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Aim: To evaluate the functional outcomes of patients undergoing arthroscopic arthrolysis of the knee and find the ideal timing for arthrolysis to achieve maximum range of motion (ROM) of the knee., Methods: All patients who underwent arthroscopic arthrolysis for post-operative joint stiffness following surgery for injuries around knee joint at a tertiary care centre from 2009 to 2023 were included in this study. The patients' details such as primary injury, time interval between the index surgery and arthrolysis, improvement in knee range of ROM and Lysholm score from prior to arthrolysis to last follow-up post arthrolysis were retrieved from hospital database and analysed., Results: Total of 42 patients who underwent arthroscopic arthrolysis of knee from 2009 to 2023 were included in this study. Follow-up range was 6 months to 6 years. ROM after arthrolysis significantly improved in the early and delayed arthrolysis groups as compared to late arthrolysis groups (mean 126.25 and 115.62 vs 106.3, p  < 0.05). Patients treated with early arthroscopic arthrolysis (within 3 months) showed significant increase in post operative Lysholm score compared to other groups ( p  < 0.05). ROM of 120° and beyond was achieved in 75% of cases in early arthrolysis group compared to 62.8% and 39% in delayed and late arthrolysis group ( p  < 0.05)., Conclusions: Arthroscopic arthrolysis done within 6 months (with maximum effect when done within 3 months) after the primary surgery leads to significant improvement in ROM and functional scores as compared to those with late arthrolysis group., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestOn behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interests., (© Indian Orthopaedics Association 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Bio-inspired molecular-engineered systems have been extensively investigated for the half-reactions of H 2 O oxidation or CO 2 reduction with sacrificial electron donors/acceptors. However, there has yet to be reported a device for dye-sensitized molecular photoanodes coupled with molecular photocathodes in an aqueous solution without the use of sacrificial reagents. Herein, we will report the integration of Sn IV - or Al III -tetrapyridylporphyrin (SnTPyP or AlTPyP) decorated tin oxide particles (SnTPyP/SnO 2 or AlTPyP/SnO 2 ) photoanode with the dye-sensitized molecular photocathode on nickel oxide particles containing [Ru(diimine) 3 ] 2+ as the light-harvesting unit and [Ru(diimine)(CO) 2 Cl 2 ] as the catalyst unit covalently connected and fixed within poly-pyrrole layer (RuCAT-RuC 2 -PolyPyr-PRu/NiO). The simultaneous irradiation of the two photoelectrodes with visible light resulted in H 2 O 2 on the anode and CO, HCOOH, and H 2 on the cathode with high Faradaic efficiencies in purely aqueous conditions without any applied bias is the first example of artificial photosynthesis with only two-electron redox reactions., (© 2023 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Magnetite nanoparticles use for the remediation of toxic metal ions. Therefore, the scope of green synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles from Hevea bark extract, and application of these particles for the environmental remediation of Cd and Na tested. Mixing of 10.0 mL each bark extract (1.0 g in 25.0 mL H 2 O) and iron solution (10.0 mM FeCl 3 and 5.0 mM FeCl 2 ) resulted formation of semicrystalline magnetite nanoparticles having magnetic saturation at 10 4 G. The particles characterized with the help of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Uv-vis spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, powder X-Ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential thermal analysis coupled with thermogravimetry. The phytochemicals responsible for priming and coating of nanoparticle were phenolics, especially benzoic acid derivatives. Adsorption of metal ions to nanoparticles followed pseudo-second-order model. Maximum Cd and Na adsorption capacity were 37.03 and 3.95 mg g -1 respectively. The difference in Cd and Na adsorption capacity was the result of multilayer and monolayer adsorption processes respectively. Highest metal ion adsorption occurred at temperature 10.0-20.0 °C and pH 6.0. Metal adsorption property of the nanoparticles decreased the accumulation of Cd and Na in rice plants. The plant growth promotion effects of nanoparticles explained regarding biomass, osmolyte content, and oxidative stress tolerance. Therefore, the nanoparticles produced in the study can use as a magnetically separable nano sorbent of metal ions as well as ameliorant of metal stress in rice., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Two-electron water oxidation initiated by one-electron oxidation of aluminum porphyrins (AlTMPyP) is an alternative water oxidation to the conventional four-electron pathway and could help to avoid the bottleneck subject of photon-flux density in artificial photosynthesis. Here, a dramatic enhancement of the reactivity by bicarbonate ion in the two-electron water oxidation to form H 2 O 2 is reported. An addition of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) controlled both catalytic current and product selectivity of the two-electron water oxidation to enhance the activity of AlTMPyP at pH≈10-11. Controlled potential electrolysis experiments at different concentrations of Na 2 CO 3 (10-100 mm) showed that peroxide selectivity was improved up to approximately 73 % by the increase of [Na 2 CO 3 ] added to the system. The promotion of the reaction cycle was induced by an enhanced dynamic capturing of H 2 O 2 from the hydroperoxy complex of AlTMPyP through an attack of a bicarbonate ion. The detailed electrochemical studies and product selectivity indicated that the bicarbonate ion served as a good cofactor for producing H 2 O 2 from water. At stronger alkaline conditions (pH 12.5), however, a retardative effect of the addition of Na 2 CO 3 on the catalytic reactivity was observed., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the removal of toxic metals from wastewater. Therefore, the induction of Fe plaque on the roots, and its consequences on Cd tolerance investigated in an aquatic macrophyte Pistia stratiotes L. The presence of Fe 2+ ion but not Fe 3+ resulted in Fe plaque formation. Induction of Fe plaque decreased Ca and increased K and Fe accumulations in the root. Plaque formed plants had accumulated less Cd until 50.0 µM CdCl 2 treatments because plaque acted as a barrier to Cd exposure. However, at higher concentrations (500.0 µM CdCl 2 ), plaque formed plants contained more Cd in the roots. Cadmium inducible ion leakage in the root and lowering of the photosynthetic pigment content were less in plants with a plaque. Stretching of aromatic carbonyl groups and alkyl groups among plaque formed plants upon Cd treatments indicated the putative role of phenolics in Cd detoxification.

Organic acids play an important role in metal uptake and trafficking in plants. Therefore, the role of exogenous citrate and malate on Cd tolerance was studied in the seedlings of Oryza sativa L. cv MTU 7029. Seedlings were exposed to Cd plus organic acids in hydroponics and monitored changes in Cd accumulation, expression of metal transporters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidants. It found that organic acid supplements decrease Cd accumulation in leaf because of up-regulation of tonoplast localized heavy metal ATPase (OsHMA3) which allows vacuolar sequestration of Cd in the root. Malic acid helped Cd exclusion in the root too. A shift in Cd speciation from sulphhydryl to the carboxylic group also noticed in the roots of plants exposed to organic acids. Treatment of organic acids was effective to prevent Cd inducible Fe deficiency via up-regulation of the iron-regulated transporter (OsIRT1), increase in ferric chelate reductase activity, and formation of Cd stabilized Fe 3+ - organic acid complex respectively. Also, exposure to organic acids increased the accumulation of antioxidants such as anthocyanin and glutathione (GSH) under Cd stress. Above changes assisted in upholding of photosynthetic electron transport and biomass productivity during the course of Cd treatment with organic acid supplements., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Iron-based nanocomposites can be a practical solution to combat iron deficiency in calcareous agricultural soil. In the present study, a carbon-bound iron oxide nanoparticle is synthesized by mixing ferric chloride and caffeic acid and tested to correct Ca-inducible Fe deficiency in rice. Physicochemical characterization points that the nanoparticle is carbon-coated semi-crystalline Fe 3 O 4 . It is found that nanoparticle amendment enhances bioproductivity, photosynthetic electron transport, antioxidant enzyme activity, and Fe accumulation under Ca stress. Reduction in Ca accumulation via physical adsorption, Fe release from the particles, and maintenance of molecular responses related to Fe acquisition were the reasons for the above progressive growth effects. Thus, it is concluded that nanoparticles synthesized in the study act as a potential ameliorant to correct Ca-induced Fe deficiency in rice plants.

Cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice is a serious health concern. In the present study, Cd accumulation and stress responses in Oryza sativa L. cv MTU 7029 seedlings were characterized under varying concentrations of plant nutrients in Hoagland media. It has been found that nutrient supplement modulates Cd accumulation and related stress tolerance while efficacy of each nutrient varies. Supplementation of Fe, Mn, N, Ca, and S were found to reduce Cd accumulation in leaf whereas Mn and Fe supply effect was also observed in roots. Analysis of maximum quantum efficiency of photosynthesis indicated that Fe and S supplements confer highest Cd stress tolerance. The present study highlighted the potential of plant nutrients for minimizing Cd accumulation and its toxicity in rice seedlings.

Iron-dependent Cd tolerance in Oryza sativa L. cv 7029 had been explored. Photo assimilatory process such as photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation found to be functional in the presence of excess Fe during Cd stress. Cd-inducible Fe deficiency demonstrated with upregulation of iron uptake gene families such as OsIRT and OsYSL was attributed as foremost reason for retardation of photo assimilation in the course of Cd treatment. Upholding of photo assimilation during Fe supplement was associated with proteome modulations. Monitoring of proteome responses in leaf and root revealed proteins imperative for alleviation of Cd stress. Specifically, proteins that take part in photosynthesis, glucose metabolism, nitrogen fixation, and abiotic stress tolerance played key role in Fe-dependent Cd detoxification. It is concluded that Fe supply help to operate photo assimilation which enable favorable proteome responses of Cd stress tolerance.

Main Conclusion: Cadmium toxicity is alleviated by iron and manganese supplements because of reduction in cadmium accumulation and upholding of redox regulation that prevent cadmium-inducible damage to root growth and photosynthesis. Cadmium toxicity in Oryza sativa L. MTU 7029 was investigated in the presence of different concentrations of the micronutrients Fe and Mn. It had been observed that these micronutrients reduce Cd uptake and minimize Cd-inducible rhizotoxicity. The photosynthetic electron transport chain, which is the hub of Fe containing metalloproteins, was severely affected by Cd and resulted in reduced bioproductivity under Cd stress. However, exogenous Fe restored the photosynthetic electron transport. Thus, due to the maintenance of the photosynthetic electron transport, the Cd tolerance was improved during Fe supplement. Both antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant metabolites were found to play important roles in the alleviation of Cd stress under Fe or Mn supplement. It is concluded that the presence of excess Fe and Mn protects rice plants from Cd stress.

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation and related stress responses have been investigated in red, blue and white lights exposed Oryza sativa L. cv MTU 7029. Cd translocation was reduced significantly by red and blue lights. Increase in amount of organic acids, thiols, and nutrients in the roots that cause Cd rhizocomplexation was the reason for reduction in Cd translocation. These effects were due to higher efficiency to perform photosynthesis and transpiration under red or blue lights compare with white light during Cd stress. Increased photosynthetic assimilate turnover was witnessed as a function of sugar content. Amount of redox regulators such as glutathione and ascorbate were also increased under red and blue light exposure. Together with up regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities, these metabolites ensured redox balance in presence of reactive oxygen species produced due to Cd toxicity. Protection of photosynthesis from Cd inducible oxidative stress ensured supplies of sugar intermediates essential for the synthesis of metal chelators in roots. Therefore, it was inferred that red and blue lights promote Cd rhizocomplexation and ameliorated Cd stress in rice seedlings., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Alfisol and vertisol cover more than fifty percent of rice fields in Asia. Rice cultivated in these soils is found to be contaminated with cadmium (Cd). Influence of physiochemical properties of these soils on Cd accumulation and ecophysiological functions of Oryza sativa L. cv MTU 7029 and MO 16 were analyzed. Plants grown in vertisol accumulated lower amount of Cd compare with those in alfisol. Soil properties such as cation exchange capacity and alkalinity played major role in decrease in Cd accumulation. Difference in Cd accumulation also reflected as more decrease in ecophysiological components such as biomass, relative water content and non-photochemical quenching among plants grown in alfisol. Plants grown in vertisol produced more flavanols, chlorophyll, anthocyanin, sugar, and protein than those in alfisol under Cd stress. But phenolic content was higher in plants grown in alfisol. Quantum efficiency of PSII, thiols, and silicon was increased while carotenes and calcium were decreased upon Cd accumulation. These changes were irrespective of soil type. Among the varieties chosen for the study, MTU 7029 accumulated more Cd compare with MO 16. It was concluded that soil properties caused difference in Cd accumulation among the plants grown in soils chosen and this would differentially reflect on specific ecophysiological markers., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cadmium (Cd) stress responses in seedlings of two Indian rice cultivars, MTU 7029 and MO 16 were investigated under ammonium-based fertilizer amendment. Cd translocation was reduced by fertilizer treatment. An increase in the production of organic acids as well as nitrogenous compounds and maintenance of nutrient status were implicated for decrease in Cd translocation which in turn promoted shoot growth. Fertilizer treatment increased photosynthetic pigments and activity of antioxidant enzymes that ensured steady photosynthetic rate during Cd stress. MO 16 showed Cd exclusion characteristics when compared with MTU 7029. Photosynthesis performance of MO 16 was not affected by Cd treatments. These findings suggest that photosynthesis influenced decrease in Cd translocation enhanced shoot growth of seedlings during ammonium phosphate-sulfur fertilizer supplementation.

Cadmium (Cd) uptake mediated alterations in functional components of photo assimilation during conversion of cow dung and poultry cast to vermicompost were studied in two Indian rice cultivars; MO 16 and MTU 7029. It was found that higher amount of Cd accumulate in plants grown in soil amended with vermicompost which in turn damaged functional components in photo assimilation. Enhancement of root growth was recognized as reason for Cd accumulation. Metabolic alterations noticed among plants were not taken place during application of raw materials used for vermicomposting such as cow dung and poultry cast amendment. Rice varieties accumulated Cd differentially where MTU 7029 accumulated more Cd compare to MO 16. It was also noticed that existence of negative correlation between zinc status of the plant and Cd accumulation.