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The present study investigated the urinary metabolic profiles of early pregnant and non-pregnant Mithun to identify potential pregnancy detection biomarkers. Urine samples were collected on days 0, 10, 18, 35 and 45 of gestation from pregnant (n = 6) and on days 0, 10 and 18 from non-pregnant (n = 6) Mithun. Urinary metabolites were assessed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy and identified 270 metabolites. Statistical analyses demonstrated pronounced distinctions in metabolite profiles between pregnant and non-pregnant samples. Twenty-five metabolites that could discriminate between pregnant and non-pregnant Mithun based on Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores >1 were identified. Upon further examination of six metabolites (kynurenine, kynurenate, 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinate, tyrosine and leucine) identified with high VIP scores, ROC curve analyses demonstrated their significant predictive potential, with AUC values ranging between 0.50 and 0.85. Additionally, a combined panel of top 25 metabolites yielded an AUC value of 0.85. Pathway analysis identified seven potential metabolic pathway modulations during early gestation, with particular emphasis on phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, tryptophan pathway and pathways involved in the metabolism of various amino acids. In conclusion, kynurenine, kynurenate, 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinate, tyrosine, and leucine show promise as non-invasive urinary biomarkers for early pregnancy detection in Mithun. SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents the first report on the metabolic profile of urine from early pregnant and non-pregnant Mithun (Bos frontalis). The metabolites like kynurenine and its derivatives (kynurenate, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinate), tyrosine and leucine were documented signature urinary metabolites associated with early pregnancy in Mithun. The identified combination of metabolites holds promise as predictive biomarkers for non-invasive urinary-based early pregnancy diagnostics in Mithun. In addition, this study identified changes in metabolic pathways that involve phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and related amino acids and biomarkers identified were either precursors or products within these metabolic pathways., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose regarding this study., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Early and precise pregnancy diagnosis can reduce the calving interval by minimizing postpartum period. The present study explored the differential urinary metabolites between pregnant and non-pregnant Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during early gestation to identify potential pregnancy detection biomarkers. Urine samples were collected on day 0, 10, 18, 35 and 42 of gestation from the pregnant (n = 6) and on day 0, 10 and 18 post-insemination from the non-pregnant (n = 6) animals. 1 H-NMR-based untargeted metabolomics followed by multivariate analysis initially identified twenty-four differentially expressed metabolites, among them 3-Hydroxykynurenine, Anthranilate, Tyrosine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan depicted consistent trends and matched the selection criteria of potential biomarkers. Predictive ability of these individual biomarkers through ROC curve analyses yielded AUC values of 0.6-0.8. Subsequently, a logistic regression model was constructed using the most suitable metabolite combination to improve diagnostic accuracy. The combination of Anthranilate, 3-Hydroxykynurenine, and Tyrosine yielded the best AUC value of 0.804. Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, Tryptophan metabolism, Phenylalanine and Tyrosine metabolism were identified as potential pathway modulations during early gestation. The identified biomarkers were either precursors or products of these metabolic pathways, thus justifying their relevance. The study facilitates precise non-invassive urinary metabolite-based pen-side early pregnancy diagnostics in buffaloes, eminently before 21 days post-insemination., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

A simple, efficient and eco-friendly procedure for the synthesis of isoxazole derivatives (4a-4h) using one-pot three-component reaction between substituted aldehydes (1a), methyl acetoacetate (2a) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3a) has been achieved in presence of Cocos nucifera L. juice, Solanum lycopersicum L. juice and Citrus limetta juice respectively. The homogeneity of synthesized compounds was confirmed by melting point and thin layer chromatography. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using 1 H NMR, FTIR and CHN analyses and evaluated for in vitro herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus L. (Radish seeds). The compounds (4a-4h) were also screened for their fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Antibacterial activity was also tested against Erwinia carotovora and Xanthomonas citri. From bio-evaluation data, it was found that compound 4b was most active against Raphanus sativus L. (root) and Raphanus sativus L. (shoot) respectively. Compound 4b was also found most active against both the fungus viz. R. solani and C. gloeosporioides showing maximum percentage growth inhibition i.e. 90.00 against R. solani and 82.45 against C. gloeosporioides at 2000 µg/mL concentration. Compound 4 h has shown maximum inhibition zone i.e. 3.00-9.60 mm against Erwinia carotovora at 2000 µg/mL concentration. Maximum Xanthomonas citri growth was also inhibited by compound 4 h showing inhibition zone 1.00-5.00 mm at highest concentration., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Due to growing concern about chemicals and their impact on the environment, cleaner reaction conditions are needed to be incorporated into chemical synthetic procedures. Recently, the use of heteropolyacid catalysts, mainly reuseable solid acid catalysts, has gained a leading role in organic synthesis due to their environmental and economic considerations and industrial utilization. The high catalytic activity, moisture sensitivity, reusability and inexpensive makes solid supported reagents attractive substituents to conventional Lewis acids. Nowadays synthesis of coumarins and their derivatives has attracted considerable attention from organic and medicinal chemists for many years as a large number of natural products contain this heterocyclic nucleus. In continuation with our investigations into the synthesis of substituted coumarins and due to several advantages of heterogeneous catalysts viz. cost-effective, no side products, high yield of desired products and no toxic waste material, here we report a new approach for the synthesis of substituted coumarins using solid acid catalysts., Competing Interests: Authors declared that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

New and facile one-pot three component approach for the synthesis of substituted dihydropyrimidinones derivatives (4a-4h) from reaction of equimolar substituted aldehydes (1a-1h), methyl acetoacetate (2a) and urea (3a) in presence of nature derived catalyst viz. Cocos nucifera L. juice, Solanum lycopersicum L. juice and Citrus limetta juice, commonly known as coconut juice, tomato juice and musambi juice respectively, at room temperature has been carried out. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus L. (Radish seeds). The compounds (4a-4h) were also screened for their antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by poisoned food techniques method. Antibacterial activity was also studied against Erwinia cartovora and Xanthomonas citri by inhibition zone method. From activity data, it was found that compounds 4g and 4d were most active against Raphanus sativus L. (root) and Raphanus sativus L. (shoot) respectively. Compounds 4f and 4c was found most active against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus respectively at highest concentration. Compound 4g has shown maximum inhibition zone i.e. 1.00-5.50 mm against Erwinia cartovora at 2000 μg/mL concentration. Maximum Xanthomonas citrii growth was inhibited by compounds 4f showing inhibition zone 4.00-12.00 mm at highest concentration. Short reaction time, high yields, mild reaction condition and simple work-up are some merits of present methodology., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have witnessed significant R&D attention in both academia and industry due to their growing application domains, such as border security, freight via sea or river, natural petroleum production and the fishing industry. Considering the deep underwater-oriented access constraints, energy-centric communication for the lifetime maximization of tiny sensor nodes in UWSNs is one of the key research themes in this domain. Existing literature on green UWSNs are majorly adapted from the existing techniques in traditional wireless sensor network relying on geolocation and the quality of service-centric underwater relay node selection, without paying much attention to the dynamic underwater network environments. To this end, this paper presents an adapted whale and wolf optimization-based energy and delay-centric green underwater networking framework (W-GUN). It focuses on exploiting dynamic underwater network characteristics by effectively utilizing underwater whale-centric optimization in relay node selection. Firstly, an underwater relay node optimization model is mathematically derived, focusing on underwater whale dynamics for incorporating realistic underwater characteristics in networking. Secondly, the optimization model is used to develop an adapted whale and grey wolf optimization algorithm for selecting optimal and stable relay nodes for centric underwater communication paths. Thirdly, a complete workflow of the W-GUN framework is presented with an optimization flowchart. The comparative performance evaluation attests to the benefits of the proposed framework and is compared to state-of-the-art techniques considering various metrics related to underwater network environments.