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Purpose: Our purpose was to investigate the effect of physicist-patient consults on patient anxiety and patient satisfaction with a randomized prospective phase III clinical trial., Methods and Materials: Sixty-six patients were randomly assigned to the physics direct patient care (PDPC) arm or the control arm of the trial. Patients assigned to the PDPC arm received 2 physicist-patient consults to educate them on the technical aspects of their radiation therapy, while patients assigned to the control arm received the standard of care (ie, standard radiation therapy workflow without any additional physicist-patient consults). Questionnaires were administered to all patients at 4 time points (after enrollment, after the simulation, after the first treatment, and after the last treatment) to assess anxiety and satisfaction., Results: The decrease in anxiety for the PDPC arm, compared with the control arm, was statistically significant at the first treatment (P = .027) time point. The increase in technical satisfaction for the PDPC arm, compared with the control arm, was statistically significant at the simulation (P = .005), first treatment (P < .001), and last treatment (P = .002) time points. The increase in overall satisfaction for the PDPC arm, compared with the control arm, was statistically significant at the first treatment (P = .014) and last treatment (P = .001) time points., Conclusions: Physicist-patient consults improved the patient experience by decreasing anxiety and increasing satisfaction. Future work is needed to modify current radiation oncology workflows and medical physics responsibilities to allow all patients to benefit from this advancement in patient care., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Durable palliation of advanced lung cancer is a common objective for radiation oncologists. However, there is no consensus on how to deliver the radiation course. Herein we report our experience of using split course radiotherapy and our assessment of outcomes based on planning from three-dimensional (3D) simulation before each treatment course., Methods: All lung cancer patients from 2006-2020 were identified. Of these, 52 patients received a split course treatment of 50-60 Gy in 18-25 fractions intended to provide durable palliation for disease not amenable to curative therapy. Treatment involved 3D planning with repeat computed tomography (CT) simulation prior to the second course. Survival and symptomatic response were analyzed via chart review. We categorized rapid responders versus non-rapid responders from the initial radiation course based on ≥30% gross tumor volume (GTV) reduction at the second CT simulation. We evaluated the impact of response on overall survival and palliative response., Results: Among our cohort treated with split course palliative radiotherapy, 33 (63%) had a rapid response to initial treatment. There was no difference in survival between groups [hazard ratio (HR) =1.30, P=0.47]. There was no significant difference in palliative response rates between rapid and non-rapid responders. On multivariable analysis, only female sex (HR =0.26, P<0.01) and receipt of systemic therapy following radiotherapy (HR =0.19, P<0.01) were associated with improved survival., Conclusions: There is currently significant practice pattern variability for palliative lung radiotherapy. Split course palliative radiation of 50-60 Gy in 18-25 fractions represents an option to consider for patients with advanced lung cancer who do not undergo definitive therapy and may benefit from a higher dose regimen. Our retrospective review suggests that rapid tumor response in a split course model does not predict survival or symptomatic response. Prospective studies are needed to further define which lung cancer patients may benefit from higher dose regimens.

Objective: To analyse the effect of age at diagnosis on clinical outcomes of localized prostate cancer (PCa) treated with radiation therapy., Subjects and Methods: We identified 12 784 patients with intermediate- or high-risk localized PCa treated with radiation therapy (RT) and neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) between 2000 and 2015 from nationwide Veterans Affairs data. Patients were grouped into three age categories (≤59, 60-69, and ≥70 years old). Outcomes included immediate PSA response (3-month post-RT PSA and 2-year PSA nadir, grouped into <0.10 ng/ml, 0.10-0.49 ng/ml, and ≥0.50 ng/ml), biochemical recurrence, and PCa-specific mortality. Multivariable regression models included ordinal logistic regression for short-term PSA outcomes, Cox regression for biochemical recurrence, and Fine-Gray competing risks regression for PCa-specific mortality., Results: A total of 2136 patients (17%) were ≤59 years old at diagnosis, 6107 (48%) were 60-69 years old, and 4541 (36%) were ≥70 years old. Median follow-up was 6.3 years. Younger age was associated with greater odds of higher 3-month PSA group (≤59 vs. ≥70: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.90, 95% CI 1.64-2.20; p  < 0.001) and higher 2-year PSA nadir group (≤59 vs. ≥70: aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.62-2.19, p  < 0.001). Younger age was associated with greater risk of biochemical recurrence (≤59 vs. ≥70: adjusted hazard ratio 1.45, 95% CI 1.26-1.67, p  < 0.001) but not PCa-specific mortality ( p  = 0.16)., Conclusion: In a large nationwide sample of US veterans treated with ADT and RT for localized PCa, younger age was associated with inferior short-term PSA response and higher risk of biochemical recurrence., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2021 The Authors. BJUI Compass published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJU International Company.)

Background: Radiation therapy plays an important role for symptom palliation for intrathoracic malignancies ineligible for curative-intent therapy. Limited data exists regarding the role of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) versus conformal radiation in intrathoracic tumors for palliation. We report the efficacy of hypofractionated RT (or palliative SBRT) in the symptom management and durable control of lung and non-lung intrathoracic tumors., Methods: We performed a retrospective review of ninety-two thoracic lesions across 76 patients who completed palliative SBRT with doses ranging 25-50 Gy in 5-10 fractions between 2009 and 2019. Symptoms (cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, shortness of breath) were assessed at consult and 1-6 months follow-up. Local control was evaluated using follow-up CT imaging via RECIST criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate symptom palliation and Kaplan-Meier method to analyze local control., Results: Of primary lung (Cohort P) lesions, 40% showed stable symptoms, 30% never developed symptoms, and 19% showed symptom relief. CT imaging 1-6 months post-SBRT showed 91% with partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) in Cohort P and 87% with PR or SD in metastatic (Cohort M) lesions. In patients with initial PR/SD, local control until death was achieved in 71% of Cohort P and 84% of Cohort M. Of our symptomatic patients (Cohort S), 98% showed no symptom progression post-radiotherapy. All patients with hemoptysis at presentation achieved hemostasis post-radiotherapy., Conclusions: Palliative SBRT has the advantage of higher biologic dose without protracted course for patients with limited prognosis. Patients showed significant symptom palliation and long-term local control. Palliative SBRT represents a reasonable treatment modality for incurable thoracic malignancies.

Background: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been proposed as a potential alternative to surgery for early lung cancer, although we lack well-powered prospective randomized data comparing these treatments, and existing studies suffer from incomplete information on confounders that can bias results. Here, we evaluated the comparative effectiveness of surgery and SBRT in lung cancer treatment using a large extensively detailed database from the Veteran's Affairs system., Methods: We identified veterans with biopsy-proven clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer diagnosed between 2006 and 2015 from within the Veteran's Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure. We compared cancer-specific survival among patients receiving lobectomy, sublobar resection, or SBRT using univariable and multivariable competing risk analyses. Multivariable analyses adjusted for confounders including preoperative pulmonary function, smoking status, comorbidity, and staging workup procedures., Results: In all, 4,069 patients were included (449 SBRT, 2,986 lobectomy, 634 sublobar resection). Unadjusted analysis found higher immediate postprocedural mortality in the surgery groups compared with the SBRT group. The multivariable analysis considering long-term survival found higher cancer-specific mortality for SBRT compared with lobectomy (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.09 to 1.94, p = 0.01), although no survival difference between SBRT and sublobar resection (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 0.93 to 1.68, p = 0.15)., Conclusions: Among a large cohort of early stage lung cancer patients, we found that lobectomy had improved survival compared with SBRT, although we found no survival difference between sublobar resection and SBRT. Despite these findings, the potential for unmeasured confounding remains and prospective randomized trials are needed to better compare these treatment modalities., (Copyright © 2018 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Cryotherapy is an option for the primary treatment of localized prostate cancer, along with radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, and brachytherapy. Although it is known that local recurrence can occur in >20% of patients treated with primary cryotherapy, unfortunately there is a paucity of data on later salvage treatments. The use of external beam radiation therapy is an attractive option after cryotherapy failure, but there is little data on its efficacy and toxicity. We evaluated the biochemical control and complication rates of salvage dose-escalated image guided intensity modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) after cryotherapy failure., Methods and Materials: Patients who were treated at our institution from 2005 to 2016 were reviewed for those who underwent cryotherapy as initial treatment followed by salvage IGRT. Patients were treated with dose-escalated IG-IMRT using standard treatment margins of 3 mm posterior and 7 mm in all other directions and daily cone beam computed tomography or kv imaging to implanted fiducial markers. Biochemical progression was defined in accordance with the Phoenix consensus conference definition., Results: Eight patients were identified as having received post-cryotherapy salvage radiation within the study period. The median total dose was 77.7 Gy (range, 75.6-81.0 Gy). Median follow-up was 55 months (range, 6-88 months). Six patients remained biochemically controlled at the latest follow-up. One patient developed distant metastases after 22 months and one experienced biochemical failure at 30 months with no evidence of distant metastases. No patients experienced acute gastrointestinal toxicities of grade 2 or higher. There were no cases of late gastrointestinal or genitourinary toxicity., Conclusions: High-dose IG-IMRT results in high rates of salvage and extremely low rates of serious late toxicity for patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer after cryotherapy. Although the results are encouraging, given the small number of patients in this and other series, we remain cautious with regard to this treatment and believe the use of salvage radiation therapy after cryotherapy warrants further study.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become the standard of care for patients with medically inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A paucity of published data exists regarding the safety of SBRT use in patients with prior pneumonectomy. This report describes 2 patients with NSCLC and prior pneumonectomy who were treated with lung SBRT and experienced a favorable treatment response with no major adverse treatment effects. The data presented herein are promising and provide early evidence that lung SBRT is a safe and feasible option in this subset of patients., (Copyright © 2014 by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.)

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe our clinical experience using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to treat medically inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in very elderly patients., Patients and Methods: Twenty-four consecutive octogenarians with stage I NSCLC were treated with SBRT between 2007 and 2011 at a single center. Median prescription dose was 48 Gy (range, 48-56). Follow-up clinical examination and computed tomography (CT) were performed every 2 to 3 months., Results: Median age was 85 years (range, 80-89). Twenty-three (96%) patients had peripheral tumors, and median tumor size was 22 mm (range, 11-49). Tissue diagnosis was obtained in 16 (67%) patients. Median follow-up for all patients was 27.6 months (range, 4.3-61.2). The 24-month disease-free survival was 77% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61%-97%). The 24-month overall survival (OS) was 74% (95% CI, 57%-94%). No local failure (LF) was observed during the period of observation. Nodal failure (NF) and distant failure (DF) occurred in 2 and 4 patients, respectively. The cumulative incidence of competing mortality at 24 months was estimated at 13% (95% CI, 3%-30%). No difference in outcomes with or without tissue diagnosis was observed. No grade ≥ 3 early or late treatment-related toxicities were observed., Conclusion: Octogenarians tolerate SBRT well, which makes it an attractive treatment option., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose/objective: Treatment of presumed early-stage lung cancer with definitive radiation therapy in the absence of a pathologically confirmed specimen frequently occurs. However, it is not well described in the literature, and there are few North American series reporting on this patient population. We report outcomes in patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for presumed lung cancer and compare them to outcomes in patients treated with SBRT with pathologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Materials/methods: This study is based on a retrospective review of 55 patients with presumed or confirmed lung cancer: 23 patients had nondiagnostic or absent pathologic specimens while 32 patients had pathologically confirmed NSCLC. All patients had hypermetabolic primary lesions on a positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/computed tomography (CT) scan. SBRT was delivered as 48-56 Gy in four to five fractions via a four-dimensional CT treatment plan., Results: Of the patients without pathological confirmation, the mean age was 78 (range 63-89 years) and 17 (74%) were men. The mean tumor size was 2.5 cm (range 1.0-5.1). Reasons for not having confirmed pathologic diagnosis included indeterminate biopsy specimen or an inability to tolerate a biopsy procedure due to poor respiratory status. SBRT was chosen due to noncandidacy for surgery in 17 patients (74%) or patient refusal of surgery in six (26%). Median follow up was 24.2 months (range 1.9-64.6): 2 of the 23 patients (8.7%) had local failure at the site of SBRT and 3 (13%) had regional failure. The actuarial 12-month overall survival was 83%. The median overall survival was 30.2 months. At last follow up, 12 patients (52%) were alive up to 64.6 months after treatment. SBRT was tolerated well in this series. Acute toxicity was noted in two patients (8.7%) and chronic toxicity in three (13%). These patient characteristics and results were shown to be similar to the 32 patients with pathologically confirmed NSCLC. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, there was no significant difference (p = 0.27) in overall survival between patients with pathologically confirmed NSCLC and those with presumed lung cancer (which was deemed most likely NSCLC)., Conclusion: While biopsy confirmation remains a goal in the workup of suspected NSCLC, SBRT without pathologic confirmation may represent a safe and effective option for the treatment of presumed NSCLC among patients who cannot tolerate or refuse surgery.

Background: The lung is a common site of extracranial metastases. Frameless Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is a promising new therapy for non surgically resectable neoplastic lung lesions used at our institution., Methods: A retrospective study of 21 patients and 33 lesions treated with SBRT was done. Local control (LC), distant control (DC), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Potential prognostic factors were analyzed using the log-rank test and Cox regression. Toxicities were also reported., Results: Actuarial local control rates by lesions were 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77-99%) and 76% (95% CI, 59-92%) at 12-and 24-months, respectively. Actuarial local control rates by patients was 80% (95% CI, 62-98%) and 71% (95% CI, 43-100%) for 12- and 24-months, respectively. DC rates were 52% (95% CI 31-74%) and 38% (95% CI, 15-61%), at 12- and 24-months respectively. PFS rates were 52% (95% CI 31-74%) and 32% (95% CI 9-55%) at 12- and 24-months, respectively. Overall survival rates were 90% (95% CI 77-100%) and 78% (95% CI 59-97%) at 12- and 24-months, respectively. Single metastasis was associated with better PFS (p=0.023). No toxicities greater than CTCAE grade 3 were observed., Conclusions: Frameless SBRT achieves acceptable control in pulmonary metastatic lesions with an excellent toxicity profile.

Acknowledgement and Funding: This work was made possible by funding from NIH grant T32 RR023254; Salary support for Dr M.M. Fuster was provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs (BLR&D CDTA Career Development Award)., Keywords: Pulmonary metastases; oligometastases; stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT); frameless SBRT., Background: Lung is a common site of extracranial metastases. Frameless Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is a promising new therapy for unresectable neoplastic lung lesions used at our institution., Methods: A retrospective study of 21 patients and 33 lesions treated with SBRT was done. Local control (LC), distant control (DC), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Potential prognostic factors were analyzed using the log-rank test and Cox regression. Toxicities were also reported., Results: Actuarial local control rates by lesions were 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77-99%) and 76% (95% CI, 59-92%) at 12-and 24-months, respectively. Actuarial local control rates by patients was 80% (95% CI, 62-98%) and 71% (95% CI, 43-100%) for 12- and 24-months, respectively. DC rates were 52% (95% CI 31-74%) and 38% (95% CI, 15-61%), at 12- and 24-months respectively. PFS rates were 52% (95% CI 31-74%) and 32% (95% CI 9-55%) at 12- and 24-months, respectively. Overall survival rates were 90% (95% CI 77-100%) and 78% (95% CI 59-97%) at 12- and 24-months, respectively. Single metastasis was associated with better PFS (p=0.023). No toxicities greater than CTCAE grade 3 were observed., Conclusions: Frameless SBRT achieves acceptable control in pulmonary metastatic lesions with an excellent toxicity profile.

Purpose: To review our initial clinical experience with image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for prostate bed localization in post-radical prostatectomy (RP) patients and to compare shift and acute toxicity results to our previously published IGRT experience with daily kV planar imaging., Methods and Materials: Fifty patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) who had image guidance using either CBCT (n = 23) or kV planar imaging (n = 27) following RP were analyzed. Shifts were recorded in anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and left-right axes. Total error was defined as the shift from initial setup based on skin markings to isocenter. Prostate bed motion (PBM) was defined as the change in prostate bed position relative to bones. Acute toxicity was graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity criteria., Results: Total error (TE) was measured in 752 CBCTs and 725 kV planar image pairs. PBM was measured in 585 CBCTs and 384 kV planar image pairs. The average magnitudes of TE and PBM in the anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and left-right axes were greater with kV planar imaging compared to CBCT. Frequencies of acute grade 2 gastrointestinal (13% vs 7%, P = .7) and genitourinary (9% vs 11%, P = 1.0) were similar for CBCT and kV planar imaging patients. No toxicities greater than grade 2 were seen., Conclusions: These results suggest that although the magnitudes of TE and PBM were larger with kV planar compared to CBCT, the levels of acute toxicity were acceptable and comparable between the two. The reasons for the differences are unclear, but we postulate that discernment of the prostate bed on the CBCT is more difficult. Further investigation is necessary to determine the reason for the shift differences and to evaluate the benefits and risks of CBCT in this setting., (Copyright © 2011 American Society for Radiation Oncology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose/objective(s): We report our experience using hypofractionated radiotherapy in older patients., Materials/methods: This analysis includes patients aged 60 years and older at our institution with inoperable Stage I (T1/T2 N0 M0) non--small-cell lung cancer that completed a curative course of radiotherapy alone using a hypofractionated schedule. Between 1991 and 2006, 75 such patients were identified with median age of 74 years (range, 60-86). Patient characteristics were as follows: male, 65/75 (86.7%); stage IA (T1N0), 47/75 (62.7%); stage IB (T2N0), 28/75 (37.3%). Patients received a median total dose of 6500 cGy using median daily dose fractions of 250 cGy. The following outcomes were analyzed: local failure free survival (time to local failure or death from any cause), time to distal failure as first event, and overall survival. Toxicities were evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v 3.0., Results: The median follow-up was 19.6 months (range: 4.0-128.8 months). Median local failure free survival was 19.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.4-28.8 months); and median overall survival was 21.2 months (95% CI: 14.9-29.3 months). Analysis of competing risks showed that at 5 years, the probability of local failure as the first detected event was 22.1% (95% CI: 12.8%-32.9%); the probability of distal failure as the first detected event was 14.5% (95% CI: 7.3%-24.0%); and the probability of death without recording a failure was 48.6% (95% CI: 36.1%-60.1%). Radiation-related toxicity of grade 3 or greater was seen in 3 patients and there were no treatment-related deaths., Conclusions: Hypofractionated radiotherapy is an effective, safe treatment for older patients with stage I non--small-cell lung cancer.

Background/purpose: To augment the accuracy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), a variety of image guidance systems are used for patient positioning and target localization. Clinical outcomes evaluating these systems, especially frameless image-guided systems, are still limited. This article aims to describe and evaluate our frameless image-guided SBRT technique for lung tumors., Methods: Between 2007 and 2009, 85 pulmonary tumors (50 primaries and 35 metastases) were treated with SBRT using daily image guidance for patient positioning and target localization in lieu of a body frame. Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) or an in-house protocol for integrated 4D positron emission computed tomography (4DPET/CT) was used for planning simulation., Results: Median follow-up was 17 months (range, 4-42). Median overall survival (OS) was 31 months (95% CI, 26-34), and median local failure-free survival was 30 months (95% CI, 18-32). At last follow-up, 9 of 83 evaluable lesions failed locally. Actuarial local control at 24 months was 87% (95% CI, 75-98) and was significantly worse for metastatic lesions (95% vs. 74%; P = .045; log-rank test). No acute or late toxicities (grade ≥ 4) were observed., Conclusions: Frameless image-guided SBRT is a feasible, safe, and effective treatment for lung tumors., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To report our institutional experience using image-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early stage lung cancer, including an analysis into factors associated with nodal and distant failures (NF, DF)., Methods: Forty-eight patients with early-stage primary lung cancer were treated with image-guided SBRT between 2007 and 2009. Median prescription dose was 48 Gy in 4 fractions. Toxicity was graded according to the NCI CTCAE v3.0 scale., Results: Local failure was detected in two lesions and actuarial 24-month local control was 95%. At 24 months, the cumulative incidence of NF was 6%, and DF was 29%. Larger lesions (>3 cm) and younger age (<70 years) were the only factors found to be significantly correlated with increased DF (p=0.005 and p=0.015, respectively). A single grade ≥ 3 toxicity was observed. After adjusting for age and lesion size, distant failure was significantly associated with a poorer OS (Cox regression, p=0.0059)., Conclusion: Image-guided SBRT can produce excellent LC rates with minimal toxicity. Distant failure was a major determinant of OS and the most common pattern of failure, indicating a potential role for systemic therapy in younger patients with large lesions., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To report on the acute and late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity associated with a unique technique of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) in patients undergoing postprostatectomy irradiation., Methods and Materials: Fifty patients were treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) after radical prostatectomy. Daily image guidance was performed to localize the prostate bed using kilovoltage imaging or cone-beam computed tomography. The median prescription dose was 68 Gy (range, 62-68 Gy). Toxicity was graded every 3 to 6 months according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0., Results: The median follow-up was 24 months (range, 13-38 months). Grade 2 acute GI and GU events occurred in 4 patients (8%) and 7 patients (14%), respectively. No Grade 3 or higher acute GI or GU toxicities were observed. Late Grade 2 GI and GU events occurred in 1 patient (2%) and 8 patients (16%), respectively. Only a single (2%) Grade 3 or higher late toxicity was observed., Conclusions: Image-guided IMRT in the postprostatectomy setting is associated with a low frequency of acute and late GI/GU toxicity. These results compare more favorably to radiotherapy techniques that do not use in-room image-guidance, suggesting that daily prostate bed localization may reduce the incidence of adverse events in patients undergoing postprostatectomy irradiation., (2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Surgical resection for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not always feasible because of the high likelihood of medical comorbidity in this patient population. We report our experience using conventional and hypofractionated radiation therapy schedules with a conformal approach., Patients and Methods: Between 1991 and 2006, 102 patients with medically or otherwise inoperable stage T1/T2 N0 NSCLC were treated with curative radiation therapy alone at our institution. Patients received a median total dose of 6600 cGy, with median daily dose fractions of 250 cGy. The following outcomes were analyzed: local failure-free survival (LFFS; time to local failure or death from any cause), time to local or distal failure or death as first event, and overall survival (OS). Local failure was defined as an increase in size on imaging studies. Toxicities were evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0., Results: Median follow-up was 20.9 months (range, 4.0-138.9 months). Median LFFS was 21.2 months (95% CI, 17.3-27.2 months), and median OS was 21.3 months (95% CI, 17.9-28.8 months). Analysis of competing risks showed that at 5 years, the probability of local failure as the first detected event was 15.1% (95% CI, 8.5%-23.4%), the probability of distal failure as the first detected event was 18% (95% CI, 10.9%-26.5%), and the probability of death without recording a failure was 51.6% (95% CI, 40.6%-61.5%). No patients experienced grade >or= 4 toxicity, and only 4 patients experienced grade 3 toxicity., Conclusion: Conformal radiation therapy is an effective and safe alternative to surgery for selected patients with stage I NSCLC.

Radiotherapy has a well-established role in the management of head and neck cancers. Over the past decade, a variety of new imaging modalities have been incorporated into the radiotherapy planning and delivery process. These technologies are collectively referred to as image-guided radiotherapy and may lead to significant gains in tumor control and radiation side effect profiles. In the following review, these techniques as they are applied to head and neck cancer patients are described, and clinical studies analyzing their use in target delineation, patient positioning, and adaptive radiotherapy are highlighted. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of potential areas of further radiotherapy advancement.

This study assesses the efficacy and neurotoxicity of radiosurgical treatment of benign intracranial tumors using a linear accelerator, with relatively low dose and homogeneous dosimetry. Between June 1998 and July 2000, 27 patients were treated for benign lesions with radiosurgery using a 6-MV linear accelerator-based X-knife system and circular collimators. The lesions included schwannoma, meningioma, papillary cyst adenoma, and hemangioblastoma. Five patients had tissue diagnosis. The mean peripheral dose to the tumor margin was 12.8 Gy. The mean dose to the isocenter was 16.3 Gy. One to five isocenters were used to treat these lesions, with a mean of 10 arcs per isocenter and mean collimator size of 1.25 cm. Follow-up information was available on all patients, with a mean follow-up duration of 33 months. Six patients (22%) had improved symptoms and 21 (78%) had stable symptoms. Eight patients (30%) had regression of tumor and 19 had stable disease (70%). No patient had tumor progression, and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) grade III or IV toxicity did not occur in any patients. In 3 patients (11%), RTOG grade I or grade II neurotoxicity developed. Of these, one patient had worsening of a preexisting VIIth nerve deficit that required temporary oral methylprednisolone, and in two patients a mild trigeminal deficit developed that did not require any medical intervention. Low-dose homogeneous radiosurgery using a linear accelerator is an effective treatment for benign intracranial tumors. If lower, more homogeneous radiation doses produce responses as durable as higher doses, then toxicity might be further reduced.