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The chaotic spatial disarray due to extracellular matrix expansion disrupts cardiomyocytes interaction and causes arrhythmia. We hypothesized that disordered nanopeptide scaffolds can mimic the chaotic spatial disarray related to cardiac fibrosis and have arrhythmogenic effects on cardiomyocytes. Primary mouse cardiomyocytes were cultured in 2D traditional and 3D nanopeptide hydrogel scaffold systems. Cardiomyocytes in 3D scaffolds showed irregular spontaneous contractile activity as compared with 2D culture controls. Calcium fluorimetric imaging revealed that basal intracellular calcium level increased 1.42-fold in cardiomyocytes cultured in the 3D scaffold, in vitro. The mRNA levels of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase, ryanodine 2 receptor and connexin 43 elevated 2.14-fold, 2.33-fold and 2.62-fold in 3D compared with 2D. Immunofluorescence imaging revealed lateralization of the distribution of connexin 43 in 3D group. These findings suggest that 3D hydrogel culture system provides a model for the development of cardiac dysrhythmia. These limitations should be considered during cardiac tissue engineering., From the Clinical Editor: This team of scientists has established a unique 3D hydrogel culture system as a model for the development of cardiac dysrhythmia., (Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In this paper a new electroporation (EP) system is developed, which includes an EP microchip and a logic circuit, which combined with electrophoresis (ES), can provide site-specific enhancement of gene concentration. In this ES-EP microchip, an arc planar electrode provides the ES function for DNA attraction, and interdigitated array electrodes provide appropriate electric fields for the EP on the chip surface. In addition, the adherent cells can be manipulated in situ without detachment of the ES-EP microchip, which performs the "Lab on a chip". Experimental results have shown that the efficiency of gene transfection with an attracting-electric field (35.89%) becomes much higher than that without an attracting-electric field (16.62%). Cell numbers as low as 10(4) cells, and DNA as little as 4 microg are sufficient for evaluating the phenotypic effects following the over-expression of the introduced genes on the ES-EP microchip. The proposed system has the advantages of portability, cost-effectiveness, a high transfection rate and ease of operation.

We developed a new electroporation system, including a microchip and a logic circuit, and combining with the function of electrophoresis, which can site-specific enhancement of the gene concentration. We have demonstrated that the electroporation microchip could enhance and target in vitro gene transfection for cell lines. In this micro-device, the outer electrodes could provide the electrophoresis function for DNA attraction, and the inner electrodes could provide appropriate electric fields for the electroporation on the chip surface. The electrostatic force can be designed into specific regions, where the DNA plasmids are attracted to provide the region-targeting function. This study successfully demonstrates that the electrostatic force can attract DNA plasmids to the cell surface and highly enhance the gene delivery. Experimental results showed that the efficiency of gene transfection with an attracting-electric field become much higher than that without an attracting-electric field. Furthermore, the adherent cells could be manipulated in situ without detachment by this EP microchip. The system has several advantages of portable, cost-effective, high transfection rate and easy operation.