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We introduce an open-source Python package for the analysis of large-scale electrophysiological data, named SyNCoPy, which stands for Systems Neuroscience Computing in Python. The package includes signal processing analyses across time (e.g., time-lock analysis), frequency (e.g., power spectrum), and connectivity (e.g., coherence) domains. It enables user-friendly data analysis on both laptop-based and high-performance computing systems. SyNCoPy is designed to facilitate trial-parallel workflows (parallel processing of trials), making it an ideal tool for large-scale analysis of electrophysiological data. Based on parallel processing of trials, the software can support very large-scale datasets via innovative out-of-core computation techniques. It also provides seamless interoperability with other standard software packages through a range of file format importers and exporters and open file formats. The naming of the user functions closely follows the well-established FieldTrip framework, which is an open-source MATLAB toolbox for advanced analysis of electrophysiological data., Competing Interests: PF has a patent on thin-film electrodes and is a member of the Advisory Board of CorTec GmbH (Freiburg, Germany). The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Mönke, Schäfer, Parto-Dezfouli, Kajal, Fürtinger, Schmiedt and Fries.)

When a visual stimulus is repeated, average neuronal responses typically decrease, yet they might maintain or even increase their impact through increased synchronization. Previous work has found that many repetitions of a grating lead to increasing gamma-band synchronization. Here, we show in awake macaque area V1 that both repetition-related reductions in firing rate and increases in gamma are specific to the repeated stimulus. These effects show some persistence on the timescale of minutes. Gamma increases are specific to the presented stimulus location. Further, repetition effects on gamma and on firing rates generalize to images of natural objects. These findings support the notion that gamma-band synchronization subserves the adaptive processing of repeated stimulus encounters., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests P.F. has a patent on thin-film electrodes and is beneficiary of a respective license contract with Blackrock Microsystems LLC (Salt Lake City, UT); he is a member of the Scientific Technical Advisory Board of CorTec GmbH (Freiburg, Germany) and managing director of Brain Science GmbH (Frankfurt am Main, Germany)., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)