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Engagement of microribonucleic acids (miRNA) in the regulation of cutaneous cellular health and diseases is a rapidly advancing niche in dermatology basic research. miRNAs have been identified to play a key role in the pathogenesis of various cutaneous inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic conditions, among others. In addition, their purported role as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in diseased conditions harbours exciting news for the approaching years in clinical research. The current review outlines the possible translational role of miRNA in skin health and diseases (encompassing pathogenesis, diagnosis, biomarkers and therapy) from bench to bedside., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Dermatology.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Background: Lichenoid drug eruption (LDE) is an uncommon cutaneous adverse drug reaction, where a variety of drugs used in day-to-day clinical practice have been implicated., Objective: To describe the clinico-demographic characteristics of patients with LDE and to identify the most likely drugs involved., Methods: In this prospective, observational study, consecutive patients with LDE presenting to the dermatology department of a tertiary teaching hospital were included. The clinico-demographic profile of patients with LDE and implicated drugs was noted. Treatment of drug reaction along with outcome was also documented. Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale was used for causality assessment of the drug reactions. A thorough literature review on LDE was also undertaken due to the paucity of existing literature., Results: A total of 15 patients (11 males and 4 females) with LDE were evaluated. Their age ranged from 37 to 61 years, with a mean of 51.53 ± 7.59 years. Anti-hypertensive medications (40%) were the most common culprit agent, followed by antitubercular drugs (33.4%), anti-diabetic agents (13.3%), and others (13.3%). The latent period (time from drug initiation to the appearance of a cutaneous eruption) varied from 15 days to 6 months (mean 2.2 months). Cutaneous involvement was generalized in 73.4% and photo-distributed lesions in 26.6%. Drug provocation test was done to identify the culprit drug. According to the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale, one-third of LDEs were "definite," whereas two-thirds were designated as "probable.", Conclusion: LDE is more common in the elderly population. The latent period is comparatively longer in LDE than in other common drug reactions. Prompt recognition and withdrawal of suspected drug are essential to minimize disease morbidity., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Dermatology.)

Reed's syndrome (RS) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder characterised by multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas, with a strong tendency for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development. A woman in her 50s, who had previously undergone total abdominal hysterectomy due to multiple uterine leiomyomas, presented with painful nodules on her trunk and right arm for the past 6 years. These nodules were confirmed as leiomyomas through histopathology. Diagnosis of RS was established through clinicopathological correlation and positive family history, particularly her mother's. Early-onset uterine leiomyomas in patients with a similar family history should raise suspicion for RS, necessitating vigilant long-term follow-up. RCC detection requires mandatory renal imaging. Screening family members and providing genetic counselling are crucial., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

With our better understanding of the pathogenesis of various diseases, more and more drugs and biological products are being tried and tested every day. Roughly, around 40-50 novel drugs get approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the general population, making it difficult for a physician to keep track of the constant changes in therapy. This article aimed to provide a compilation of all the FDA-approved new drugs for dermatological conditions and new dermatological indications of known drugs in the recent past, especially for dermatology residents and practising dermatologists. A comprehensive analysis, based on the list of new molecular entities approved by the FDA from 2020 to 2023, as well as a thorough English language literature search from 2020 to July 2023 across multiple databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Springer Nature, Google Scholar and Cochrane) for various keywords (alone and in combination) such as "FDA approved" OR "recent advances in therapy" OR "recent drugs" OR "novel treatment" OR "dermatology," was performed. All data extracted were incorporated into the present compilation. A total of 33 drugs, including newly approved and newly approved indications of previously known drugs, were found. Relevant information about them has been discussed in a tabulated manner. This article provides an at a glance summarised profile of the newly FDA-approved drugs, as available in the existing literature. However, with the astonishing rate of new drugs hitting the market, more and more clinical trials are required to ensure the rational use of these agents., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Indian Journal of Dermatology.)

Blue light has garnered attention because of its ability to penetrate more deeply into the skin layers, and induce cellular dysfunction and DNA damage. Photoageing, hyperpigmentation and melasma are some of the cutaneous changes that develop on exposure to blue light. To date, the therapeutic roles of blue light have been evaluated in dermatological conditions like psoriasis, eczema, acne vulgaris, actinic keratosis and cutaneous malignancies, among others. In this review, we have attempted to present an evidence-based compilation of the effects of blue light on the skin., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target the signal transduction pathways of protein kinases by several modes of inhibition. Adverse effects are generally dose dependent, with certain side-effects unique to each drug. However, due to similarities in target sites, different classes of TKIs may have identical or overlapping side-effect profiles. This narrative review is an attempt to summarize the common and uncommon adverse effects of different classes of TKIs., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Over the past 2 years, a plethora of mucocutaneous manifestations have been described to be associated with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Nail changes attributed to COVID-19 have rarely been documented in the literature. We describe here a unique nail finding 'transverse erythronychia' due to COVID-19 and review the literature on the diverse nail pathology attributed to the disease.

The diverse world of dermatology has a wealth of protracted and at times tenuous names encompassing disease conditions, characteristic clinical descriptions and signs, among others. Many dermatological entities are identified by toponyms or place names. Although some sound irrelevant and archaic (with only historical importance reminding us of the lively history of the subject), other terminologies aid in easy recollection. In this review, we have succinctly summarized various toponymous description in dermatology covering diseases, signs, scales, criteria and treatments., (© 2022 British Association of Dermatologists.)

Traditionally, India holds the unenviable position of the origin of leprosy. The disease is thought to have spread, via trade and war, to China, Egypt, and the Middle East, and later to Europe and the Americas. From antiquity to modernity, Indian society treated leprosy singularly for custom and law, a response shaped by both scientific knowledge and cultural attitudes. Over the past centuries, tireless research by eminent physicians and scientists working in India have helped establish a better understanding of clinical, bacteriologic, pathologic, and immunologic aspects of leprosy. Therapeutic modalities that were initially restricted to chaulmoogra expanded to include newer anti-leprotic medications and even surgical reconstruction of deformities. India's future challenges in leprosy control include stigmata, educational knowledge gaps, and multiple systems of medicine. This contribution is an attempt to comprehensively discuss the historic aspect of this exclusive disease focusing on the varied scientific contributions from India., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) is an inflammatory condition that affects multiple extrapulmonary organ systems (cardiac, gastrointestinal tract, dermatological and/or neurological), attributed to a postinfectious and atypical complication occurring weeks to months after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The diagnosis is primarily based on findings encompassing persistent fever, elevated inflammatory markers, multiorgan involvement and a temporal relationship with COVID-19 infection. The existing literature on MIS-A, although growing, is limited to case reports and small case series. It is imperative that dermatologists be aware of this entity and aid the critical care team to ensure timely diagnosis and early therapeutic intervention. In this review, we concisely highlight the varied presentations, pathogenesis and treatment options in MIS-A., (© 2022 British Association of Dermatologists.)

Background: Chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis is adversely effecting the psychosocial well-being of patients., Aims: To assess the impact of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis on quality of life and psychological well-being of patients., Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on patients of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis aged >12 years. Clinical diagnosis was done, followed by appropriate investigations when required. The patients were made to fill up the questionnaires on Dermatology Life Quality Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Perceived Stress Scale in English and local languages. The responses were coded with 4-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was done using MedCal ® V.125.0., Results: Data of 123 patients were analyzed. Mean DLQI score was 21.4 ± 5.6 and main domain affected was "symptoms and feelings." CRD had an "extremely large effect" on QoL (DLQI score 21-30) in 55.3% patients. Mean HADS-A(anxiety) score was 10.1 ± 3.6, and mean HADS-D(depression) score of participants was 7.8 ± 3.2. Mean perceived stress scale (PSS) score was 18.8 ± 4.3. Involvement of >1 site was a risk factor for higher DLQI score suggestive of "extremely large impact" on QoL (OR 34.02,95% CI 5.7-203.2,p = 0.0001), higher/worsened HADS-A score (OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.2-22.9, p = 0.02), and higher/worsened PSS score (OR 6.1, 95% CI 1.1-34.1, p = 0.04). Persistent disease >1 year (OR 11.5, 95% CI 1.9-67.8, p = 0.007) and male gender (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8, p = 0.01) were significant risk factors for anxiety while BSA involvement >10% was a significant risk factor for moderate to severe perceived stress(OR 13.9, 95% CI 1.5-130.7, p = 0.02)., Conclusion: Chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis requires a multidisciplinary approach involving psychiatrists, to reduce the psychological burden., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a common medical condition that results from venous hypertension of the limbs, leading to significant morbidity. The diagnosis is quite straightforward from patient history and obvious clinical manifestations. In the recent past, the availability of various invasive and noninvasive treatments has assisted in evaluation of such cases. Although compression therapy is the mainstay of management, newer surgical and other interventional techniques are now being considered for patients who do not respond to conventional medical management. The second part of this two-part review article will outline a diagnostic approach in cases of CVD and discuss the management principles encompassing conservative, pharmacological and interventional options., (© 2022 British Association of Dermatologists.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: With the COVID-19 vaccination taking stride all across the globe, there are multiple reports of vaccine-induced adverse reactions (cutaneous and systemic)., Objectives: To study the frequency and characteristics of mucocutaneous reactions to COVID-19 vaccines., Methods: An online questionnaire-based study was performed among the recipients of COVID-19 vaccines., Results: Majority (73.6%) of the responders had received the Covishield vaccine (AstraZeneca-Oxford), while 26.4% had been vaccinated with Covaxin (Bharat Biotech-ICMR). One or more post-vaccination mucocutaneous effects were experienced in 87 (19.6%) participants. Vaccine-associated mucocutaneous changes were observed in 19.7% and 22.2% of individuals who received Covishield and Covaxin, respectively. Local injection site reaction was the predominant mucocutaneous finding, followed by urticarial rash, exacerbation of preexisting dermatoses, morbilliform rash, apthous ulcers, pityriasis rosea like eruption, telogen effluvium, herpes zoster, purpuric rash, erythema multiforme and others. Anaphylaxis was reported in three individuals. However, fatality was not reported in any of the vaccine recipients. Intergroup assessment of parameters with respect to type of vaccine was found to be insignificant., Conclusion: Majority reported mild and self-limiting reactions. This outcome should not discourage the common man in getting vaccinated., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Indian Journal of Dermatology.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background and Aims: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has turned the world topsy-turvy since its onset in 2019. The thromboinflammatory complications of this disease are common in critically ill patients and associated with poor prognosis. Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is characterized by symmetrical distal gangrene in absence of any large vessel occlusion or vasculitis and it is usually associated with critical illness. Our aim was to report the clinical profile and outcome of patients diagnosed with SPG associated with COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, no such similar cases have been reported till date., Methods: In this case series, we have discussed the clinical presentation, laboratory parameters and outcome in a series of two patients of SPG associated with COVID-19 and also compared those findings. Due to paucity of data, we also reviewed the literature on this under-diagnosed and rarely reported condition and association., Results: Two consecutive patients (both males, age range: 37-42 years, mean: 39.5 years) were admitted with the diagnosis of COVID-19 associated SPG. Both patients had clinical and laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Leucopenia was noted in both patients. Despite vigorous therapy, both patients succumbed to their illness within a fortnight of admission., Conclusion: SPG in the background of COVID-19 portends a fatal outcome. Physicians should be aware of its grim prognosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No, there are no competing interests for any author., (Copyright © 2021 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cydnidae bug (also termed the burrowing bug) are arthropods of the order Hemiptera, that are recognized by their morphological adaptations for digging. They release an odorous substance from special glands that serve as self-defense, causing pigmented macules when in contact with human skin, especially during the rainy season. Knowledge of this rarely described condition can help avoid unnecessary investigation(s)., (© 2020. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is designated as a potentially lethal adverse drug effect with characteristic signs and symptoms such as skin rash, fever, leucocytosis with eosinophilia or atypical lymphocytes, lymphadenopathy and liver or renal dysfunction. In addition to most commonly implicated drug category (aromatic anticonvulsants), lamotrigine, sulfonamides, dapsone and abacavir may also induce this syndrome. We describe here a case a sulfasalazine-induced DRESS with coexisting chikungunya fever. The shared presentation of fever with rash in both conditions made it a challenging diagnosis. Sulfasalazine hypersensitivity manifesting as DRESS has rarely been reported. Furthermore, we document chikungunya virus (CV) as a possible triggering agent for DRESS. To the best of our knowledge, CV as a viral aetiology in DRESS has not been reported previously in the literature., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Cutaneous pigmentation due to the arthropod, Cydnidae (a.k.a. burrowing bug), is increasingly being reported in the literature. The transient nature of this pigmentation probably contributes to its underreporting. We report a case of an 8-year-old girl with a sudden onset of hyperpigmented lesions on her index finger, face, and neck due to burrowing bugs. We propose the term "transient pseudo-lentigines sign" to better describe this fleeting arthropod-induced pigmentation., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Objective: Psychogenic purpura is a rare psychocutaneous entity characterized by painful atraumatic, ecchymotic, and purpuric lesions that commonly occur in young women. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical presentation, psychiatric profile, and response to therapy (pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic) in patients with psychogenic purpura., Methods: Twenty-three patients, referred from various clinical departments with unexplained purpura or ecchymotic lesions, were assessed in the department of psychiatry of a tertiary care institute in eastern India over a period of 3 years (May 1, 2017, to April 30, 2020). Relevant systemic evaluation and routine biochemical and laboratory tests including complete blood count, bleeding time, clotting time, prothrombin time, coagulation profile, and platelet function test were conducted for all patients to rule out an underlying organic cause. Associated psychiatric comorbidities were diagnosed as per the International Classification of Diseases , 10th edition. All patients who were eventually diagnosed with psychogenic purpura received appropriate treatment (pharmacologic and psychotherapy) and were followed up for 1 year., Results: Seven female patients (age range, 14-70 years, mean age = 30.28 ± 17.42 years) were diagnosed with psychogenic purpura. All patients had significant stressors prior to the appearance of lesions. Facial involvement was reported in 2 patients (28.6%). Multiple sites were affected in 4 patients (57.1%). The underlying psychiatric conditions diagnosed were depressive disorder (42.9%), generalized anxiety disorder (28.6%), dissociative convulsion disorder (14.3%), and panic disorder (14.3%). Associated personality disorder was noted in 2 patients (28.6%). All patients were started on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and concurrent psychotherapy. A short course of benzodiazepine was used in all patients and was subsequently tapered off. At 1-year follow-up, 2 patients reported recurrences, while others continued to do well with no similar episodes., Conclusions: Appropriate psychiatric evaluation and necessary intervention in patients with psychogenic purpura lead to improved patient outcomes., (© Copyright 2021 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.