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Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and changes in defecation patterns. No organic disease is found to explain these symptoms by routine clinical examination. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture therapy for IBS patients compared with those of conventional treatments. We also aim to identify the optimal acupoint combination recommended for IBS and to clarify the clinical advantage of the "multiacupoint co-effect and synergistic effect.", Methods and Analysis: A total of 204 eligible patients who meet the Rome IV criteria for IBS will be randomly stratified into acupuncture group A, acupuncture group B, or the control group in a 1:1:1 ratio with a central web-based randomization system. The prespecified acupoints used in the control group will include bilateral Tianshu (ST25), Shangjuxu (ST37), Neiguan (PC6), and Zusanli (ST36). The prespecified acupoints used in experimental group A will include bilateral Tianshu (ST25), Shangjuxu (ST37), and Neiguan (PC6). The prespecified acupoints used in experimental group B will include bilateral Tianshu (ST25), Shangjuxu (ST37), and Zusanli (ST36). Each patient will receive 12 acupuncture treatments over 4 weeks and will be followed up for 4 weeks. The primary outcome is the IBS-Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS) score. The secondary outcomes include the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), Work and Social Adjustment Score (WSAS), IBS-Quality of Life (IBS-QOL), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores. Both the primary outcome and the secondary outcome measures will be collected at baseline, at 2 and 4 weeks during the intervention, and at 6 weeks and 8 weeks after the intervention., Ethics and Dissemination: The entire project has been approved by the ethics committee of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (2020BZYLL0903)., Discussion: This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial for IBS in China. The findings may shed light on the efficacy of acupuncture as an alternative to conventional IBS treatment. The results of the trial will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications., Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trials Register ChiCTR2000041215 . First registered on 12 December 2020. http://www.chictr.org.cn/ ., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at "Dazhui" (GV 14) and "Mingmen" (GV 4) of the Governor Vessel at different time-points on spinal cord neuronal apoptosis and the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) protein in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats, so as to reveal its mechanism underlying improving SCI., Methods: A total of 108 male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, SCI model and EA groups which were further divided into 1, 3 and 7 d subgroups (12 rats/subgroup, 6 rats in each subgroup for TUNEL or Western blot, separately). SCI model was established by using the modified Allen's method. EA was applied to GV 14 and GV 4 for 20 min, once daily, for 1, 3 and 7 days, respectively. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale was adopted to assess the locomotor function of rats, the TUNEL method was used to examine neuronal apoptosis of injuried spinal cord, and the expression of phosphorylated (p)-c-Jun protein of T 9 -T 11 spinal cord was detected by using Western blot., Results: After modeling, the BBB scores of SCI rats on day 1, 3 and 7 were signi-ficantly decreased ( P <0.01), while the numbers of apoptotic neuronal cells and the expression levels of p-c-Jun protein in the spinal cord were considerably increased at the 3 time-points in the model group ( P <0.01, P <0.05). Following EA intervention, the decreased BBB scores on day 3 and 7, and the increased numbers of apoptotic neuronal cells on day 1, 3 and 7 and the up-regulated expression levels of p-c-Jun protein on day 3 and 7 were obviously suppressed ( P <0.05, P <0.01)., Conclusions: EA intervention can improve the locomotor function of SCI rats, which Feb be related to its effects in reducing neuronal apoptosis and down-regulating p-c-Jun protein in the injuried spinal cord.

Electroacupuncture at Dazhui (GV14) and Mingmen (GV4) on the Governor Vessel has been shown to exhibit curative effects on spinal cord injury; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we established rat models of spinal cord injury using a modified Allen's weight-drop method. Ninety-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three equal groups: sham (only laminectomy), SCI (induction of spinal cord injury at T 10 ), and EA (induction of spinal cord injury at T 10 and electroacupuncture intervention at GV14 and GV4 for 20 minutes once a day). Rats in the SCI and EA groups were further randomly divided into the following subgroups: 1-day ( n = 11), 7-day ( n = 11), and 14-day ( n = 11). At 1, 7, and 14 days after electroacupuncture treatment, the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale showed obvious improvement in rat hind limb locomotor function, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the histological change of injured spinal cord tissue was obviously alleviated, and immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed that Wnt1, Wnt3a, β-catenin immunoreactivity and protein expression in the injured spinal cord tissue were greatly increased compared with the sham and SCI groups. These findings suggest that electroacupuncture at GV14 and GV4 upregulates Wnt1, Wnt3a, and β-catenin expression in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, exhibiting neuroprotective effects against spinal cord injury., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

In an effort to explore new, noninvasive treatment options for spinal cord injuries (SCI), this study investigated the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) for SCI rat models. SCI was induced by a modified Allen's weight-drop method. We investigated the response of EA at Dazhui (GV 14) and Mingmen (GV 4) acupoints to understand the effects and mechanisms of EA in neuroprotection and neuronal function recovery after SCI. BBB testing was used to detect motor function of rats' hind limbs among groups, and EA was shown to promote the recovery of SCI rats' motor function. Nissl staining showed a restored neural morphology and an increase in the quantity of neurons after EA. Also, the antiapoptosis role was exposed by TUNEL staining. Western blotting analysis was used to determine the protein expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in spinal cord tissue. Compared to the sham group, the expression levels of NT-3 were significantly decreased and EA was shown to upregulate the expression of NT-3. The present study suggests that the role of EA in neuroprotection and dorsal neuronal function recovery after SCI in rats, especially EA stimulation at GV 14 and GV 4, can greatly promote neuronal function recovery, which may result from upregulating the expression of NT-3.

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships among nurses' knowledge of, attitudes towards and level of competence in nursing practice, as well as factors influencing nurses' competence in nursing practice, in typhoon disaster relief work. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a self-developed questionnaire to obtain data from 607 nurses working in four tertiary hospitals and two secondary hospitals in Fujian, China, in November 2011. Our findings show that the nurses' average percentage scores on their responses to questions in the domains of knowledge, attitudes and practice were 66.33%, 68.87% and 67.60%, respectively. The findings demonstrated a significant positive relationship between nurses' attitudes and their practice. Nurses' working unit, prior training in typhoon disaster relief, current position of employment and attitudes were significant predictors of nurses' competence in practice. The results indicate that strategies need to be developed for nurses to improve their knowledge, attitudes and practice., (© 2013 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)

Evolutionary analysis of microbes at the community level represents a new research avenue linking ecological patterns to evolutionary processes, but remains insufficiently studied. Here we report a relative evolutionary rates (rERs) analysis of microbial communities from six diverse natural environments based on 40 metagenomic samples. We show that the rERs of microbial communities are mainly shaped by environmental conditions, and the microbes inhabiting extreme habitats (acid mine drainage, saline lake and hot spring) evolve faster than those populating benign environments (surface ocean, fresh water and soil). These findings were supported by the observation of more relaxed purifying selection and potentially frequent horizontal gene transfers in communities from extreme habitats. The mechanism of high rERs was proposed as high mutation rates imposed by stressful conditions during the evolutionary processes. This study brings us one stage closer to an understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the adaptation of microbes to extreme environments.

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the differentially expressed proteins in the spinal cord at different time courses after acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) in the rat, so as to study its underlying mechanism in im-proving spinal traumatic injury., Methods: A total of 105 male SD rats were randomized into normal control, model-6 h, EA-6 h, model-24 h, EA-24 h, model-48 h, EA-48 h groups, with 15 cases in each. ASCI model was established by using modified Allen's method. EA (2 Hz, 2-5 mA) was applied to "Mingmen" (GV 4) and "Dazhui" (GV 14) for 30 min. The injured spinal cord tissue (T10 -T11) was collected 6 h, 24 hand 48 h after ASCI and EA treatment, weighted and stored under -80 degrees D till detection. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to separate total proteins of the spinal tissue, followed by protein extraction and quantitation, 2-D gel image analysis, matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and databases-searching for identification of the differentially-expressed proteins., Results: A total of 10 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the present study. At 6 h, compared with control group, of the 5 types of spinal differential proteins, 4 were upregulated in the expression after ASCI, and the rest one was downregulated; while after EA, ASCI-induced expression changes in 4 of the 5 differential proteins were reversed. At 24 h after ASCI, 7 types of differential proteins were identified. Compared with control group, 6 differential proteins were upregulated, and the rest one was downregulated in model group. Compared with model group, ASCI-induced expression changes in 6 of the 7 differential proteins were reversed by EA. At 48 h after ASCI, a total of 8 types of differential proteins were identified. Compared with control group, 6 differential proteins were upregulated in the expression, and the rest two downregulated in model group. Compared with model group, ASCI-induced expression changes in 5 of the 8 differential proteins were reversed by EA. Along with the increased time and treatment, 24 h vs 6 h, two more differential proteins were identified, i.e., nucleoside diphosphate kinase and triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI 1). 48 h vs 24 h, 3 more differential proteins were identified, i.e., dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase 1, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); but two proteins disappeared, i.e., nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2N. The identified differential proteins involving the effects of EA in regulating cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, cellular generation, differentiation, apoptosis, etc., Conclusion: Proteome analysis indicates that in ASCI rats, some differentially expressed proteins involving energy metabolism, neuronal apoptosis reduction, protein-degradation inhibition may contribute to the effect of EA in repairing the traumatic spinal tissue.

The Nuclear Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region sequences from a putative natural hybrid species Meconopsis x cookei and its possible parents M. punicea and M. quintuplinervia were obtained by using direct sequencing method. The sequence length of ITS region (including ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) is 667 bp for M. punicea, 668 bp for M. x cookei, and 668 bp for M. quintuplinervia. The sequences were aligned by the software Clustal X, and the bases per locus were compared by using software with manual method. The aligned sequence length is 688 bp, of which ITS1 is 254 bp, 5.8S is 162 bp, and ITS2 is 252 bp. 16 variable loci were detected from the aligned sequence, approximately 2.40% to the whole sequence length, of which ITS1 has nine variable loci (56.25%), ITS2 has six variable loci (37.50%), and 5.8S has one variable locus (6.25%). The results show that M. x cookei have two kinds of ITS sequences contributed from two species M. puniceaa and M. quintuplinervia, i.e. the variation of ITS gene among M. x cookei, M. punicea and M. quintuplinervia is congruence with the Mendel's genetics law. Therefore, the molecular evidences indicate that M. x cookei is a hybrid origin from M. punicea and M. quintuplinervia.