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Often ignored, reduced or refuted by caregivers, the patient's spiritual dimension should be fully integrated into the support offered to him. In no way reducible to religion, it relates to what is most profound as a singular being, and as such, the intervention of the psychologist can be particularly helpful., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Consciousness and the body. Life is expressed in the body through physical, chemical and biological processes as well as through the emergence of immaterial dimensions such as consciousness and subjectivity. These material and immaterial dimensions, connected and interdependent, form the basis of our humanity and should be considered together in the case of a global and personalised approach to the care practice., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Taking into account the effects of the observer on research results has always been the subject of debate within scientific teams. However, the objectivity of results is an illusion and all studies are subject to the researcher's subjectivity. This subjectivity must be taken into account as it is often the source of substantial knowledge which can help in the understanding of the human being., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Taking into account the patient's life history is an essential component of the care provided by health professionals in pain consultations. Through the case of a patient whose treatment for her migraines involves talking, a clinical psychologist describes the importance of not forgetting this subjective dimension, at the risk of focusing only on the somatic symptom., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The paper is a reflection on the conflictual relationship between adaptation and subjectivity, persona and individuation, starting from Jung's seminal writings, and their developing features in contemporary society. With reference to sociologist Zygmunt Bauman's speculations on so called liquid society and retrotopia, concepts like nostalgia are examined in the article. A case of a manic and violent nine-year-old child, a millennial-to-be boy treated in the mid-nineties, is presented to describe issues like shame, object promiscuity, consumerism and overexcitement, and suggests questions on whether and how these patterns would be different for patients belonging to the Generations Z (born between 1996 and 2010) and Alpha (born after 2010). The case material shows how the construction of a suitable persona was the only aim of the child's family, in terms of a merely quantitative regulation, their model being that of being adequately capable of consuming and being consumed, using each other for utilitarian purposes, and essentially avoiding the sense of self-and-other as live objects. Psychoanalysis is theoretically and clinically challenged and confronted with the conflict between the new features of adaptation and a dimension of subjectivity whose traits are more and more difficult to detect., (© 2018, The Society of Analytical Psychology.)

Introduction: The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) Organ Injury Scale (OIS) is the most used classification for renal trauma. It determines the radiologic monitoring, only recommended for high-grade injuries. The aim of this study was to assess the subjectivity of AAST scaling and its impact on short-term follow-up., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients with blunt renal injuries admitted at a university hospital between 2010 and 2015. Computed Tomography (CT) scan were analyzed and injuries graded according to AAST OIS independently by a senior radiologist, a senior urologist who was blind to clinical data and a resident urologist. Grading disagreements were analyzed collegially to obtain a final rating. The agreement of AAST scaling was evaluated through the Cohen's Kappa coefficient., Results: Ninety-seven patients had 101 renal injuries: low grade in 58.4% (11.9% grade I, 17.8% grade II, 28.7% grade III) and high grade in 41.6% of cases (23.6% grade IV and 17.8% grade V). The agreement was fair with Kappa coefficient at 0.36. The agreement was moderate in severity sub-division analysis (low or high grade): Kappa coefficient at 0.59. There was a disagreement in 49.5% between the senior urologist's and the senior radiologist's ratings. Those differences brought to a severity group change and radiologic follow-up modification in 34% (n=17)., Conclusion: AAST OIS for renal trauma suffers from subjectivity but is improved by severity sub-group analysis. This subjectivity influences the radiologic follow-up but could be reduced by collegiate rating., Level of Evidence: 4., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In Western countries obesity is currently a major public health issue. Part of a complex system, it should not be studied alone. Yet it is often seen only as the result of qualitatively and/or quantitatively deviant dietary-intake and is seldom questioned as a symptom in the psychoanalytic sense, i.e. as a part of a package that makes sense., Objectives of the Study: The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of shame in the psyche of obese subjects as "subjective backup". The author questions the experience of shame in obese subjects as the cornerstone of this symptom in the psychoanalytic sense., Methods: While reporting a clinical case, the author notes the occurrences of shame in the discourse of the patient. The subsequent analysis is presented based on the transferential and counter-transferential relationship. To carry out this study, the author drew on a device supporting catharsis., Results: The author addresses successively: the complaint of obese subjects and the effect of shame, their shame as the alpha and omega of bulimic crises and lastly their body as a work of art by building a monstrosity. The author concludes with the social dimension of shame and how it is part of the symptom of body transformation in obese subjects., Discussion: It appears that pathological shame reveals a difficulty to maintain a sense of existence. For this reason, it seems important to consider this effect and to establish a framework for the emergence of the latter in the consultations of patients with eating disorders. Under these conditions, the patient is able, on the pedestal of shame, to voice his shame of being and to support a subjectivity., (Copyright © 2016 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Representations of time and time measurements depend on subjective constructs that vary according to changes in our concepts, beliefs, societal needs and technical advances. Similarly, the past, the future and the present are subjective representations that depend on each individual's psychic time and biological time. Therefore, there is no single, one-size-fits-all time for everyone, but rather a different, subjective time for each individual. We need to acknowledge the existence of different inter-individual times but also intra-individual times, to which different functions and different rhythms are attached, depending on the system of reference. However, the construction of these time perceptions and representations is influenced by objective factors (physiological, physical and cognitive) related to neuroscience which will be presented and discussed in this article. Thus, studying representation and perception of time lies at the crossroads between neuroscience, human sciences and philosophy. Furthermore, it is possible to identify several constants among the many and various representations of time and their corresponding measures, regardless of the system of time reference. These include the notion of movements repeated in a stable rhythmic pattern involving the recurrence of the same interval of time, which enables us to define units of time of equal and invariable duration. This rhythmicity is also found at a physiological level and contributes through circadian rhythms, in particular the melatonin rhythm, to the existence of a biological time. Alterations of temporality in mental disorders will be also discussed in this article illustrated by certain developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders. In particular, the hypothesis will be developed that children with autism would need to create discontinuity out of continuity through stereotyped behaviors and/or interests. This discontinuity repeated at regular intervals could have been fundamentally lacking in their physiological development due to possibly altered circadian rhythms, including arhythmy and asynchrony. Time measurement, based on the repetition of discontinuity at regular intervals, involves also a spatial representation. It is our own trajectory through space-time, and thus our own motion, including the physiological process of aging, that affords us a representation of the passing of time, just as the countryside seems to be moving past us when we travel in a vehicle. Chinese and Indian societies actually have circular representations of time, and linear representations of time and its trajectory through space-time are currently a feature of Western societies. Circular time is collective time, and its metaphysical representations go beyond the life of a single individual, referring to the cyclical, or at least nonlinear, nature of time. Linear time is individual time, in that it refers to the scale of a person's lifetime, and it is physically represented by an arrow flying ineluctably from the past to the future. An intermediate concept can be proposed that acknowledges the existence of linear time involving various arrows of time corresponding to different lifespans (human, animal, plant, planet lifespans, etc.). In fact, the very notion of time would depend on the trajectory of each arrow of time, like shooting stars in the sky with different trajectory lengths which would define different time scales. The time scale of these various lifespans are very different (for example, a few decades for humans and a few days or hours for insects). It would not make sense to try to understand the passage of time experienced by an insect which may live only a few hours based on a human time scale. One hour in an insect's life cannot be compared to one experienced by a human. Yet again, it appears that there is a coexistence of different clocks based here on different lifespans. Finally, the evolution of our society focused on the present moment and choosing the cesium atom as the international reference unit of time measurement (cesium has a transition frequency of 9.192.631.77000 oscillations per second), will be questioned. We can consider that focusing on the present moment, in particular on instantaneity rather than infinity, prevents us from facing our own finitude. In conclusion, the question is raised that the current representation of time might be a means of managing our fear of death, giving us the illusion of controlling the uncontrollable, in particular the passage of time, and a means of avoiding to represent what many regard as non-representable, namely our own demise., (Copyright © 2015 L’Encéphale. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)