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In their article "Toward a Community-Based Dementia Care Strategy: How Do We Get There from Here?" Morton-Chang et al. draw attention to the urgent need for a community-based dementia care strategy in Canada. Drawing from national and international experience, including an illustrative case study of policy in Ontario, they identify three key strategic pillars to guide strategic action: 1. Engage persons living with dementia (PLWD) to any extent possible in decisions around their own care. 2. Acknowledge and support informal caregivers in their pivotal roles supporting PLWD and consequently the formal care. 3. Enable "ground-up" change through policies and funding mechanisms designed to ensure early intervention across a continuum of care. In this paper, we aim to broaden the lens for dementia and strategic action by framing dementia in terms of disability and human rights. We contend that a human rights approach is critical to addressing the vulnerability of people with dementia and caregivers and achieving the principal goals of dementia care, as they are largely represented in the strategic pillars proposed. These pillars direct action towards key areas of change within the existing health system but may not in and of themselves create the transformative change needed across systems and levels. Through the lens of disability and human rights, we reflect upon the complexity of dementia and move from the individual to the social sphere - shifting the focus from "care" that is oriented to "maintenance" in the community, towards "enablement," "empowerment" and social change, as it involves the reconceptualization of dementia that has begun to take shape at local, national and international levels. This brings us to the central argument of this paper, that dementia is as much a human rights issue and a social problem as it is a health issue, necessitating widespread social/systems change and strategic action that "challenges and changes the defining beliefs of a system, resource and authority flows and routines in such a way as to protect human rights and ultimately enable the resilience of the individual and the broader system" (Ecosystems for Systems Change n.d.). Towards this aim, we will apply the concepts of disability and human rights to the pillars posited by the authors and suggest that each can be made stronger by shifting our focus from care to enablement and social change.

Background: Anorexia nervosa is complex and difficult to treat. In cognitive therapies the focus has been on cognitive content rather than process. Process-oriented therapies may modify the higher level cognitive processes of metacognition, reported as dysfunctional in adult anorexia nervosa. Their association with clinical features of anorexia nervosa, however, is unclear. With reclassification of anorexia nervosa by DSM-5 into typical and atypical groups, comparability of metacognition and drive for thinness across groups and relationships within groups is also unclear. Main objectives were to determine whether metacognitive factors differ across typical and atypical anorexia nervosa and a non-clinical community sample, and to explore a process model by determining whether drive for thinness is concurrently predicted by metacognitive factors., Methods: Women receiving treatment for anorexia nervosa (n = 119) and non-clinical community participants (n = 100), aged between 18 and 46 years, completed the Eating Disorders Inventory (3(rd) Edition) and Metacognitions Questionnaire (Brief Version). Body Mass Index (BMI) of 18.5 kg/m(2) differentiated between typical (n = 75) and atypical (n = 44) anorexia nervosa. Multivariate analyses of variance and regression analyses were conducted., Results: Metacognitive profiles were similar in both typical and atypical anorexia nervosa and confirmed as more dysfunctional than in the non-clinical group. Drive for thinness was concurrently predicted in the typical patients by the metacognitive factors, positive beliefs about worry, and need to control thoughts; in the atypical patients by negative beliefs about worry and, inversely, by cognitive self-consciousness, and in the non-clinical group by cognitive self-consciousness., Conclusions: Despite having a healthier weight, the atypical group was as severely affected by dysfunctional metacognitions and drive for thinness as the typical group. Because metacognition concurrently predicted drive for thinness in both groups, a role for process-oriented therapy in adults is suggested. Implications are discussed.

Objective: The aim was to compare women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and without AN in terms of dysfunctional metacognitions., Method: 167 Australian women with AN (N=74; mean age 24.3 yrs) and without AN (N=93; mean age 27.3 yrs) completed the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30., Results: Multivariate analyses revealed that relative to controls, AN patients had higher scores on metacognitive dysfunction: they exhibited low confidence in their cognitive competence, reported obsessively monitoring and striving to control their thoughts, and held negative beliefs about the danger of worrying. Furthermore, this was not due to starvation effects. However, patients did not exhibit significantly more positive beliefs about worry than controls once body mass index had been controlled., Conclusion: Metacognitive dysfunction may play a key role in the maintenance of AN; therefore, metacognitive therapy may be usefully applied to its treatment.

Background: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is characterised by distorted body image and deliberately maintained low body weight. The long term prognosis is often poor, with severe medical, developmental and psychosocial complications, high rates of relapse and mortality. Different variants of family therapy have been commonly used for intervention., Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of family therapy compared with standard treatment and other treatments., Search Strategy: The Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neuroses Controlled Trials Register (CCDANCTR) was searched until August 2008; MEDLINE, PsycInfo and EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched up to January 2008. A conference abstract book and included studies reference lists were searched. All lead authors of included studies were also contacted., Selection Criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTS) of interventions described as 'family therapy' compared to any other intervention or other types of family therapy were eligible for inclusion. Patients of any age or gender with a primary clinical diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN) were included., Data Collection and Analysis: Two review authors selected the studies, assessed quality and extracted data. We used a random effects meta-analysis. Relative risk was used to summarise dichotomous outcomes and both the standardised mean difference and mean difference to summarise continuous measures., Main Results: 13 trials were included, the majority investigating family based therapy, or variants. Reporting of trial conduct was generally inadequate. The full extent of the risk of bias is unclear. There was some evidence (from two studies, 81 participants) to suggest that family therapy may be more effective than treatment as usual on rates of remission, in the short term (RR 3.83 95% CI 1.60 to 9.13). Based on one study (30 participants) there was no significant advantage for family therapy over educational interventions (RR 9.00 95% CI 0.53, 153.79) or over other psychological interventions (RR 1.13 95% CI 0.72 to 1.76) based on four studies (N=149).All other reported comparisons for relapse rates, cognitive distortion, weight measures and dropouts yielded non-significant results., Authors' Conclusions: There is some evidence to suggest that family therapy may be effective compared to treatment as usual in the short term. However, this is based on few trials that included only a small number of participants, all of which had issues regarding potential bias. There appears to be little advantage of family therapy over other psychological interventions. The field would benefit from a large, well-conducted trial.

Background: The type and source of health information supplied to patients following cardiac events significantly improve adherence and health behaviours. The impact of health information upon female patients, however, is not well documented. This study investigates women's recall of the type and source of information provided to them in hospital about resuming daily activities after a cardiac event. It also identified women least likely to recall receiving information., Methods: Interviews were conducted with female cardiac patients consecutively admitted to four metropolitan hospitals after acute myocardial infarction or for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The women were interviewed on admission and at 2, 4 and 12 months after discharge. Participants were asked about in-hospital information provision at the 2-month interview (n=224)., Results: Most women recalled receiving verbal information about medication, exercise and smoking cessation, but few recalled receiving verbal information about gardening, sexual activity, driving or sport. Women who were obese or physically inactive recalled limited advice about diet and physical activity, whereas women with diabetes or hypertension were no more likely than others to recall receiving information about medication, despite the personal relevance of this information. Older women were most at risk of recalling limited advice, including information about cardiac rehabilitation. Over half of the women attended a cardiac rehabilitation programme, with uptake being related to information provision., Conclusions: The findings support other research suggesting that advice about activities after a cardiac event is inadequate for some women and confirms the influence of information provision on participation in cardiac rehabilitation.

Errorless compliance training, a noncoercive intervention for improving child compliance, was evaluated in a multiple baseline across-subjects design with 12 oppositional children (ages 2-7 years) and their brain-injured parents, who suffered from cognitive deficits, impulsivity, and/or emotional instability. Generalized and durable increases were observed in child compliance after treatment. Pre/post improvements were also noted on a measure of parent self-esteem. Errorless compliance training may be well suited to intervention with parents with cognitive and behavioral impairments that decrease their potential to benefit from traditional parenting approaches.

Individuals with brain injury may experience severe cognitive and other impairments. For brain-injured parents, such deficits may be associated with child behavior problems, including noncompliance. We assessed the effects of a play period conducted by a brain-injured father on the compliance of his son, who had become uncooperative with his father after the injury. The child consistently demonstrated improved compliance during proximal and distal compliance sessions that followed father-son play periods.

Two methods of defining perception of asthma-related changes in airflow were compared, and relationships to clinical opinions of severity and assessments of psychological functioning were investigated. Perceived breathlessness (VAB) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were recorded by 100 subjects for 28 days. Perception was defined by correlation of the two values and by the ratio of maximum change in PEF and related change in VAB. The latter method defined 24 poor perceivers (PP) and 13 exaggerated perceivers (EP), in whom presence of a psychological disorder was high (30% of PP, 54% of EP, compared to 8% of the remainder). Clinical severity in EP was assessed as greater than appeared warranted.

Disturbance in the way the body is experienced is a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa, and impedes recovery. A method relatively free of external prompts, to reduce the potential for experimentally induced biases, evaluated body image distortions (BID) in 18 patients with anorexia nervosa soon after admission to an inpatient unit, and 18 normal controls, before and after a videofeedback session. The BID were assessed in the affective and self/social domains by visual analogue scales in which the instructional set oriented subjects to (a) the sensation of fatness (Affective Response, AR), and (b) size compared with other young women (Comparative Size Response, CSR). The AR and CSR were significantly greater than normal in anorexia but decreased significantly with videofeedback, while values for controls were stable. The AR and CSR were only partially independent, indicating overlap of the domains. In anorexia only, the responses were related to two DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for anorexia, fear of gaining weight and health-weight concerns, as well as to drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction. Fear of gaining weight occupied a central position in determining the magnitudes of BID and the other measures, including anxiety and depression.

Objective: This paper presents the findings from a questionnaire-based survey of psychiatrists designed to elucidate the positive and negative aspects of group peer review and its perceived place in accountability procedures, and to provide information about how accountability through group peer review might be improved., Method: Three hundred and eighty-eight psychiatrists were surveyed via mailout questionnaire. Demographic data, details of groups, and perceptions of beneficial and detrimental effects of group peer review were sought from group participants and non-participants. Attitudes of participants were compared with those of non-participants. Features of groups related to satisfaction in participants were examined., Results: The majority of the 170 respondents participating in groups regarded peer review as a means of maintaining and improving skills, sharing ideas and methods, receiving constructive criticism and feedback, of educational benefit and an important source of professional accountability. Non-participants, while less positive overall, responded equally that participation in peer review groups would be an effective response to accountability procedures. Potential detrimental effects and problems with the functioning of peer review groups were elucidated., Conclusions: Group peer review contributes significantly to professional accountability and education in well-functioning groups. Further strategies for the facilitation of group functioning and for the processing of problems arising in group peer review need to be developed to optimise its contribution to the maintenance and improvement of professional standards.