting that EMT occurs prior to pulmonary fibrosis in alveolar epithelial cells. Using this rat model, the expression levels of several EMT-associated miRNAs were examined, and miR-222 was found to be upregulated in alveolar epithelial cells as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from day 3. Our findings indicate that EMT in alveolar epithelial cells may occur before pulmonary fibrosis, and miR-222 may be used as a potential marker for early prediction of pulmonary fibrosis., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Japanese murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume) is an endangered small seabird species in Japan. Molecular sexing using PCR targeting of the gene encoding chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 1(CHD1) has been used for sex identification. Specifically, PCR using any of three commonly used primer sets (CHD1F/1R, 2550F/2718R and P2/P8) has permitted sexing in many bird species. CHD1F/1R and 2550F/2718R permitted molecular sexing in Japanese murrelet; however, P2/P8 did not permit. To generate a primer pair that permits efficient molecular sexing in this species, a new primer set, CHD1F1/1R1, was prepared to permit amplification of smaller products from degraded DNA samples. The electrophoretic patterns of PCR products amplified with the new primer set were easily classified as female or male. Additionally, the PCR product indicated the presence of a polymorphism in the fragment from chromosome W. The PCR fragments of long-type (WL) and short-type (WS) polymorphisms were observed only in females. When the distribution of the CHD1 gene on chromosome W of 61 female Japanese murrelet on Biroujima Island in Miyazaki Prefecture, WL and WS were observed in 90.2% and 9.8%. The DNA polymorphism is derived from the number of copies of a 32-bp-repeat unit, with WL and WS corresponding to two and one 32-bp-repeats, respectively.

Background: Drug-induced lung injury leads to serious lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis. We demonstrated in an alveolar epithelial cell line A549/ABCA3 that certain microRNAs were associated with bleomycin induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is closely related to pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we focused on the role of miR-484 in drug-induced EMT using A549/ABCA3 cells and a mouse lung injury model., Methods: The expression of EMT-related genes and miR-484 was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. miR-484-targeted proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was prepared by the intratracheal administration of BLM. As miR-484 is known to target SMAD2 and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), which are the well-known EMT-related transcription factors, we assessed the effects of a miR-484 inhibitor or mimic on the mRNA/protein expression of both the factors., Results: We found that bleomycin significantly suppressed the intracellular expression and extracellular release of miR-484 in A549/ABCA3 cells. Moreover, the miR-484 mimic and inhibitor showed no drastic effects on the expression of the EMT-related transcription factors. In addition, the miR-484 mimic had no effect on the bleomycin-induced altered mRNA expression of the α-smooth muscle actin, a representative EMT marker. This suggested that miR-484 did not directly contribute to bleomycin-induced EMT in A549/ABCA3 cells. In contrast, the significant decrease in miR-484 expression in the lung tissue or plasma of bleomycin-administered mice suggested that miR-484 expression was closely correlated with bleomycin-induced lung injury., Conclusions: These findings indicate that miR-484 could be a novel diagnostic indicator for drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Purpose: Several anticancer drugs including bleomycin (BLM) and methotrexate (MTX) cause serious lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. Although evidences showing the association of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with pulmonary fibrosis are increasing, the mechanism underlying anticancer drug-induced EMT has been poorly understood. On the other hand, miR-34a, a non-coding small RNA, has been highlighted as a key factor to regulate EMT in lung. In this study, we elucidated the role of miR-34a in anticancer drug-induced EMT using A549/ABCA3 cells as a novel type II alveolar epithelium model., Methods: Expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) mRNA, miR-34a, and p53 were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot analysis, respectively., Results: BLM and MTX induced EMT-like morphological changes and increase in mRNA expression level of α-SMA, an EMT marker. Also, both drugs increased the expression level of miR-34a. Furthermore, mRNA expression level of α-SMA was enhanced by introduction of miR-34a mimic into A549/ABCA3 cells. To examine the mechanism underlying drug-induced enhancement of miR-34a expression, we focused on p53/miR-34a axis. Both drugs upregulated protein expression of p53, an inducer of miR-34a, as well as phosphorylation of Ser15 in p53., Conclusions: These findings indicated that p53/miR-34a axis may contribute to anticancer drug-induced EMT in type II alveolar epithelial cells.

The current study examined the prevalence of intestinal parasites and genotypes of Giardia intestinalis in puppies from nine pet shops in east Japan. Fresh fecal samples from 1794 puppies (≦3 months old) were collected on one occasion. Giardia spp. was examined for specific coproantigen using ELISA kit (SNAP®Giardia, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., USA). Other intestinal parasites were detected microscopically using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique. Genotyping was determined for the random 29 stool samples identified as Giardia spp. positive using PCR and direct sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. Overall prevalence of protozoan Giardia spp. and Cystoisospora spp. revealed 23.4% and 11.3%, respectively. Prevalence of ascarids, Strongyloides spp. and hookworms were recorded 1.8%, 1.1% and 0.1%, respectively. Protozoan Giardia spp. and Cystoisospora spp., thus, represent important pathogens among pet shop puppies. All genotyped G. intestinalis isolates were belonged to assemblage C or D, identified as dog-specific genotypes. Zoonotic assemblage A and B were not demonstrated. The result suggests that the risk of zoonotic transmission of G. intestinalis from pet shops puppies to humans may be quite low in Japan., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of intensive intervention in children with cerebral palsy using a hypothetical matched control group based on motor growth curves., Design: For pretest-posttest design using a hypothetical control group, a convenient sample of 39 children with cerebral palsy who received intensive intervention without surgical treatment was assigned to the experimental group. The hypothetical matched control group was created based on motor growth curves. Gains in Gross Motor Function Measure-66 score after intensive treatment in the experimental group were compared with scores in the hypothetical matched control group using a mixed design for repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance., Results: Gross motor function development in the experimental group was significantly accelerated compared with the hypothetical matched control group., Conclusions: In this preliminary study, using a hypothetical control group, the effectiveness of intensive intervention in children with cerebral palsy has been demonstrated. Although it is desirable to have a baseline phase to make sure whether gross motor function in the hypothetical control group changes in a similar way to that in the experimental group before an intervention phase, the hypothetical control group design is well worth considering as a research design option in the field of cerebral palsy research.

The inflammatory response is one of several host alert mechanisms that recruit neutrophils from the circulation to the area of infection. We demonstrate that Bordetella, a bacterial pathogen, exploits an antiinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), to evade the host immune system. We identified a Bordetella effector, BopN, that is translocated into the host cell via the type III secretion system, where it induces enhanced production of IL-10. Interestingly, the BopN effector translocates itself into the nucleus and is involved in the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Using pharmacological blockade, we demonstrated that BopN-induced IL-10 production is mediated, at least in part, by its ability to block the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. We also showed that BopN blocks nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB p65 (NF-kappaBp65) but, in contrast, promotes nuclear translocation of NF-kappaBp50. A BopN-deficient strain was unable to induce IL-10 production in mice, resulting in the elimination of bacteria via neutrophil infiltration into the pulmonary alveoli. Furthermore, IL-10-deficient mice effectively eliminated wild-type as well as BopN mutant bacteria. Thus, Bordetella exploits BopN as a stealth strategy to shut off the host inflammatory reaction. These results explain the ability of Bordetella species to avoid induction of the inflammatory response.

Carinal resection was performed in 10 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma during 12 year-period. The mean age of patients was 58 years, with a range of 42 to 68 years. There were 7 male and 3 female. The tumor was located on the right side in 7 cases, on the left side in 1 case on the carina in 2 cases. The histological examination showed squamous cell carcinoma in 5 cases, adenocarcinoma in 4 cases and adenoid cystic carcinoma in 1 case. The staging revealed T3N2 M0 Stage IIIA in 2 cases, T4N0M0 Stage IIIB in 1 case, T4N1M0 Stage IIIB in 1 case, T4N2M0 Stage IIIB in 5 cases and T4N3M0 Stage IIIB in 1 case. The surgical methods were as follows; sleeve pneumonectomy in 5 cases, wedge carinal resection with pulmonary resection in 3 cases (right sleeve upper lobectomy in 2 cases and right pneumonectomy in 1 case), carinal resection in 2 cases. The site of bronchial anastomosis was overlapped by thymus in 6 cases. The 30-day mortality rate in tracheo-carinal resection was 10% (one patient). Eight patients died and remaining 2 patients are still alive without any evidence of recurrence. 5-year survival rate was 36%. These outcomes were almost equal to those of surgical case in the same stage.

A fluorescent protein isolated from the deep-sea luminous bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum strain bmFP has been purified, cloned and sequenced. The protein is 96.5% identical in amino acid sequence to FP390, the weakly fluorescent flavoprotein encoded by the luxF gene characteristic of Photobacterium species. Similar to FP390, bmFP is a dimer of two homologous subunits binding four FMN-myristate chromophores but has the distinctive feature of emitting a bimodal fluorescence with maxima at about 488 and 517 nm, hence the name bmFP. For both bands of this fluorescence, the excitation spectrum exhibits a peak at 336 nm, not corresponding to its flavin-like absorption spectrum. Heating of bmFP in urea resulted in a decrease in the intensity of the 488 nm band along with the appearance of a new fluorescence peaking at 423 nm, partially reversible upon the removal of the urea. Upon complete denaturation, either by heat or guanidium chloride at 65 degrees C, fluorescence characteristic of both free flavin and this 423 nm species appears. It is speculated that chromophores in different states of protonation, associated with a single protein, are responsible for the unusual spectral properties of bmFP.

The activity of the bimodal fluorescent protein (bmFP) (lambda max, 488 and 517 nm) in the in vitro luciferase reaction has been studied. The bmFP that is produced by Photobacterium phosphoreum strain bmFP is a dimer of two homologous subunits binding four riboflavin 5'-phosphate (FMN)-myristate chromophores. The addition of bmFP to the luciferase reaction in the presence of the lumazine protein prevented the lumazine protein-induced blue shift in the emission band. The bmFP reduced electrochemically serves as a substrate in the luciferase reaction in the absence of added FMN, resulting in light emission with a single maximum at about 487 nm. The bmFP was also active in lieu of FMN in the NADH/FMN oxidoreductase (flavin reductase)-luciferase coupled bioluminescence reaction in the absence of added FMN. In the coupled reaction, bioluminescence with the isolated bmFP chromophore was weaker than that with the holo-bmFP. After bmFP was used in luciferase reactions initiated either chemically or electrochemically, it was still capable of emitting bimodal fluorescence.