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Background: Trace elements are the important components that play a crucial role in various functions of the human body at cellular and molecular levels. Considering the role of the trace elements in precancerous and cancerous conditions, estimation of their levels in these conditions could aid in understanding the disease process and progression. The purpose of this study is to determine the alteration in salivary electrolyte concentration of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients to correlate the variations with the severity and biological behaviour., Material and Method: A total of 70 subjects were included in this study, and they were divided into three groups: patients with OSCC (30), OPMDs (30) and apparently healthy individuals (10). An informed consent was obtained, following which blood and saliva samples were collected from the participants. Salivary and serum levels of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, calcium and magnesium were measured and compared between the groups., Results: The levels of biochemical elements in both serum and saliva were in perfect correlation. The amount of all the estimated metallic ions was found to be significantly ( P 0.001) increased in OSCC followed by OPMDs and normal mucosa. The levels of copper, cadmium and magnesium were gradually increased in increasing grades of OSCC ( P 0.001)., Conclusion: Salivary trace element levels could possibly have diagnostic significance in the early evaluation of OPMDs and OSCC as well. Increased levels of these elements might be used as a marker of disease progression and predictor of prognosis., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.)

Background & Objective: Telomeres consist of repetitive G-rich nucleotides located at the end of each chromosome, acting as protein binding sites. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in telomere length in blood, saliva, and tissue samples at various stages of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions., Methods: Samples of blood, tissue, and saliva were collected from patients with oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. DNA extraction was performed. Then, a TRAP assay was conducted to assess and compare the telomere length and telomerase expression., Results: The levels of telomerase activity (TA) in the DNA samples ranged from 0.19 to 6.91 (2.05+1.37) among oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and from 0.17 to 4.5 (0.28+4.25) among precancerous patients. A significant difference was observed in TA levels between OSCC and precancerous samples ( t =3.9691, P = 0.0000)., Conclusion: Assessing the telomerase activity is crucial for studying the behavior of carcinoma in the clinical setting. The augmented telomerase expression and the length of telomere contribute to OSCC progression. Hence, this study adds a diagnostic tool that can serve as a biomarker for the early detection and prognosis of OSCC., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024.)

Background: Oral lichen planus is a chronic, mucocutaneous, inflammatory disease, with an unknown etiology. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage to the tissues might be the cause. Malonaldehyde (MDA), a low molecular weight end product of lipid peroxidation reaction is a suitable biomarker of endogenous DNA damage. monitoring the oxidant-antioxidant status of saliva may serve as an efficient marker of disease development in oral lichen planus patients., Aim and Objectives: To evaluate salivary oxidative stress in oral lichen planus subject using MDA and compare it with control subjects. Furthermore, to compare MDA levels in erosive and hypertrophic lichen planus., Materials and Methods: The current study is case-control study. Unstimulated salivary samples in the morning hours were taken from oral lichen planus subjects ( n = 25) and controls subjects without any oral disease ( n = 25). The saliva was centrifuged at 900 g for 10 min at a temperature of 4°C. Then, the entire filtrate was transferred to Eppendorf test tubes and frozen at-80°C until analysis. Salivary MDA was done through thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay as per the protocol laid down by the manufacturer (Sigma Aldrich Lipid Peroxidation Assay Kit)., Results: The data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and the statistical analysis was done using Student's t -test using SPSS version 21 IBM software. The salivary level of MDA was significantly higher than that of controls ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The higher level of MDA in patients with oral lichen planus suggests that free radicals and the resulting oxidative damage may be important in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus lesions., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.)

Introduction: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for de novo telomere synthesis and addition of telomeric repeats to existing telomeres. Telomerase activity is generally found to be absent in normal tissues. Telomerase is known to be induced upon malignant transformation of human cells., Method: In the present study, we analyzed both telomere length and telomerase activity in saliva samples from oral carcinoma patients. The study was done to investigate the presence of telomerase activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma by TRAP assay., Result: Telomerase activity was detectable in 79 of 100 human OSCC and 51 of 100 premalignant cases and 8 of 100 normal patients., Conclusion: These results indicate that telomerase is activated frequently during the late stage of oral premalignancy and may play a crucial role in OSCC., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Candida carriage was reported to be common in oral cancer patients, with C. albicans being the predominant species. The prevalence of diseases caused by Candida species have been found to increase in recent years., Aim: The aim of our study was to find the antifungal activities at MIC of selected fifteen plant leaves extracts prepared in three different solutions (methanol and ethanol) against the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans isolated from oral cavity infections. It may also help the clinician to treat the patient not only for the particular lesion that is present, but also to treat the infection by Candida albicans so as to reduce its potential to malignant transformation. Material n methods: Leaves extract of selected plant prepared in methanolic and eethanolic solution have been chosen for the investigation of in vitro antifungal activity which acts as expectorant and not having toxic properties on humans while for comparison or control, antifungal drugs have been taken. Results showed that Candida albicans shows most sensitivity towards the standard antibiotic cotrimoazol but very less towards other drugs like Fluconazole, minocycline, erythromycin respectively which indicated Candida albicans shows some resistance character towards drugs while the herbal extracts of Lawsonia inermis, Withania somnifer, Curcuma longa, Cymbopogon citrates and Zingiber officinale gives the best inhibitory effect and they have the potential to control growth of Candida albicans.