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Objective: The authors investigate the incidence of clinical and mycological resistance of Candida albicans vulvovaginitis (VVC) at the Jefferson Vulvovaginal Health Center. They also review their experience with boric acid in the treatment of fluconazole-resistant VVC., Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with C. albicans VVC diagnosed at the Jefferson Vulvovaginal Health Center between November 2019 and December 2021. Patients with clinically defined fluconazole resistance were identified. Information about demographics, in vitro susceptibility testing, and treatment outcomes with boric acid was obtained., Results: Of 970 patients with vaginal C. albicans isolates, 71 (7.3%) with clinically defined fluconazole-resistant C. albicans infections were identified. Relevant demographics included 45.1% African American, 43.7% aged younger than 30 years, and 43.7% with body mass index less than 25. Of the 71 patients, 58 (81.7%) received vaginal boric acid treatment. The mycological and clinical cure rates were 85.7% and 73.7%, respectively. After successful boric acid treatment and negative yeast cultures, 14.3% of patients had a mycological recurrence within 3 months. Of 31 isolates with antifungal susceptibility testing, 83.9% (26/31) were found to have minimal inhibitory concentration results consistent with fluconazole resistance., Conclusions: In a tertiary care vulvovaginal health center, fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans VVC is by no means uncommon and usually responds in the short term to treatment with boric acid. However, in the absence of maintenance boric acid, recurrence of culture-positive VVC is likely., Competing Interests: R.S. serves as a consultant for Scynexis Inc and Mycovia Pharmaceuticals. P.N. serves as a consultant for Scynexis Inc, Mycovia Pharmaceuticals, and Hologic Inc. The other authors have declared they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023, ASCCP.)

Background: Ibrexafungerp is a novel antifungal treatment for acute vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Using pooled data from two phase three studies (VANISH 303 and 306) in the treatment of acute VVC, this analysis sought to determine the effectiveness of ibrexafungerp in various patient subgroups that may impact outcomes. Materials and Methods: Data from VANISH 303 (NCT03734991) and VANISH 306 (NCT03987620) evaluating ibrexafungerp 300 mg twice daily (BID) for 1 day versus placebo, were pooled and analyzed to determine clinical cure rate, clinical improvement, and mycological cure at the test-of-cure visit (day 11 ± 3) and symptom resolution at the follow-up visit (day 25 ± 4) in the overall population. Patient subgroups analyzed included race, body mass index (BMI), baseline vulvovaginal signs and symptoms (VSS) score, and Candida species. Results: At the test-of-cure visit, patients receiving ibrexafungerp, compared with those who received placebo, had significantly higher rates of clinical cure (56.9% [214/376 patients] vs. 35.7% [65/182 patients]), clinical improvement (68.4% [257/376 patients] vs. 45.1% [82/182 patients]), and mycological cure (54.0% [203/376 patients] vs. 24.2% [44/182 patients]; all p  < 0.0001). At the follow-up visit, patients receiving ibrexafungerp had sustained responses with higher symptom resolution rates (66.8% [251/376 patients]) versus placebo (48.4% [88/182 patients]; p  < 0.0001). Race, BMI, baseline VSS score (including VSS severity score 13-18), and Candida species infection did not adversely affect clinical cure rates. Safety analysis results were consistent with the individual studies. Conclusions: Ibrexafungerp provides a safe and well-tolerated first-in-class fungicidal, 1-day oral treatment for patients with acute VVC, the first new therapy in >20 years. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03734991.

Background: Current treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is largely limited to azole therapy. Ibrexafungerp is a first-in-class triterpenoid antifungal with broad-spectrum anti-Candida fungicidal activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ibrexafungerp compared with placebo in patients with acute VVC., Methods: Patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive ibrexafungerp (300 mg twice for 1 day) or placebo. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with a clinical cure (complete resolution of vulvovaginal signs and symptoms [VSS] = 0) at test-of-cure (day 11 ± 3). Secondary endpoints included the percentage of patients with mycological eradication, overall success (clinical cure and mycological eradication), clinical improvement (VSS ≤ 1) at test-of-cure, and symptom resolution at follow-up (day 25 ± 4)., Results: Patients receiving ibrexafungerp had significantly higher rates of clinical cure (50.5% [95/188] vs 28.6% [28/98]; P = .001), mycological eradication (49.5% [93/188] vs 19.4% [19/98]; P < .001), and overall success (36.0% [64/178] vs 12.6% [12/95]; P < .001) compared with placebo. Symptom resolution was sustained and further increased with ibrexafungerp compared with placebo (59.6% [112/188] vs 44.9% [44/98]; P = .009) at follow-up. Post hoc analysis showed similar rates of clinical cure and clinical improvement at test-of-cure for Black patients (54.8% [40/73] and 63.4% [47/73], respectively) and patients with a body mass index >35 (54.5% [24/44] and 68.2% [30/44], respectively) compared with overall rates. Ibrexafungerp was well tolerated. Adverse events were primarily gastrointestinal and mild in severity., Conclusions: Ibrexafungerp provides a promising safe and efficacious oral treatment that mechanistically differs from current azole treatment options for acute VVC., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Introduction: Given the frequency of recurrent bacterial vaginosis (RBV), enhancing treatment and preventing recurrence have become the central target of pharmacotherapy today. Antimicrobial failure is occurring at a time when knowledge of pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and RBV is incomplete, limiting rational treatment modification., Areas Covered: The current manuscript reviews pathogenesis of RBV and the performance of available antimicrobials as well as attempts employed to enhance activity and pharmacologic strategies to reduce BV recurrence and refractory vaginal disease. The authors also provide their expert perspectives on the subject area, including their outlook for the future., Expert Opinion: In the face of an empty pipeline of new antibiotics, strategies have emerged to enhance existing antibiotic efficacy, which include modifying drug dose, treatment duration, long-term prophylactic regimens, and use of biofilm disrupting agents. It is likely that future effective therapy will include several simultaneous and consecutive treatment components, including combinations of antibiotics, antibiofilm agents, and probiotics. Measures to prevent sexual transmission and reinfection are also essential.

Due to broad spectrum susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole, its convenience as an oral agent, and predictable patient tolerance and safety, current practice guidelines recommend the use of long-term suppression regimens of fluconazole as prophylaxis for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), as well as in abbreviated doses when known trigger factors emerge and inevitable symptomatic episodes are predictable. However, recent concerns of fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains may impact fluconazole use, particularly, concerns of overuse. This literature review discusses current recommendations for prophylaxis of vulvovaginal candidiasis with fluconazole.

Background: Submandibular gland transfer (SMGT) mitigates radiation-induced xerostomia but has yet to be widely adopted. We evaluate the feasibility of incorporating SMGT at multiple academic institutions and report the incidence of treatment delay., Methods: Forty-nine patients were identified who underwent SMGT. Time points pertaining to diagnosis and key treatment events including SMGT, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation were extracted. Treatment delay was defined as either >60 days from diagnosis to definitive therapy or >6 weeks between surgery and adjuvant therapy., Results: Median time from diagnosis to primary treatment was 42 days (IQR, 32-54). Median time from surgery to adjuvant therapy was 33 days (IQR, 28-47). Delay in starting treatment was observed in 7/49 patients (14%). Six patients incurred a delay in postoperative radiation therapy (6/19; 32%)., Conclusions: With appropriate care coordination, SMGT can be implemented into a clinical pathway with a goal of decreasing radiation-induced xerostomia without increasing treatment delays., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection affecting women worldwide. Reports of patterns/risk factors/trends for episodic/recurrent VVC (RVVC) are largely outdated. The purpose of this study was to obtain current patient perspectives of several aspects of VVC/RVVC., Methods: Business cards containing on-line survey information were distributed to healthy volunteers and patients seeking standard, elective, or referral gynecologic care in university-affiliated Obstetrics/Gynecology clinics. The internet-based questionnaire was completed by 284 non-pregnant women (78% Caucasian, 14% African American, 8% Asian)., Results: The majority of the participants (78%) indicated a history of VVC with 34% defined as having RVVC. The most common signs/symptoms experienced were itching, burning and redness with similar ranking of symptoms among VVC and RVVC patients. Among risk factors, antibiotic use ranked highest followed by intercourse, humid weather and use of feminine hygiene products. A high number of respondents noted 'no known cause' (idiopathic episodes) that was surprisingly similar among women with a history of either VVC or RVVC. VVC/RVVC episodes reported were primarily physician-diagnosed (73%) with the remainder mostly reporting self-diagnosis and treating with over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Most physician-diagnosed attacks utilized a combination of pelvic examination and laboratory tests followed by prescribed antifungals. Physician-treated cases achieved a higher level of symptom relief (84%) compared to those who self-medicated (57%). The majority of women with RVVC (71%) required continual or long-term antifungal medication as maintenance therapy to control symptoms., Conclusions: Current patient perspectives closely reflect historically documented estimates of VVC/RVVC prevalence and trends regarding symptomatology, disease management and post-treatment outcomes.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) guidelines recommend regular multidisciplinary team (MDT) monitoring and early intervention to optimize dysphagia outcomes; however, many factors affect the ability to achieve these goals. The aims of this study were to explore the barriers/facilitators to establishing and sustaining a MDT HNC care pathway and to examine the dysphagia-related speech-language pathology (SLP) and dietetic components of the pathway. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), a mixed methods study design was used to evaluate an established MDT HNC pathway. Ten MDT members provided perceptions of facilitators/barriers to implementing and sustaining the pathway. Patients attending the SLP and dietetic components of the pathway who commenced treatment between 2013 and 2014 (n = 63) were audited for attendance, outcome data collected per visit, and swallowing outcomes to 24-month post-treatment. Dysphagia outcomes were compared to a published cohort who had received intensive prophylactic dysphagia management. Multiple CFIR constructs were identified as critical to implementing and sustaining the pathway. Complexity was a barrier. Patient attendance was excellent during treatment, with low rates of non-compliance (< 15%) to 24 months. Collection of clinician/patient outcome tools was good during treatment, but lower post-treatment. Dysphagia outcomes were good and comparable to prior published data. The pathway provided patients with access to regular supportive care and provided staff opportunities to provide early and ongoing dysphagia monitoring and management. However, implementing and sustaining a HNC pathway is complex, requiring significant staff resources, financial investment, and perseverance. Regular audits are necessary to monitor the quality of the pathway.

Background: Despite its increasingly widespread adoption of transoral robotic surgery (TORS), there is still no uniform training curriculum. The purpose of this study was to describe the results of our novel TORS curriculum training program in which we introduce ex vivo dissection models for radical tonsillectomy and base of tongue (BOT) resections., Methods: Prospective blinded data collection and objective assessment of a novel training curriculum. Trainee performance was evaluated on objective structured assessments of technical skills (OSATS) metrics, measured resection time, and margin analysis. Additionally, 4 expert TORS surgeons completed the ex vivo dissections., Results: Trainees achieved OSATS scores similar to those of experts in both the BOT resection and radical tonsillectomy models. Peripheral and deep surgical margin measurements in the BOT model were significantly improved after training and were comparable to experts., Conclusion: This graduated curriculum provides a realistic training experience to develop competency with oropharyngeal resections before transition to the operating room. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: First-1563, 2016., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objectives: The role of promoter methylation in the development of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) has not been fully explored. In this study, we investigated the epigenetic landscape of MEC., Methods: The Illumina HumanMethylation27 BeadChip array and differential methylation analysis were utilized to screen for epigenetic alterations in 14 primary MEC tumors and 14 matched normal samples. Bisulfite sequencing was used to validate these results, with subsequent quantitative Methylation-Specific PCR (qMSP) to validate chloride intracellular channel protein 3 (CLIC3) in a separate cohort. Furthermore, CLIC3 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed in another separate cohort of MEC. Finally, clinical and pathological characteristics were statistically analyzed for correlation with methylation status of CLIC3 and CLIC3 IHC H-scores by Wilcoxon rank sum, Kruskall-Wallis, and X(2) test tests., Results: We obtained 6 significantly differentially methylated gene candidates demonstrating significant promoter hyper- or hypo-methylation from the array data. Using bisulfite sequencing, we found one gene, CLIC3, which showed differential methylation between MEC tumor and normal samples in a small validation cohort. qMSP analysis of the CLIC3 promoter in a separate validation set showed significantly lower methylation level in tumor than in normal. The level of CLIC3 methylation in MECs was not statistically correlated with clinical or pathological characteristics. However, IHC staining intensity and distribution of CLIC3 were significantly increased in MECs, compared with those of normal salivary gland tissues., Conclusions: Hypomethylation of CLIC3 promoter and its overexpression are significant events in MEC. Its functional role and potential therapeutic utility in MEC are worthy of further exploration., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Metronidazole , undoubtedly the most widely known and used member of the nitroimidazole drug class, remains not only first line therapy for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and trichomoniasis, but serves as drug of first choice. Available and used both orally and topically with high efficacy rates, especially for trichomoniasis, nevertheless numerous unanswered questions remain regarding mechanism of action. Given the extraordinary global frequency of vaginitis due to BV and trichomoniasis, especially the high recurrence rate observed in BV, it is timely to critically examine the therapeutic role of metronidazole in management decisions., Areas Covered: Search methodology used PUBMED literature review. In spite of many years of successful use, multiple questions exist regarding optimal dose and duration of therapy especially in the management of BV. Antimicrobial drug resistance remains uncommon in spite of extensive use. The use of metronidazole for vaginitis is reviewed in this article together with challenges to improving its more effective administration., Expert Opinion: Currently metronidazole or the family of nitroimidazoles, represent the drugs of first choice for trichomonas vaginitis and first line therapy for BV. Drug resistance for both entities remains uncommon; however, in contrast to trichomoniasis where relapse is rare, high recurrence rates are common in women with BV. Metronidazole appears to allow persistence of vaginal microbiome microorganisms which translate into frequent relapses. In the absence of new therapeutic alternatives, strategies are being developed to enhance drug cure rates.

Objective: Women with vestibulodynia exhibit increased pain sensitivity to contact with the vaginal vestibule as well as with vaginal penetration. The mechanism(s) responsible for this effect remains incompletely defined. Based on reports of a possible role for proteases in induction of pain, we compared levels of proteases and protease inhibitors in vaginal secretions from women with vestibulodynia and controls., Study Design: Vaginal secretions from 76 women with vestibulodynia and from 41 control women were assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the protease inhibitors, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and human epididymis protein-4 (HE-4), and the proteases, kallikrein-5 and cathepsins B and S. Concentrations between subjects and controls were compared and levels related to clinical and demographic variables., Results: Concentrations of HE-4 and SLPI were markedly reduced in vaginal samples from women with vestibulodynia compared with controls (P ≤ .006). All other compounds were similar in both groups. HE-4 (P = .0195) and SLPI (P = .0033) were lower in women with secondary, but not primary, vestibulodynia than in controls. Subjects who had constant vulvar pain had lower levels of HE-4 and SLPI than did healthy control women (P ≤ .006) or women who experienced vulvar pain only during sexual intercourse (P ≤ .0191). There were no associations between HE-4 or SLPI levels and event associated with symptom onset, duration of symptoms, age, number of lifetime sexual partners, or age at sex initiation., Conclusion: Insufficient vaginal protease inhibitor production may contribute to increased pain sensitivity in an undefined subset of women with secondary vestibulodynia who experience constant vulvar pain., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The embryological origin of the hyoid bone is a point of uncertainty, with controversy surrounding the relative contribution of the second pharyngeal arch to hyoid development. We encountered a 52-year-old male with bilateral bony styloid extension to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone during the workup of a patient with laryngeal cancer. This embryological malformation clearly supports the hypothesis that the second pharyngeal arch gives rise to the lesser cornu and demonstrates an unusual clinical finding that may be encountered by otolaryngologists. We demonstrate the imaging findings and surgical management of this unusual anatomical variant and review the embryological basis for this rare malformation.