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Introduction: The left atrial appendage (LAA) is a distinct structure with unique developmental and structural characteristics. The LAA is involved in the formation of intra-atrial thrombi, particularly in patients with conditions such as atrial fibrillation and mitral valve disease. Left atrial appendage aneurysms (LAAA) are rare abnormal dilations of the LAA that may cause hazardous complications. However, there are limited data on the demographic features, clinical characteristics, management modalities, and prognosis of LAAA patients. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the reported cases of LAAA to explore the baseline characteristics, presentation, preferred diagnostic modalities, and optimal management of LAAA., Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. We performed a literature search using MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar. Eligible articles published between January 1940 and November 2022 were included. The eligibility criteria included case reports and case series of LAAA in English language articles. The data extracted included information on the authors, publication year, patient characteristics, signs/symptoms, diagnostic procedures, treatments, and outcomes., Results: We identified 177 patients with LAAA in our study. There was a slight female predominance (50.9%), and the mean age was 29.7 years. Palpitations were the most common symptom reported, followed by shortness of breath and thromboembolic events. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms were the most common modalities for investigating and diagnosing LAAA, and the mean size of the aneurysm was 7.8 (5.7-9.6) × 5.9 (5.0-6.2) cm. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for most patients with excellent prognoses. Older age and the presence of arrhythmia were significantly associated with thrombus formation and embolic events., Conclusion: Left atrial appendage aneurysm is a rare but potentially life-threatening heart pathology that can lead to arrhythmias and thromboembolic events. Surgical resection appears to be the primary treatment option in the current literature, and most patients show improvement or are asymptomatic after treatment. Additionally, alternative approaches, such as transcatheter closure of LAAA, ablation, and medical treatments, have been reported as viable alternatives to surgical intervention., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Malignant ureteral obstruction (MUO) is a serious health condition in which a malignant tumor compresses the ureter. The optimal decompressive intervention in MUO remains unclear. This study was conducted to assess and compare renal function, the occurrence of ureterohydronephrosis (UHN), intraoperative, and postoperative complications among patients with MUO who underwent double J stenting (DJS) and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) in the Palestinian practice., Methods: This study was conducted in retrospective design in one of the main tertiary care hospitals in the West Bank of Palestine. The data were collected from the electronic health information system of the hospital for the patients with MUO who received either DJS or PCN as a decompressive intervention from January 2018 to January 2024., Results: In this retrospective analysis, 62 patients who had stage 2 to stage 4 cancer and suffered MUO were included. The mean age of the patients was 60.8 ± 13.6 years. Of the patients, 40 (64.5%) were male and 22 (35.5%) were female. Of the patients, 26 (41.9%) had urinary bladder cancer. Of the patients, 23 (37.1%) had flank pain and 16 (25.8%) had lower urinary tract symptoms. Of the patients, 34 (54.8%) experienced bilateral UHN and 28 (45.2%) experienced unilateral UHN. In this study, 43 patients (69.4%) received PCN, and 19 (30.6%) received DJS as a decompressive intervention. Of the patients, 36 (58.1%) suffered postoperative complications. Stent migration/slip, UTIs, and urosepsis were the most commonly reported postoperative complications. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, time elapsed from receiving the decompression intervention to the diagnosis of complications, ICU admission, prognosis of UHN, serum creatinine, and serum BUN between both decompressive interventions., Conclusion: Despite improvements in renal functions, creatinine and BUN levels remained abnormal even after receiving a decompressive intervention. Postoperative complications were frequently reported among patients who received DJS or PCN as decompressive interventions. Larger prospective studies are still needed to determine the optimal interventions to improve outcomes, quality of life, and survival rates of patients with DJS or PCN., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Burnout syndrome is marked by three primary domains: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment. This study assessed the prevalence of burnout syndrome among anesthesiologists, anesthesia technicians, and intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in Palestinian hospitals. In addition, this study also sought to assess associations and identify the factors that can predict higher burnout among anesthesiologists, anesthesia technicians, and ICU nurses., Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design using a questionnaire between October 2023 and December 2023. The questionnaire collected the demographic variables of the healthcare providers, their living conditions, lifestyle, working conditions, job satisfaction, and intention to change the profession. The healthcare providers were included from 12 different hospitals. Burnout syndrome was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS-MP)., Results: A total of 250 healthcare providers were invited to participate in this study, of those, 212 completed the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 84.8%. Of the healthcare providers, 72 (34.0%) were anesthesiologists, 41 (19.3%) were anesthesia technicians, and 99 (46.7%) were ICU nurses. Of all healthcare providers, 151 (71.2%) reported emotional exhaustion, 125 (59%) reported depersonalization and 145 (68.4%) reported a lack of personal achievement based on the MBI-HSS-MP criteria for burnout. Multiple linear regression showed that higher emotional exhaustion scores could be predicted by the number of working hours per day (p-value = 0.039) and higher depersonalization scores could be predicted by having children (p-value = 0.001). On the other hand, lower personal achievement scores could be predicted by having children (p-value = 0.006), not owning a car (p-value = 0.036), and having more night shifts (p-value = 0.049)., Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that burnout syndrome was prevalent among anesthesiologists, anesthesia technicians, and ICU nurses in Palestinian hospitals. Healthcare authorities and professional bodies should consider designing interventions to reduce burnout and improve the psychological well-being of anesthesiologists, anesthesia technicians, and ICU nurses. Further studies are required to identify the most effective interventions for reducing burnout among anesthesiologists, anesthesia technicians, and ICU nurses in Palestine., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Worldwide, breast cancer has replaced lung cancer and has become the most commonly diagnosed malignancy. Breast cancer poses a significant burden on the health and quality of life of women and can lead to substantial physical burdens and significant psychological problems, including distress, anxiety, depression, and sexuality-related issues, including negative body image. This study was conducted to assess how women diagnosed with, treated, and/or receiving treatment for breast cancer perceived their body image., Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to assess body image perceptions among Palestinian women diagnosed with breast cancer. The study was conducted in four different hospitals located in the West Bank of Palestine where women with breast cancer received their treatments or visited for follow-up care in the period between November 2023 and March 2024. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Body perception was assessed using the body image self-rating questionnaire for breast cancer (BISQ-BC)., Results: In this study, 376 women with breast cancer completed the interviewer-administered questionnaire (response rate = 75.2%. The mean age of the women was 44.0 ± 5.3 years. Of the women, 74.7% agreed or strongly agreed that they cared about their body image. On the other hand, 43.1% of the women were not satisfied with their body image and 58.8% did not think that their body image was attractive. Multiple linear regression showed that younger age, employment status, living in cities, marital status, educational level, presence of comorbidities, and longer time passes since diagnosis with breast cancer were associated with the different aspects of body image perception and behavior., Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that Palestinian women with breast cancer were concerned about their body image. The findings also indicated that breast cancer and its treatment posed a significant burden on the physical and psychosocial well-being of the affected women and impacted the different dimensions of their lives, including their perceptions of their body image. Patients with significant physical and body image changes might benefit from reconstructive surgeries, psychosocial support, cognitive behavioral therapy, and nutritional, and physical activity interventions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Oral dose formulations must be soluble in gastrointestinal fluids for systemic absorption. The solubility of meloxicam was determined in 16 different age-specific simulated gastric and intestinal media that mirrored the microenvironments in pediatrics and adults., Methods: The solubility of meloxicam in the 16 different age-specific simulated gastric and intestinal biorelevant media was assessed using the standard US pharmacopeial method. The molecular descriptors of meloxicam were used to assess its intestinal permeability., Results: Meloxicam exhibited low solubility in the age-specific simulated gastric media for fasted and fed states and in pediatrics and adults. Similarly, meloxicam exhibited low solubility in the age-specific simulated media that mirrored neonates fed cow milk-based formula. On the other hand, meloxicam exhibited high solubility in the rest of the age-specific pediatric and adult intestinal media that simulated the fasted and fed states. The pediatric-to-adult solubility ratios were outside the 80-125% range in 7 (58.3%) and was borderline in 1 (8.3%) out of the 12 calculated ratios. These findings indicated that the solubility of meloxicam showed clinically significant differences in 8 (66.7%) of the compared media., Conclusion: Meloxicam exhibited low solubility in the age-specific simulated gastric media and high solubility in the simulated intestinal media for adults and pediatrics. Moreover, the pediatric-to-adult solubility ratios may have clinically significant implications. These differences can be translated into a higher likelihood of failing to demonstrate bioequivalence of different formulations containing meloxicam and variabilities in the performance of these formulations., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that is commonly used to visualize soft tissues and anatomical structures. Many patients who undergo MRI scans experience anxiety. This multicenter study was conducted to assess anxiety levels experienced by patients who underwent MRI scans in the Palestinian radiology departments and identify the risk factors associated with higher levels of anxiety experienced by the patients., Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in the radiology departments of different hospitals in the West Bank of Palestine using a questionnaire. The questionnaire collected different demographic data of the patients. A 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess the level of anxiety experienced by the patients who received MRI scans. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 28., Results: A total of 383 patients participated in this study. Of the patients, 255 (66.6%) reported experiencing low, moderate, or high anxiety levels during the MRI scan. The median anxiety was 20.0 with an interquartile range (IQR) of 0.0-50.0 as measured using the 100-mm VAS. Higher anxiety levels were reported by the patients who were female (p-value < 0.001), unemployed (p-value = 0.009), and did not receive an MRI scan before (p-value = 0.001). In addition, the patients who received pelvis scans reported higher levels of anxiety compared to those who received scans for upper extremities (p-value = 0.031), abdomen (p-value = 0.033), pelvis (p-value = 0.043), and lower extremities (p-value = 0.016). In addition, the patients who received scans for the head/neck reported higher levels of anxiety compared to the patients who received scans for the lower extremities (p-value = 0.021)., Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that a considerable proportion of the patients who received MRI scans in Palestinian hospitals experience anxiety. Radiologists and other decision-makers in the healthcare system should design effective measures to reduce anxiety and improve the experiences of patients who are female, unemployed, and those who are scheduled to receive MRI scans for the first time. Moreover, these interventions should particularly focus on the patients who are scheduled to receive scans for the pelvis and head/neck., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among non-obese and obese Palestinians. The study also aimed to assess the effects of LUTS on the quality of life of obese and non-obese Palestinians., Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among normal-weight, overweight, and obese Palestinians using the King Health Questionnaire. The data collected from participants were entered and analyzed using SPSS (version 22)., Results: In this study, data were collected from 378 participants. The median age of the participants was 42.0 [30.0, 55.0] years, and the median body mass index was 27.1 [24.0, 30.8] kg/m 2 . Of the participants, 149 (39.4%) were overweight and 112 (29.6%) were obese. The prevalence of urinary hesitancy, incomplete emptying, urgency, nocturia, urgency, urge incontinence, stress incontinence, nocturnal enuresis, intercourse incontinence, bladder pain, number of urinations/24 h, and number of urinations/night was significantly higher among obese participants. Similarly, role limitations, physical/social limitation, personal relationships, emotions, and sleep/energy were affected significantly higher in obese compared to nonobese participants., Conclusion: Higher prevalence of LUTS among obese patients compared to nonobese patients was observed among the Palestinians. Obese patients reported significantly higher deterioration of the quality of life as a result of LUTS compared to nonobese patients. Urologists, nutritionists, public health specialists, and other healthcare providers should consider measures to reduce LUTS among obese patients and improve their quality of life., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Little studies were conducted to assess the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence among Palestinian women. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence symptoms, their impact on the quality of life, and the risk factors that were associated with stress incontinence symptoms among Palestinian women., Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design from 2023 to 2024. The data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire collected the demographic and health characteristics of the women. Additionally, the questionnaire also contained the PRAFAB questionnaire (PRAFAB-Q). Moreover, the questionnaire included the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL)-8D scale., Results: Data were collected from 386 Palestinian women (response rate = 85.8%). The mean age of women in this study was 37.1 ± 14.7 years. In this study, 104 (26.9%) reported stress urinary incontinence symptoms. Of the women, 102 (26.4%) reported urinary leakage during coughing, 100 (25.9%) reported urinary leakage during sneezing, and 94 (24.4%) reported urinary leakage during laughing. The women who had a family history of stress incontinence were 2.5-fold (95% CI: 1.2-5.2) more likely to have stress incontinence symptoms compared to the women who did not have a family history of stress incontinence. Similarly, the women who were overweight/obese were 2.0-fold (95% CI: 1.1-3.7) more likely to have stress incontinence symptoms compared to the women who were underweight or had a normal weight. PRAFAB-Q scores were predicted by place of residence, family history of stress incontinence, and being recruited from a hospital., Conclusion: The study reported a high prevalence of stress urinary incontinence and identified the risk factors that were associated with stress incontinence symptoms among Palestinian women. The findings showed that the intensity of stress urinary incontinence symptoms was associated with deteriorated quality of life of the affected women. These findings could be used by urologists, gynecologists, obstetricians, and other healthcare providers caring for women to design ways to reduce the burden of stress urinary incontinence among Palestinian women and improve their quality of life., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Epidural analgesia has emerged as one of the best methods that can be used to reduce labour pain. This study was conducted to assess awareness, attitudes, and practices of pregnant women who visited maternity and antenatal healthcare clinics about epidural analgesia during normal vaginal birth., Methods: This multicentre study was conducted in a cross-sectional design among pregnant women using a pre-tested questionnaire. The study population in this study was pregnant women who visited maternity and antenatal healthcare clinics in Palestine., Results: In this study, a total of 389 pregnant women completed the questionnaire. Of the pregnant women, 381 (97.9%) were aware of the existence of epidural analgesia, 172 (44.2%) had already used epidural analgesia, and 57 (33.1%) experienced complications as a result of epidural analgesia. Of the pregnant women, 308 (79.2%) stated that epidural analgesia should be available during vaginal birth. Of the pregnant women, 243 (62.5%) stated that they would use epidural analgesia if offered for free or covered by insurance. Multivariate logistic regression showed that women who were younger than 32 years, who have used epidural analgesia, and those who stated that epidural analgesia should be available during vaginal birth were 2.78-fold (95% CI: 1.54-5.04), 4.96-fold (95% CI: 2.71-9.10), and 13.57-fold (95% CI: 6.54-28.16) more likely to express willingness to use epidural analgesia, respectively., Conclusions: Pregnant women had high awareness of the existence, moderate knowledge, and positive attitudes towards epidural analgesia for normal vaginal birth. Future studies should focus on educating pregnant women about all approaches that can be used to reduce labour pain including their risks and benefits.

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the availability of equipment and supplies in the emergency departments of the hospitals in the West Bank of Palestine., Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design using a data collection form that was specifically developed for this study. The standardized data collection form contained a detailed list of all essential pediatric emergency equipment and supplies., Results: This study was conducted in a total of 30 hospitals all across the West Bank of Palestine. The median number of patients visiting the emergency department per day was 115.0, the median number of patients admitted to the hospital per day was 14.5, and the median number of pediatric patients visiting the emergency department per day was 6.0. The median number of pediatricians in the hospital was 4.0, the median number of pediatricians in the emergency department was 1.0, the median number of nurses in the hospital was 75.0, and the median number of nurses in the emergency department was 8.5. Both governmental and private hospitals lacked the equipment and supplies needed for monitoring, gaining vascular access, airway management, resuscitation medications, cervical immobilization equipment, and other equipment and supplies., Conclusions: Decision and policymakers might use the findings reported in this study to allocate resources to restock and increase the availability of pediatric emergency equipment and supplies. More studies are still needed to compare the outcomes of patients before and after restocking and increasing the availability of pediatric emergency equipment and supplies., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background Multiple myeloma is a crippling cancer that puts a significant strain on patients and their families alike. The long and exhausting treatment journey with the disease is challenging not only for patients but also for healthcare systems. This exploratory study was conducted to look into these patients' experiences with their treatment and explore their recommendations and views to improve the Palestinian healthcare system, which can be viewed as an evolving healthcare system within a resource-limited and developing country. Methods The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used for conducting this multicenter exploratory qualitative study. A total number of eight patients with multiple myeloma who received treatment in the Palestinian healthcare system participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews. The semi-structured in-depth interviews followed a set interview schedule. Thematic analysis of the data was done using the qualitative interpretive description approach. Results A total of 5.48 h (329 min) of total interview time was analyzed. Among the patients, 6 (75%) were males, 5 (63.5%) lived in urban areas, 5 (62.5%) reported satisfaction with their household income, 6 (75%) underwent bone marrow transplantation, and all of them (100%) had governmental insurance. The qualitative data that emerged after analysis were classified into three major themes and multiple sub-themes. The three major themes were: (1) treatment side effects, (2) factors affecting treatment experience, and (3) recommendations to improve healthcare service. Conclusion The results of this qualitative study offer insight into how people with multiple myeloma view the healthcare system in Palestine and shed light on the variable and challenging experiences with their treatment, side effects, and communication with healthcare providers within the context of a resource-limited and developing country. Future research should involve hemato-oncology doctors and benefit from their expertise in the field., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. An-Najah National University Institutional Review Board Committee issued approval Ref: Med. July, 2022/10. Your Study Title "Experiences of Patients with Multiple Myeloma in the Palestinian Healthcare System: A Qualitative Study "-reviewed by An-Najah National University IRB committee and was approved on 5™ July 2022. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Zidan et al.)

Aim: Breastmilk calcium concentrations can vary between lactating women and over the lactation period. This study assessed breastmilk calcium concentrations among Palestinian lactating women., Methods: The demographic and dietary variables of the lactating women were collected using a questionnaire. The women provided a sample of about 5 mL of breastmilk using hand expression. Breastmilk calcium concentrations were quantified using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method., Results: Breastmilk samples were taken from 240 lactating women. The mean breastmilk calcium concentration was 285.4 ± 115.1 mg/L. Lower breastmilk calcium concentrations were associated with age, lactating period, unemployment, dissatisfaction with income and insufficient consumption of vitamins and minerals., Conclusion: Breastmilk calcium concentrations were affected by demographic variables of the lactating women and insufficient consumption of vitamins and minerals. The findings reported in this study are informative to healthcare providers and decision makers who might be interested in improving the health of lactating women and their infants., (© 2024 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study determined the prevalence and the associated factors with meeting the recommended amount of physical activity among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients receiving care in resource-limited settings of the West Bank of Palestine. Physical activity was assessed using the World Health Organization's Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Associations were examined using multivariate logistic regression. Of the 302 patients included, 117 (38.7%) met the recommended amount of physical activity. Being younger than 58 years [aOR = 2.1 (95% CI 1.0-4.3], were employed [aOR = 2.3 (95% CI 1.1-4.9)], had high income [aOR = 3.9 (95% CI 1.3-11.9)], had thought that physical activity was crucial for T2DM patients [aOR = 32.7 (95% CI 3.9-275.5)], did not have comorbidities [aOR = 2.2 (95% CI 1.1-4.4)], had normal weight [aOR = 2.8 (95% CI 1.3-6.0)], and those who were overweight [aOR = 2.6 (95% CI 1.1-6.0)] were more likely to meet the recommended amount of physical activity compared to the patients who were 58 years or older, had low income, did not think that physical activity was crucial for T2DM patients, had comorbidities, and were obese, respectively. There is a need to increase physical activity among T2DM patients in resource limited settings., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern that contributes to significant mortality and morbidity. This study investigated knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of medical students in Palestinian universities towards antimicrobial resistance and stewardship. The study also investigated associations between variables of students with their knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes., Methods: A questionnaire was used in this cross-sectional study. Medical students in Palestinian universities were surveyed in this study. In addition to the demographic variables of the medical students, the questionnaire measured knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of medical students in Palestinian universities towards antimicrobial resistance and stewardship., Results: In this study, 384 medical students returned complete questionnaires. Of the medical students, 269 (70.1%) were female, 215 (56.0%) lived in urban areas, and 244 (63.5%) were in their clinical training years. Medical students in the clinical phase demonstrated higher knowledge about microbial resistance compared to preclinical students as evidenced by a mean score of 89.7 ± 15.9 compared to 74.0 ± 26.4, respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly, clinical students displayed higher score regarding antimicrobial resistance perception, with a mean score of 85.7 ± 15.6, contrasted with 72.6 ± 24.1 among preclinical students. In terms of knowledge pertaining to antimicrobial stewardship, clinical students scored higher with a mean of 63.4 ± 28.5 compared to 54.5 ± 31.5 among preclinical students. Regarding attitudes, clinical students also demonstrated a higher mean score of 67.6 ± 22.6 in contrast to 61.1 ± 24.6 among preclinical students., Conclusion: The medical students are the future workforce of physicians in any healthcare system. Therefore, increasing knowledge of the medical students about and how to combat antimicrobial resistance can help save lives and improve patient outcomes. More studies are needed to find the best ways to increase knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of medical students towards antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial stewardship., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Consensus/evidence-based recommendations for assessing, managing, and monitoring bone health, pain, and mobility in patients with multiple myeloma were developed. This study was conducted to assess the adherence of the hematologists-oncologists to the consensus/evidence-based recommendations for assessing, managing, and monitoring bone health, pain, and mobility in patients with multiple myeloma who received care in the Palestinian healthcare system., Methods: A mixed method was used in this study. The consensus/evidence-based recommendations were identified through a systematic search in Scopus, PubMed, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. A panel of 5 researchers (3 hematologists-oncologists, 3 medical students, and 1 pharmacologist) sorted the consensus/evidence-based recommendations and developed the survey tool during 3 iterative meetings. The extent to which the hematologists-oncologists in the 5 centers caring for patients with multiple myeloma adhered to the consensus/evidence-based recommendations was assessed using a questionnaire., Results: Responses were collected from 10 hematologists-oncologists in all 5 healthcare centers where patients with multiple myeloma receive healthcare in the West Bank of Palestine. The median number of years in the practice of the hematologists-oncologists was 7.5 [2.75, 14.0] years and the median number of patients with multiple myeloma care per month was 12.5 [7.5, 21.25]. The vast majority (90%) of the hematologists-oncologists reported inadequate adherence to screening for medication problems related to bone health, pain, cardiopulmonary fitness, healthy behaviors, nutritional deficits, and mental health. Of the hematologists-oncologists, 70% reported inadequate adherence to ordering and evaluating calcium, vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, electrolytes, and phosphorus levels to monitor bone health and 60% reported inadequate adherence to prescribing calcium and vitamin D supplements whenever there was a need., Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested inadequate adherence to the consensus/evidence-based recommendations and highlighted areas for improvement to ensure that patients receive optimal care. The findings suggested a need for further education and training on the latest guidelines and recommendations. Decision-makers and policymakers might need to design measures and implement policies to improve adherence to the consensus/evidence-based recommendations. Addressing these gaps in adherence to the consensus/evidence-based recommendations may improve the care and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Aims: Genetic knowledge and familiarity among the population represent the lane toward effective participation in social decisions regarding genetic issues. This cross sectional research aimed to assess genetic knowledge and familiarity among university students in Palestine., Methods: The familiarity with genetics was evaluated using the Genetic Literacy and Comprehension instrument (GLAC), and genetic knowledge was measured using a 16-item scale of prevalent genetic concepts., Results: Among the 624 participants, 59.5% were females. 38.8% reported family history of genetic diseases. The genetic familiarity mean score was 4.83 and the genetic knowledge mean total score was 11.5. Students' genetic familiarity was high for the terms chromosome and genetic while it was low for the terms sporadic and vulnerability. Genetic knowledge was highest for gene definition while it was the lowest regarding the number of human genes. The age group, year of study, and learning genetic courses were the significant predictors of familiarity among medical students. The year of study, family history of genetic diseases, parental consanguinity, and learning genetic courses were the significant variables associated with genetic knowledge among medical students. Regarding the non-medical group of participants, all study variables were significant for both familiarity and knowledge scores except for age group with familiarity., Conclusion: Genetic familiarity and knowledge among Palestinian university students are inadequate. Consanguinity and hereditary disorders are prevalent in Palestine. These findings encourage university stakeholders to take action to improve genetic knowledge and familiarity among students through both appropriate pedagogical and non-pedagogical interventions., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: Little interventional studies were conducted to improve knowledge, improve attitude, and eliminate stigma against patients with epilepsy. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a community-based epilepsy awareness program (CBEAP) on knowledge, attitude, and stigma against patients with epilepsy among the Palestinian general public., Methods: This interventional study used a pre-post design. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed using a reliable and internally consistent questionnaire before and 1 month after receiving a CBEAP. Knowledge was assessed using a 16-item and attitudes were assessed using 13 items., Results: A total of 150 participants completed the questionnaire before the CBEAP. Of those, 136 (90.7 %) completed the CBEAP, and 129 (86.0 %) completed the questionnaire 1 month after receiving the CBEAP. The CBEAP significantly (p-value < 0.05) increased knowledge about the nature of epilepsy and seizures, triggers and treatment options, and patients with epilepsy. Similarly, the CBEAP significantly (p-value < 0.001) improved the attitudes of the participants toward epilepsy or having epilepsy, patients with epilepsy, relationships with patients with epilepsy, and working or staying with patients with epilepsy. Greater changes in knowledge and attitude scores were predicted by younger age and having a close friend or family member with epilepsy., Conclusion: The CBEAP developed and implemented in this interventional study significantly increased the knowledge of the participants about epilepsy and improved their attitudes toward epilepsy and patients with epilepsy. Large-scale implementation of such interventional programs is still needed to increase knowledge and improve attitudes toward epilepsy and patients with epilepsy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study assessed aluminum concentrations in breast milk samples obtained from breastfeeding women in resource-limited countries, estimated daily intake of aluminum by breastfed infants, and identified predictors of higher breast milk aluminum concentrations. A descriptive analytical approach was used in this multicenter study. Breastfeeding women were recruited from different maternity health clinics in Palestine. Aluminum concentrations in 246 breast milk samples were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method. The mean breast milk aluminum concentration was 2.1 ± 1.5 mg/L. The mean estimated daily intake of aluminum by infants was 0.37 ± 0.26 mg/kg body weight/day. Multiple linear regression showed that breast milk aluminum concentrations were predicted by living in urban areas, closer to industrial areas, waste disposals, frequent use of deodorants, and less frequent use of vitamins. Breast milk aluminum levels among Palestinian breastfeeding women were comparable to those previously determined in occupationally unexposed women., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Epileptic seizures are often misunderstood as supernatural power or satanic possession in different cultures around the world. Therefore, people with epilepsy (PWE) suffer discrimination, prejudice, and stigma. The epilepsy knowledge and attitude (EKA) of the Palestinian general public were not assessed before. Therefore, this study assessed the EKA of the Palestinian general public. In addition, the study identified the characteristics that were associated with EKA., Methods: This was a large cross-sectional study that was conducted using a self-administered instrument. The study participants were invited and recruited from the Palestinian general public. The EKA were assessed using 16 knowledge items and 13 attitude items., Results: In this study, responses were collected from 746 participants. Knowledge scores were significantly associated with having a university degree, satisfaction with household income, adequate knowledge about epilepsy, having acquaintances with epilepsy, and having witnessed someone experiencing epileptic seizures. Attitude scores were significantly associated with living in urban areas, being married, having a university degree, satisfaction with household income, adequate knowledge about epilepsy, having acquaintances with epilepsy, and having witnessed someone experiencing epileptic seizures., Conclusion: Large knowledge gaps and negative attitudes toward PWE were identified among the Palestinian general public. These findings might be considered a call to increase knowledge and correct negative attitudes toward PWE. Decision-makers need to design and implement effective measures to increase knowledge and correct negative attitudes toward PWE. Further studies are still needed to assess the effectiveness of these measures in increasing knowledge and positive attitudes toward PWE., Competing Interests: The author declares that he has no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author.)

Little studies were conducted to assess the health -related quality of life (HR-QoL) of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) in developing and resource-limited countries. This study assessed the HR-QoL of patients with MM who received treatment in the Palestinian healthcare system as an example of healthcare systems in developing and resource-limited countries. Predictors of deteriorated HR-QoL of the affected patients were also identified. In this cross-sectional study, the tool was a questionnaire that collected the demographic and disease variables of the patients. The questionnaire also contained the EORTC QLQ-MY24 items. The questionnaire was piloted to ensure readability, clarity, and comprehensibility. Additionally, the test-retest reliability and internal consistency were also assessed. In this study, 45.5% of patients with MM who were treated in the Palestinian healthcare system returned usable questionnaires. The mean age of the patients was 60.7 ± 7.5 years and the mean time elapsed since diagnosis was 2.6 ± 1.7 years. Of the patients, 54.3%, 47.8%, 46.7%, 66.3%, 46.7%, and 46.7% reported frequent bone pain, pain that increased with activity, back pain, feeling ill, lost hair, and feeling restless or agitated, respectively. Higher disease symptom scores were predicted by low self-rated satisfaction with the ability to do daily life activities and low self-rated satisfaction with overall health. The side effects of treatment scores were predicted by longer time elapsed since diagnosis and low self-rated satisfaction with overall health. Future perspective scores were predicted by low self-rated satisfaction with overall health. On the other hand, social support scores were predicted by having a university education and not receiving radiotherapy. Patients with MM who were treated in the Palestinian healthcare system reported a heavy burden of disease symptoms, treatment adverse effects, and dissatisfaction with the information they received about their disease. The findings reported in this study are informative to hemato-oncologists and other healthcare providers who care for patients with MM in Palestine and other developing and resource-limited countries. Policymakers might use the findings reported in this study to design interventions to improve the HR-QoL of the patients., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Fear of anesthesia for cesarean section delivery is an important health issue that should be addressed by anesthesiologists, obstetricians, and other providers of antenatal and perioperative healthcare. This multicenter study was conducted to assess the fear of anesthesia for cesarean section among Palestinian pregnant women and to identify the predictors of high fear., Methods: The study was conducted in a cross-sectional design among Palestinian pregnant women in different antenatal healthcare clinics. The study participants were recruited using a convenience sampling procedure. The pregnant women were asked to respond to items in a questionnaire., Results: In this study, a total of 394 pregnant women completed the questionnaires. Of the pregnant women, 280 (71.1%) have had cesarean delivery under anesthesia, and 104 (26.4%) elected cesarean delivery. Multiple linear regression showed that higher fear scores were predicted by having a university degree (p-value < 0.001), living in rural areas (p-value = 0.007), dissatisfaction with social life (p-value = 0.004), satisfaction with religious commitment (p-value = 0.001), having had cesarean delivery under anesthesia (p-value = 0.005), and preference of cesarean delivery (p-value < 0.001)., Conclusion: Fear of anesthesia was prevalent among pregnant women in Palestine. Higher fear could be predicted by education level, place of residence, satisfaction with social life, satisfaction with religious commitment, having had cesarean delivery under anesthesia, and preference for normal delivery. Anesthesiologists, gynecologists and obstetricians, nurses, midwives, and other providers of antenatal and perioperative healthcare services should consider these factors while counseling pregnant women and addressing their fear of anesthesia., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Lamotrigine is an effective antiseizure medication that can be used in the management of focal and generalized epilepsies in pediatric patients. This study was conducted to quantify and compare the solubility of lamotrigine in age-specific biorelevant media that simulated the fasted and fed conditions of the gastric and intestinal environments in pediatrics and adults. Another aim was to predict how traditional, re-formulated, modified, and new oral formulations would behave in the gastric and intestinal environments across different age groups., Methods: Solubility studies of lamotrigine were conducted in 16 different age-specific biorelevant media over the pH range and temperature specified by the current biopharmaceutical classification system-based criteria. The age-specific biorelevant media simulated the environments in the stomach and proximal gastrointestinal tract in both fasted and fed conditions of adults and pediatric sub-populations. The solubility of lamotrigine was determined using a pre-validated HPLC-UV method., Results: Lamotrigine showed low solubility in the 16 age-specific biorelevant media as indicated by a dose number of > 1. There were significant age-specific variabilities in the solubility of lamotrigine in the different age-specific biorelevant media. Pediatric/adult solubility ratios of lamotrigine fell outside the 80-125% range in 6 (50.0%) and were borderline in 3 (25.0%) out of the 12 compared media. These ratios indicated that the solubility of lamotrigine showed considerable differences in 9 out of the 12 (75.0%) of the compared media., Conclusion: Future studies are still needed to generate more pediatric biopharmaceutical data to help understand the performances of oral dosage forms in pediatric sub-populations., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Anesthesia training is an important component of medical education. This multicenter study was conducted to determine the teaching approaches used during anesthesia training or rotations and to assess the satisfaction of the medical students., Methods: This multicenter study was conducted in a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted among 5th and 6th year medical students who completed their anesthesia rotations in different training centers in Palestine. The data were collected using a questionnaire in adherence to the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology statement., Results: Questionnaires were returned by 385 medical students. The mean anesthesia rotation length was 12.4 ± 2.1 days. On average, the students witnessed 7.8 ± 4.9 procedures performed under general, regional, and local anesthesia in a week. Of the students, 135 (35.1%) and 126 (32.8%) stated that the educators always or often explained how and why they did procedures or techniques during the anesthesia rotation and assessed their baseline level of knowledge before giving new knowledge or explaining things. On the other hand, stepping back and allowing the trainees to work through, presenting articles or literature relevant to the case, and being open to trying new or different procedures or techniques were less often reported by the medical students. Less than half of the students were satisfied with their competencies gained through the anesthesia rotation., Conclusion: Educators used active and effective teaching or training approaches less frequently during the anesthesia rotations. The findings of this study also showed that the medical students were not satisfied with their competencies after their anesthesia rotations. More studies are still needed to determine the best ways to improve anesthesia rotations and medical education or training in Palestine., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Preoperative anxiety is a health concern among patients scheduled for surgical interventions. Little is known about the prevalence of preoperative anxiety among patients in different healthcare systems of developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of preoperative anxiety among patients undergoing surgery in Palestine. Another objective was to identify the factors associated with preoperative anxiety., Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional descriptive design. Patients scheduled for surgical interventions were interviewed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire collected the demographic, clinical, and surgical variables of the patients. The questionnaire also contained the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS), and a short version of the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAIS-5/STAIT-5)., Result: A total of 280 patients were included. The mean APAIS total score was 13.6 ± 5.9, the mean APAIS anxiety domain score was 8.3 ± 4.3, and the mean APAIS need for information domain was 1.6 ± 0.50. Of the patients, 76 (27.1%) had high anxiety and 160 (57.1%) expressed a high need for information. The higher APAIS anxiety scores were predicted by being female, having chronic diseases, being scheduled to be operated on within 24 h, and having experienced surgical complications. The mean STAIS-5 score was 10.0 ± 4.2 and the mean STAIT-5 was 10.3 ± 3.8. Of the patients, 140 (50.0%) had high state anxiety and 56 (20.0%) had high trait anxiety. Higher STAIS-5 scores were predicted by being female, younger than 42 years, and scheduled to be operated on within 24 h. Higher STAIT-5 scores were predicted by being female. A positive correlation was identified between APAIS total, APAIS anxiety, APAIS need for information, STAIS-5, and STAIT-5 scores., Conclusion: Preoperative anxiety was prevalent among patients scheduled for surgical operations in Palestinian hospitals. Anesthesiologists and other providers of perioperative care should screen preoperative patients who are female, have chronic diseases, are scheduled to be operated on within 24 h, and having had experienced surgical complications for preoperative anxiety. More studies are still needed to investigate the effects of the implemented measures on the prevalence of preoperative anxiety., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Despite the undisputed benefits of breastfeeding, infants might become exposed to xenobiotics that could be excreted into breast milk following maternal exposure. This study was conducted to assess breastmilk cadmium levels among lactating women in Palestine, a resource-limited country. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium via breastmilk was also calculated and predictors of high breastmilk cadmium levels and high infant exposure via breastmilk were identified., Methods: This multicenter study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical design. The lactating women were recruited from different maternity and public health clinics in all regions of Palestine. Demographic variables and exposure to sources of cadmium were collected in an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Foremilk samples (about 5 mL) were collected in polyethylene tubes using the hand-expression technique. The breast milk samples were collected in the period between December 2020 and March 2021. A pre-validated method using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify breastmilk cadmium levels. EDI values were calculated from the quantified breastmilk cadmium levels., Results: Breastmilk samples were obtained from 256 lactating women. The mean breastmilk cadmium level was 0.34 (SD: 0.33) μg / L and the mean EDI of cadmium via breastmilk was 0.059 (SD: 0.058) µg / kg per body weight / day. Breastmilk cadmium levels were quantified in 92.6% of the breastmilk samples. Of the breastmilk samples, 13 (5.1%) had cadmium levels above those reported as "normal" by the World Health Organization (WHO). Multiple linear regression showed that higher breastmilk cadmium levels and higher EDI were predicted by being a smoker, living in a refugee camp, living close to an industrial area, living close to disposal of wastes, living close to paint shops, living in a house with peeling / chipping paint, frequent use of cosmetics, frequent use of hair dyes, and not using vitamins., Conclusion: The breastmilk cadmium levels and infant exposure were predicted by maternal exposure to sources of cadmium. The findings reported in this study are valuable to antenatal and postnatal healthcare service providers. More studies are needed to plan and implement measures to reduce breastmilk cadmium levels and infants' exposure to cadmium via breastmilk., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Zinc is one of the most important essential micronutrients that is needed for the normal growth, development, and maintaining the health of human beings. Previous studies showed that zinc deficiency was highly prevalent among pregnant and lactating women. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine breast milk zinc levels among breastfeeding women in Palestine and to identify the predictors of breast milk zinc levels. Breast milk samples were obtained from breastfeeding women who visited maternity and primary healthcare centers. Zinc levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Breast milk zinc levels were determined in 390 breast milk samples. The mean breast milk zinc level in all samples was 0.15 ± 0.09 mg per 100 mL. Breast milk zinc levels declined with postpartum time from 0.22 ± 0.011 at ≤ 1 month postpartum to 0.09 ± 0.009 mg per 100 mL at > 9 months postpartum (p-value < 0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that high breast milk zinc levels were predicted by younger maternal age, postpartum time, being employed, frequent consumption of multivitamins/minerals, and practicing exclusive breastfeeding. In conclusion, the breast milk zinc levels quantified among breastfeeding women in Palestine were comparable to those previously reported among non-malnourished women elsewhere. The findings of this study are informative to pediatricians, gynecologists, nurses/midwives, breastfeeding advisors/counselors, nutritionists, and policymakers who might be interested in designing and implementing interventions to improve breast milk zinc levels., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Worldwide, grapes (Vitis vinifera L.; family: Vitaceae) are one of the most important fruits. Grapeseed oil is rich in bioactive constituents that could be beneficial to the health and aesthetic features of human skin., Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a novel grapeseed oil-loaded dermocosmetic nanoemulgel on biophysical parameters of facial skin., Methods: This was a split-face, blinded, placebo-controlled study. A novel grapeseed oil-loaded dermocosmetic nanoemulgel was developed, and its effects on the biophysical parameters of the facial skin were evaluated and compared to those of a placebo formulation on the cheeks of 15 healthy volunteers. Melanin, erythema, sebum production, fine and large facial pores, moisture, and elasticity levels were measured using Mexameter®, Corneometer®, Sebumeter®, Cutometer®, and VisioFace®. Measurements were made on weekly basis for 12 weeks., Results: Compared to the placebo, the novel grapeseed oil-loaded dermocosmetic nanoemulgel received significantly higher sensory scores with regard to appearance, color, odor, consistency, adhesion, sensation, cohesiveness, and spreadability (p-value < 0.05). Additionally, the novel nanoemulgel continuously and significantly reduced skin melanin, erythema, sebum production, and fine and large pores (p-value < 0.05). On the contrary, the novel nanoemulgel continuously and significantly increased skin moisture contents and elasticity (p-value < 0.05)., Conclusion: The novel grapeseed oil-loaded dermocosmetic nanoemulgel had attractive cosmetic attributes that could be useful for improving imperfections of the human skin. Future studies are still needed to test and evaluate the benefits of this novel grapeseed oil-loaded dermocosmetic nanoemulgel in disease conditions., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: Preventing medication errors and improving patient safety in pediatric anesthesia are top priorities. This systematic scoping review was conducted to identify and summarize reports on medication errors in pediatric anesthesia. The study also aimed to qualitatively synthesize medication error situations in pediatric anesthesia and recommendations to eliminate/minimize them., Methods: The databases: Cochrane, MEDLINE through PubMed, Embase, CINAHL through EBSCO, and PsycINFO were extensively searched from their inception to March 3, 2020. Error situations in pediatric anesthesia and recommendations to minimize/reduce these errors were synthesized qualitatively. Recommendations were graded by level of evidence using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute., Results: Data were extracted from 39 publications. Dosing errors were the most commonly reported. Scenarios representing medication (n = 33) error situations in pediatric anesthesia and recommendations to eliminate/minimize medication errors (n = 36) were qualitatively synthesized. Of the recommendations, 2 (5.6%) were related to manufacture, 4 (11.1%) were related to policy, 1 (2.8%) was related to presentation to user, 1 (2.8%) was related to process tools, 17 (47.2%) were related to administration, 3 (8.3%) were related to recording/documentation, and 8 (22.2%) recommendations were classified as others. Of those, 29 (80.6%), 3 (8.3%), 3 (8.3%), and 1 (2.8%) were graded as evidence level 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively., Discussion: Medication error situations that might occur in pediatric anesthesia and recommendations on how to eliminate/minimize medication errors were also qualitatively synthesized. Adherence to recommendations might reduce the incidence of medication errors in pediatric anesthesia., Competing Interests: The authors disclose no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study explored medication errors in the perioperative care of patients with epilepsy and developed consensus-based recommendations to prevent/minimize these errors., Methods: A mixed method was used in this study. Medication error situations were explored in semi-structured in-depth interviews with nurses (n = 12), anesthesiologists (n = 5), anesthesia technicians (n = 5), surgeons (n = 4), neurologists (n = 4), and patients with epilepsy (n = 10). The qualitative data were analyzed using the qualitative interpretive description approach. A two-round Delphi technique was used among nurses (n = 22), anesthesiologists (n = 9), anesthesia technicians (n = 7), surgeons (n = 7), and neurologists (n = 5)., Results: A total of 1400 minutes of interview time was analyzed in this study. Of the panelists, 39 (78.0%) agreed that patients with epilepsy present unique challenges to providers of perioperative care that make them prone to medication errors. The interviewees in this study described 32 different medication error situations that occurred while providing perioperative care services to patients with epilepsy. In this study, 35 consensus-based recommendations to prevent/minimize medication errors in the perioperative care of patients with epilepsy were developed., Conclusions: The findings of this study are informative to decision-makers in health care facilities and other stakeholders in health regulatory authorities who need to design measures to prevent/minimize medication errors and improve perioperative outcomes of patients with epilepsy. Studies are needed to investigate if these recommendations can be effective in preventing/reducing medication errors in the perioperative care of patients with epilepsy., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the standard of care in many relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancy, neuroblastoma, and multiple myeloma (MM). This study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of early infections that occurred within the first 100 days among patients who received HSCT for MM, Hodgkin (HL), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in Palestine., Methods: This study was conducted in a retrospective cohort design in the only autologous HSCT in Palestine in the period between 2014 and 2021. The medical records of the patients were reviewed to identify and collect demographic, clinical, and microbiological data on bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections as diagnosed by cultures, polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescent antibody testing., Results: A total of 145 patients were included in this study (median age = 44.0 [28.0, 53.5] years). Of those, 8 (5.5%) were younger than 18 years, 69 (47.6%) had MM, 53 (36.6%) had HL, and 23 (15.9%) had NHL. The source of fever had no focus in the majority of the cases 82 (56.6%), 12 (8.3%) had bloodstream infections, 8 (5.5%) had colitis, and 7.6 (5.0%) had pneumonia. Patients from whom gram-negative bacteria were isolated stayed in the hospital for longer duration compared to the other patients (median = 21.0 [19.0, 25.0] vs. 18.0 [15.0, 22.0] days, p-value = 0.043, respectively). The cumulative incidence of death in the first 100 days after infusion of stem cells was 3.4%. The cumulative incidence of death in the first 100 days post-transplantation was higher for patients with NHL compared to those with HL and MM (p-value = 0.017). Gram-negative and fungal infections were strong predictors of mortality., Conclusion: Bacterial gram-positive and gram-negative infections were the most common early infections among patients who underwent autologous HSCT for hematological malignancies (HM) in the only center in Palestine. The findings of this study are informative to healthcare providers and planners of care for patients who are scheduled to receive autologous HSCT for HM., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Diabetes is a major chronic health issue that continues to grow rapidly on a global level. Pharmacists are highly trusted and accessible health care providers. This systematic scoping review of the scholarly peer-reviewed published literature was performed to qualitatively synthesize evidence on all potential pharmaceutical care services that could be offered by pharmacists while caring for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes., Study Design: Systematic scoping review., Methods: We conducted a systematic scoping review of the PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases from inception to June 2020 using Medical Subject Headings and keywords relevant to diabetes and pharmaceutical care services. Quality of the articles was appraised using the appropriate critical appraisal tools. Data collected on pharmaceutical care services were synthesized qualitatively., Results: A total of 56 articles were included in this systematic scoping review. A total of 86 pharmaceutical care services were qualitatively summarized. Services were related to screening for/prevention of diabetes (2.3%), supporting patients (7.0%), taking history (3.5%), patient education (17.4%), assessment/designing care plans (10.5%), efficiency (3.5%), collaboration (2.3%), identification/resolution of medication-related problems (26.7%), dispensing (7.0%), patient adherence (4.7%), saving costs (7.0%), monitoring/improving outcomes (5.8%), and follow-up (2.3%). Blinded randomized controlled trials and precise estimation of the effect of pharmacist interventions in caring for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are needed., Conclusions: Pharmacists are increasingly included in multi-health care professional teams. Pharmacists are providers of pharmaceutical care services that can improve pharmacotherapy, reduce costs, and improve quality of life of patients with diabetes.

Background: Neonatal intensive care units are high-risk settings where medication errors can occur and cause harm to this fragile segment of patients. This multicenter qualitative study was conducted to describe medication errors that occurred in neonatal intensive care units in Palestine from the perspectives of healthcare providers., Methods: This exploratory multicenter qualitative study was conducted and reported in adherence to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals (4 pediatricians/neonatologists and 11 intensive care unit nurses) who provided care services for patients admitted to neonatal intensive care units in Palestine. An interview schedule guided the semi-structured in-depth interviews. The qualitative interpretive description approach was used to thematically analyze the data., Results: The total duration of the interviews was 282 min. The healthcare providers described their experiences with 41 different medication errors. These medication errors were categorized under 3 categories and 10 subcategories. Errors that occurred while preparing/diluting/storing medications were related to calculations, using a wrong solvent/diluent, dilution errors, failure to adhere to guidelines while preparing the medication, failure to adhere to storage/packaging guidelines, and failure to adhere to labeling guidelines. Errors that occurred while prescribing/administering medications were related to inappropriate medication for the neonate, using a different administration technique from the one that was intended, and administering a different dose from the one that was intended. Errors that occurred after administering the medications were related to failure to adhere to monitoring guidelines., Conclusion: In this multicenter study, pediatricians/neonatologists and neonatal intensive care unit nurses described medication errors occurring in intensive care units in Palestine. Medication errors occurred in different stages of the medication process: preparation/dilution/storage, prescription/administration, and monitoring. Further studies are still needed to quantify medication errors occurring in the neonatal intensive care units and investigate if the designed strategies could be effective in minimizing the medication errors., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: This qualitative study was conducted to explore the current status of caring for women with epilepsy (WWE) in the Palestinian healthcare system., Methods: This study used an explorative qualitative design. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit the participants. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with neurologists (n = 6), gynecologists (n = 5), psychiatrists (n = 3), an internist (n = 1), and clinical pharmacists (n = 5). The interpretive description methodology was used to thematically analyze the qualitative data., Results: A total of 745 min (12.4 h) of interview time were analyzed. The qualitative data collected in this study were categorized under 3 major themes and multiple subthemes. The 3 major themes were: (1) diagnosis and care for patients with epilepsy, (2) general issues in caring for patients with epilepsy, and (3) consideration of women's issues in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. Formally adopted protocols/criteria for the diagnosis and care for WWE were lacking., Conclusion: Findings of this qualitative study showed a need to formally adopt uniform guidelines that can guide the diagnosis and care of WWE in the Palestinian healthcare system. The findings of this study might be informative to healthcare providers, decision-makers in healthcare authorities, WWE, and patient advocacy groups who could be interested in improving and benchmarking healthcare services provided to WWE. Future studies are still needed to quantitatively measure adherence to the international guidelines in caring for WWE., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recent position papers and guidelines encourage women with epilepsy (WWE) to exclusively breastfeed their infants because the benefits to their infants outweigh the potential adverse effects caused by exposure to antiseizure medications (ASMs)., Objective: The objectives of this review were: to evaluate concentrations of ASMs in breastmilk of lactating WWE, qualitatively synthesize evidence that can be used to estimate theoretical doses as estimated daily intake (EDI) and relative infant dose (RID) of ASMs, and to evaluate potential risks to infants as a result of exposure to ASMs from breastmilk., Methods: This systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) as CRD42020223645. The databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL/EBSCO, COCHRANE, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Summon, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and SCOPUS were systematically searched. A qualitative synthesis was adopted in this study., Results: A total of 15 records were included in this systematic review. The included studies reported levels of 8 ASMs in the breastmilk of WWE. The highest RIDs of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, primidone, phenobarbital, gabapentin, valproic acid, ethosuximide, levetiracetam, and topiramate were 3.70%, 36.33%, 4.96%, 3.15%, 4.37%, 1.90%, 31.49%, 12.50%, and 12.18%, respectively. Breastfeeding might be limited or even discontinued when signs of excessive sedation/drowsiness and/or poor weight gain are evident on infants exposed to primidone and phenobarbital, ethosuximide/primidone, or ethosuximide/phenobarbital., Conclusions: Concentrations of ASMs can be detected in breastmilk of WWE and plasma/serum of infants exposed via breastmilk. Healthcare providers and WWE might use the findings of this study to make informed decisions on the safety of breastfeeding while taking ASMs., (Copyright © 2022 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Burnout is a psychological syndrome that involves physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of burnout among unmatched trainees and residents in surgical and nonsurgical specialties in Palestine. Additionally, this study also sought to identify the associated variables and predictors of higher burnout scores., Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design using a questionnaire in the period between October 2020 and March 2021. The questionnaire collected sociodemographic characteristics of the residents and trainees in 18 different training centers/hospitals. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was used to determine burnout among the residents and trainees. Pearson's correlations, analysis of variance, Student's t-test, and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data., Results: The study tool was completed by 250 residents and trainees in surgical and nonsurgical specialties (response rate = 83.3%). Of all participants, 203 (81.2%) reported a moderate-severe degree of burnout in the personal domain, 188 (75.2%) reported a moderate-severe degree of burnout in the work-related domain, and 97 (38.8%) reported moderate-severe degree of burnout in the client-related domain. There was a moderate and positive correlation between personal and work-related burnout scores (Pearson's r = 0.69, p-value < 0.001), and client-related burnout scores (Pearson's r = 0.52, p-value < 0.001). Similarly, there was a moderate and positive correlation between work-related and client-related burnout scores (Pearson's r = 0.57, p-value < 0.001). The multiple linear regression model showed that higher burnout scores were predicted by being married, not having another paid employment, inability to financially support oneself, frequent consumption of tea/coffee, dissatisfied with the training/job, thinking to change the profession, and long working hours., Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that burnout was highly prevalent among residents and trainees in surgical and nonsurgical specialties in Palestine. Decision-makers in healthcare authorities, hospital managers, professional groups, directors of residency programs, and educators/trainers should consider addressing burnout and improving the well-being of residents and trainees in surgical and nonsurgical specialties in Palestine. Future studies are still needed to determine which interventions could be effective in reducing burnout among residents and trainees in surgical and nonsurgical specialties in Palestine., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: This qualitative explorative study was conducted to explore the key challenges and future directions of caring for women with epilepsy (WWE) from the perspectives of healthcare professionals who provide care for WWE in Palestine., Methods: A qualitative explorative design was used in this study in adherence to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research. The study participants were interviewed in semi-structured in-depth interviews using a pre-validated and pilot-tested interview schedule. The interpretative description approach was used to qualitatively analyze the contents of the interviews., Results: Interviews were conducted with 6 neurologists, 5 gynecologists, 3 psychiatrists, 5 clinical pharmacists, and 1 internal medicine specialist. The current challenges and future directions in caring for WWE were grouped under healthcare system-, healthcare provider-, patient-, and society-related. Lack of adequate availability, accessibility, and affordability of neurology services and safe antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were the main challenges. Increasing access of WWE to specialized neurology services and improving acceptance in the society were the main future directions., Conclusion: Findings of this study highlighted the key challenges and future directions of caring for WWE in a resource-poor healthcare system. Decision makers in health authorities, professional bodies, and patient advocacy groups should consider improving availability, accessibility, and affordability of neurology services and safe AEDs for WWE. Future studies are still needed to investigate if addressing these challenges can improve the care of WWE in Palestine., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Pharmacokinetics (PK) is often used to optimize individualized dosing regimens of some drugs. This study was conducted to determine views, knowledge, and practices of hospital pharmacists in Palestine about using clinical PK to optimize pharmaceutical care services., Method: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design using a questionnaire. The questionnaire collected information about the nature of PK courses taught to hospital pharmacists, importance, relevance, effectiveness, adequacy, and depth of these courses, adequacy of PK skills, implementing PK knowledge/skills in current practice, and barriers limiting the implementation of PK to optimize pharmaceutical care services for hospitalized patients. The hospital pharmacists were visited in their places of work and were asked to complete the questionnaire in privacy. Categorical data were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U tests., Results: The questionnaire was completed by 145 hospital pharmacists. Of the pharmacists, 84 (57.9%) received basic PK courses, 79 (54.5%) were taught integrated PK courses, and 94 (64.8%) agreed that the PK courses were important to their current practice. Similarly, 85 (57.9%) of the pharmacists were not satisfied with the teaching methods and contents of the PK courses. Pharmacists who obtained their degrees from Palestine were less satisfied with the methods of teaching compared to those who obtained their degrees from foreign countries (p-value = 0.006). Only 25 (17.2%) pharmacists reported frequent use of PK knowledge in their current practice. Lack of practical knowledge and continuing education, poor understanding of PK by pharmacists and other healthcare professionals were identified as barriers limiting the implementation of PK in optimizing pharmaceutical care services to hospitalized patients., Conclusion: The hospital pharmacists were generally not satisfied with the way PK courses were taught and expressed difficulty in implementing PK knowledge and skills to improve pharmaceutical care services to hospitalized patients. Integrating PK topics within other relevant courses and adopting more clinically oriented learning methods could improve understanding and implementing PK knowledge and skills in optimizing pharmaceutical services to hospitalized patients. Further studies are still needed to determine the optimal teaching/learning methods that can improve knowledge and skill acquisitions of pharmacists in the area of PK., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: The study aimed to test knowledge and attitudes of physical educators in Palestine toward epilepsy and students with epilepsy. The study also aimed to identify the variables that were associated with adequate knowledge and positive attitudes toward epilepsy and students with epilepsy., Methods: This study was done in a cross-sectional design among physical educators in Palestinian schools. The questionnaire tested knowledge and attitudes of physical educators using 18-item and 12-statement tests, respectively., Results: Complete questionnaires were returned by 226 physical educators (response rate = 75.3%). The median knowledge score of the physical educators on the 18-item knowledge test was 50% [33.0%, 61.0] and the median attitudes score of the physical educators on the 12-statemtns was 50.0% [42.0, 58.0]. Higher knowledge scores were associated with age, teaching experience, educational level, having known/interacted with people with epilepsy, and receiving education about epilepsy. Higher attitude scores were associated with gender, age, educational level, place of residence, type of school, having known/interacted with people with epilepsy, and receiving education about epilepsy., Conclusion: Knowledge gaps and negative attitudes toward epilepsy and students with epilepsy were identified among physical educators in Palestine. Appropriately designed interventions are still needed to improve knowledge and correct attitudes of physical educators about epilepsy and students with epilepsy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disabilities of early childhood. Practicing nurses are in a key position to help patients with ASDs and/or their caregivers/families. This study was conducted to assess self-rated familiarity with ASDs among practicing nurses in Palestine. The study also aimed to identify the sociodemographic and practice variables that could predict high self-rated familiarity scores., Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire. The study was conducted in the period between January 2019 and May 2019. The questionnaire collected: 1) the sociodemographic, pedagogic, and practice variables of the nurses, 2) their self-rated familiarity with signs and symptoms, treatment options, and community resources of ASDs, 3) their self-rated confidence in their abilities to provide counseling for parents/family/caregivers on the drugs prescribed for children/patients with ASDs and their potential adverse effects, and 4) their willingness to receive education/training on issues in ASDs., Results: The questionnaire was completed by 357 practicing nurses. The practicing nurses self-reported inadequate familiarity with symptoms, treatment, and community resources of ASDs. The mean familiarity score was 35.8% (SD: 18.9%). The nurses also expressed low confidence in their ability to provide counseling services to caregivers/families of children with ASDs. About 75% of the nurses agreed that they could benefit from taking a continuing educational/training program in the area of ASDs and about 82% of the nurses agreed that the nursing school curriculum should include courses in the area of ASDs. The multiple linear regression model showed that higher familiarity scores were predicted by having longer practical experience, having a higher academic degree in nursing, and having a continuing educational course/program on ASDs., Conclusion: Findings of this study highlighted inadequate familiarity with issues of ASDs among practicing nurses. Higher familiarity was predicted by the length of practical experience, higher academic degree in nursing, and having continuing educational course/program on ASDs. Specifically designed pedagogic interventions might be helpful in increasing familiarity of practicing nurses on ASDs. More investigations are still needed to evaluate if these interventions can improve familiarity and services provided to patients with ASDs., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Saliva is a biofluid that can easily be obtained and used for biomonitoring lead levels in occupationally and environmentally exposed individuals. The aims of this study were to determine salivary lead levels among workers in different industrial areas in the West Bank of Palestine and investigate the association between sociodemographic and occupational characteristics of the workers and their salivary lead levels. Salivary samples were obtained from workers in different industrial areas in metal-free polyethylene tubes. The samples were analyzed for their lead contents using a pre-validated inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method. A total of 97 salivary samples were analyzed. The median salivary lead level was 1.84 μg/dL an IQR of 5.04 μg/dL. Salivary lead levels were significantly higher in workers who were 40 years and older (p value = 0.031), had 3 children or more (p value = 0.048), worked in repair workshops (p value = 0.012), worked in industrial areas for 20 years or more (p value = 0.048), did not consume fruits on regular basis (p value = 0.031), and smoked for 30 years or more (p value = 0.013). Multiple linear regression showed that smoking of 30 years old or more was a significant (p value < 0.001) predictor of higher salivary lead levels. Salivary lead levels among workers from different industrial areas of the West Bank were comparable to those occupationally exposed to lead in more industrialized and urbanized areas of the world. Smoking was a predictor of higher salivary lead levels., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Knowledge deficits with regard to epilepsy have been reported among healthcare professionals. This study was conducted to develop consensus-based aims, contents, intended learning outcomes, teaching, and evaluation methods for a course on epilepsy for postgraduate or continuing education in community health nursing programs., Methods: A mixed method which combined a thorough search of literature, the nominal group technique, the Delphi technique, and survey of students' agreement was used. The databases MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CInAHL/EBESCO, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, Google Books, and Amazon were searched to identify potential aims, topics/contents, intended learning outcomes, teaching, and evaluation methods. Discussions and deliberations in serial meetings based on the nominal group technique were attended by educators/academicians (n = 12), neurologists (n = 2), practicing nurses (n = 5), pharmacists (n = 2), patients with epilepsy (n = 2), and students in postgraduate and continuing education programs (n = 7) to supplement and refine the data collected from the literature. The qualitative data were analyzed using RQDA tool for R. The Delphi technique was used among educators/academicians (n = 15), neurologists (n = 2), practicing nurses (n = 5), pharmacists (n = 2), patients with epilepsy (n = 3), and students in postgraduate and continuing education programs (n = 8) to achieve formal consensus., Results: Consensus was achieved on 6 aims, 16 intended learning outcomes, and 27 topics in the course. Of the topics, 13 were relevant to nature of epilepsy and seizures, 2 were relevant to the impact of epilepsy and seizures on different life aspects of patients with epilepsy, 4 were relevant to advocating for the patients and supporting their choices, 5 were relevant to educating patients and their caregivers, and 3 were relevant to assessments and services., Conclusion: Consensus-based aims, topics/contents, intended learning outcomes, teaching, and evaluation methods of a course on epilepsy for postgraduate or continuing education in community health nursing programs were developed. Consensus-based courses could bridge knowledge gaps and improve educating community health nursing programs on epilepsy. Further studies are needed to determine if such consensus-based courses could promote care of patients with epilepsy., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Therapeutic/clinical inertia is thought to be responsible for up to 80% of cardiovascular events. This study was conducted as a comprehensive scoping and bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed scholarly documents reporting on factors associated with therapeutic/clinical inertia in caring for patients with hypertension. Additionally, this study identified the factors associated with therapeutic/clinical inertia in hypertension., Study Design: This study was a scoping and bibliometric analysis., Methods: The databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CINAHL/EBSCO, Cochrane, and Scopus were searched from inception to September 23, 2020, using relevant keywords. Documents reporting on factors associated with therapeutic/clinical inertia in caring for patients with hypertension were selected based on inclusion criteria. Bibliometric indicators and VOSviewer were used to analyze and map citation and keyword networks., Results: Data were collected from 71 documents. Of those, 43 (60.6%) were original articles, 54 (76.1%) were published after 2010, and 41 (57.7%) originated from the United States. Mapping cooccurrence of terms identified 112 hot topics that were grouped into 4 clusters. A total of 41 factors associated with therapeutic/clinical inertia were identified from the documents selected. Of those, 23 (56.1%) were related to the physician, 12 (29.3%) were related to the patient, and 6 (14.6%) were related to the health care system., Conclusions: This scoping and bibliometric study provides insights into the width and depth of scholarly peer-reviewed documents on factors associated with therapeutic/clinical inertia in caring for patients with hypertension. Findings of this study could be helpful in shaping future directions of research into therapeutic/clinical inertia in hypertension.

Objectives: Hypertension is among the most commonly managed diseases in general practice. Therapeutic inertia could be responsible for the vast majority of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. The present study was conducted to explore views and opinions of clinicians involved in providing health care services to patients with hypertension in Palestine and achieve formal consensus on promoters of the phenomenon of therapeutic inertia from their point of view., Study Design: In this exploratory study, a mixed-methods approach combining literature search, qualitative interviews, and 2 Delphi technique rounds was used., Methods: Interviews with key contact clinicians (n = 18) were conducted. To achieve formal consensus on promoters of therapeutic inertia in hypertension, 2 Delphi rounds were conducted using a panel of general practitioners, family medicine specialists, and internal medicine specialists (n = 50)., Results: The majority of the panel members (90%) agreed that therapeutic inertia was prevalent in treating patients with hypertension in Palestine. Of the 41 potential promoters, consensus was achieved on 37 (90.2%). Of these 37 promoters, 21 (56.8%) were clinician-related, 10 (27.0%) were patient-related, and 6 (16.2%) were health care system-related factors. The study explored views and opinions of clinicians involved in providing health care services to patients with hypertension in Palestine relevant to therapeutic inertia in hypertension., Conclusions: Findings of this study could inform policy and decision makers to devise strategies to eliminate or reduce therapeutic inertia in managing hypertension in Palestinian clinical practice. Future studies are needed to determine whether such strategies can improve outcomes of patients with hypertension.

Background: In today's healthcare systems, physiotherapists are one of the most important providers of care services to patients with disabilities including those with epilepsy. The aims of this systematic scoping review were to identify, summarize, and present narrative synthesis of qualitative evidence on knowledge, attitudes, and practices of physiotherapists toward epilepsy and patients with epilepsy., Methods: Primary studies were searched in Medline/PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, SpringerLink, CInAHL/EBSCO, Cochrane library, and Scopus as late as July 02, 2021. Appraisal of the methodological quality was conducted for the studies included in this systematic scoping review. Due to the heterogenous nature of the collected data, results of this study are presented as narrative synthesis., Results: A total of 11 were finally included in the qualitative synthesis. The selected studies were published in the period between 2016 and 2020. The studies included in this review had acceptable methodological quality in many of the 11 domains of the quality assessment tool. Contents of the included studies were grouped into the 11 themes and 8 subthemes. The major themes were related education/access to information, interaction with patients, witnessing seizures, barriers and promoters of adequate knowledge and attitudes, and interventions to improve knowledge and attitudes., Conclusion: Currently, high-quality interventional studies are needed to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices of physiotherapists with regard to epilepsy and patients with epilepsy. Future studies are still needed to investigate if improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices of physiotherapists with regard to epilepsy and patients with epilepsy can improve health-related outcomes of the patients., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a popular distressing health condition that has negative impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the inflicted individuals. This multicenter study was conducted to determine the prevalence of OAB symptoms and their impact on the HRQoL of medical and dentistry students., Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design in the 3 main universities in Palestine. In addition to the sociodemographic, health, and academic characteristics of the medical and dentistry students, the questionnaire also contained the OAB symptom bother (6-items) and HRQoL (13-items) Short-Form (OAB-q SF) scales. Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson Chi-Square/Fisher's Exact Test, Spearman's rank correlations, and a multiple linear regression model were used to analyze the data., Results: Responses were collected from medical and dentistry students (n = 402). The median OAB symptom bother score was 54.1 [44.8, 81.9] and the median HRQoL score was 94.4 [88.4, 94.4]. There was a strong negative correlation between the OAB and HRQoL scores (Spearman's rho = 64.4%, p value < 0.001). OAB scores were significantly higher among dentistry students, females, who had chronic disease, and those who reported stressful life. HRQoL scores were significantly higher among medicine students, those who reported less stressful life, and those who reported satisfaction with their social life. Dentistry students, female, and those who self-reported high stress were 1.94-fold (95% CI 1.05, 3.56), 1.91-fold (95% CI 1.16, 3.14), and 1.88-fold (95% CI 1.21, 2.91) more likely to report less than optimal HRQoL compared to medicine students, male, and those who self-reported low stress, respectively., Conclusions: Our findings suggested that OAB symptoms were prevalent among medical and dentistry students across Palestinian universities. Decision makers in academia, healthcare authorities, and advocacy groups might need to design appropriate interventions to address health and wellbeing issues of medical and dentistry students. Using appropriate diagnostic procedures, reducing stress, and improving the social life might help in reducing the burden on OAB and improve the HRQoL of medical and dentistry students. More investigations should be conducted to investigate if such interventions are effective in reducing OAB symptoms and improving HRQoL., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objective: This qualitative exploratory study was conducted to explore how anesthesiologists in Palestine provide perioperative care for patients with epilepsy and how they account for the unique challenges relevant to epilepsy while planning perioperative care for patients with epilepsy., Methods: This study was conducted in an explorative qualitative design. Purposive and snowball sampling approaches were used to recruit the study participants. Qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with anesthesiologists (n = 10) and a neurologist (n = 1). The qualitative data collected in this study were thematically analyzed using the interpretive description methodology to generate themes, subthemes, and patterns., Results: Three major themes emerged from the collected qualitative data with a total of 18 subthemes. The 3 themes were: 1) considerations/challenges while assessing patients, 2) anesthetic considerations, and 3) recovery considerations. Lack of epilepsy-specific assessment and anesthesia protocols, underuse of neurology referral services, and lack of neuromonitoring were identified., Conclusion: Findings of this study highlighted the need to develop specific anesthesia protocols for patients with epilepsy. Anesthesiologists and planners of perioperative care should improve collection of patient information and assessment methods, ensure control over seizures, reduce triggers of seizures, and improve patient monitoring approaches. Findings of this study might be used to inform anesthesiologists and decision makers in professional groups, patient advocacy groups, and healthcare authorities to benchmark and improve anesthesia care and services offered to patients with epilepsy. More studies are still needed to quantitatively assess the quality of anesthesia care and services provided to patients with epilepsy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: During this pandemic, nurses have always been on the frontline and are probably the first healthcare providers to interact with patients presenting with symptoms of COVID-19. The main aim of this multicenter study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and use of protective measures against COVID-19 among nurses across the Occupied Palestinian Territory (oPt) during the ongoing pandemic., Methods: This was a questionnaire-based multicenter cross-sectional study that was conducted in the period between October 2020 to December 2020. The study tool tested knowledge (8-item), attitude (2-item), and use of protective measures against COVID-19 (3-item) among nurses. Associations between nurses' characteristics and their knowledge, attitude, and use of protective measures were investigated using Student's t-test, Analysis of Variance, and Pearson's correlations. To control potentially confounding variables, predictors of higher knowledge, attitude, and use of protective measures were identified using multiple regression analyses., Results: The study tool was complete by 455 nurses. The mean of knowledge, attitude, and use of protective measures scores were 75.7% (SD:12.4%), 75.1% (SD: 17.7%), and 91.6% (SD: 18.2%), respectively. Multiple linear regression models showed that high knowledge was predicted by being female (p-value = 0.004) and self-rating social status as high (p-value = 0.005). Higher attitude was predicted by being female (p-value = 0.005), self-rating academic achievements as high (p-value = 0.007), and having contracted COVID-19 (p-value = 0.001). Higher use of protective measures was predicted by self-rating academic achievements as high (p-value = 0.010)., Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that nurses in the oPt had high knowledge, relatively optimistic attitude, and appropriately used protective measures against COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic. Knowledge, attitude, and use of protective measures among nurses should continuously be updated as information unfold during the ongoing pandemic. More efforts are still needed to ensure protection of healthcare providers including nurses from contracting COVID-19., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: This scoping review with narrative synthesis aimed to analyze scholarly peer-reviewed articles reporting on improving communication with patients discharged from the emergency department with noncardiac chest pain and qualitatively narrate on and summarize items that can be used in guiding communication with patients discharged from the emergency department with noncardiac chest pain., Methods: The databases of EMBASE/PubMed, Scopus, COCHRANE, CInAHL/EBESCO, UW libraries, and Google Scholar were searched using relevant MeSH and key terms up to February 06, 2020. The selected articles were analyzed for their contents. Items guiding discharge communication were summarized qualitatively., Results: Twenty-five articles were eligible for full review. These were published in between 1994 and 2020. Of those, 16 (64.0%) originated from the United States and 4 (16%) used some interventional design. A total of 45 different items that could be used in guiding discharge communication with patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain were identified from the studies included in this review. Items were grouped under 6 categories that were related to initial assessment (8 items), information on diagnosis (7 items), information on discharge (9 items), follow-up suggestions (7 items), symptoms that promote return to the emergency department (7 items), and treatment plan (7 items)., Conclusion: Communication with patients discharged from the emergency department with noncardiac chest pain can be improved. Results of this investigation might be helpful in guiding quality improvement projects aimed for further improvement of communication with patients discharged from the emergency department with noncardiac chest pain., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Ramzi Shawahna et al.)

Background: Infants fed contaminated breast milk are at an increased risk of exposure to lead. Breast milk to blood (M/B) ratios have not been investigated among women in Palestine. The aim of this study was to assess blood, breast milk, and M/B lead ratios in samples collected from Palestinian breastfeeding women. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics with breast milk lead levels and M/B lead ratios were also investigated., Methods: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design in the period between October 2017 and April 2018. Breastfeeding women visiting maternity care centers in different regions of the West Bank of Palestine were recruited to the study by the nurses in the maternity care centers. Sociodemographic characteristics, venous blood, and breast milk samples were collected from each participant. Lead concentrations were analyzed using a validated inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method. Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Spearman's correlations were used to analyze the data. Odds ratios (OR) were computed using a multivariate logistic regression model., Results: Matching blood and milk samples were collected from 80 women. Lead concentrations in 11 (13.8%) of the breast milk samples were above the World Health Organization's recommended levels. Breast milk lead levels were more likely to be ≥5 μg/L in breastfeeding women who lived in urban areas (aOR 4.96; 95% CI 1.10, 22.38) compared to those who lived in rural areas. Breast milk to blood lead ratios were more likely to be ≥25% in breastfeeding women who lived in urban areas (aOR 7.06; 95% CI 1.68, 29.77), used eye kohl (aOR 14.29; 95% CI 1.32, 155.06), and used hair dye (aOR 5.33; 95% CI 1.58, 18.00) compared to those who lived in rural areas, did not use eye kohl, and did not use hair dye, respectively., Conclusions: Higher M/B lead ratios were predicted by living in urban areas, using eye kohl, and using hair dye. Decision makers in health authorities should address sources of exposure to lead in urban areas. Cosmetics containing lead should be assessed and regulated for lead content., (© 2021. The Author(s).)