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Capsicum baccatum is one of the main pepper species grown and consumed in South America. In Brazil, it is commonly cultivated by family farmers, using mostly the genotypes bishop's hat genotypes (locally cambuci) and red chili pepper (dedo-de-moça). This study had the objective of characterizing 116 C. baccatum accessions from different regions of Brazil, based on morphological fruit descriptors and AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) markers. Broad phenotypic variability among the C. baccatum accessions was detected when using morphological fruit descriptors. The Ward modified location model (Ward-MLM) discriminated five groups, based mainly on fruit shape. Six combinations of AFLP primers detected polymorphism in 97.93% of the 2466 identified bands, indicating the high genetic variability in the accessions. The UPGMA coincided with the Bayesian clustering analysis and three large groups were formed, separating the wild variety C. baccatum var. praetermissum from the other accessions. There was no relation between genetic distance and geographical origin of the accessions, probably due to the intense exchange of fruits and seeds between farmers. Morphological descriptors used together with AFLP markers proved efficient in detecting the levels of genetic variability among the accessions maintained in the germplasm collections. These results can be used as an additional source of helpful information to be exploited in C. baccatum breeding programs.

Parapiptadenia rigida is a tropical early secondary succession tree characteristic of the Tropical Atlantic Rainforest. This species is of great ecological importance in the recovery of degraded areas. In this study we investigated the variability and population genetic structure of eight populations of P. rigida. Five AFLP primer combinations were used in a sample of 159 individuals representing these eight populations, rendering a total of 126 polymorphic fragments. The averages of percentage of polymorphic loci, gene diversity, and Shannon index were 60.45%, 0.217, and 0.322, respectively. A significant correlation between the population genetic variability and the population sizes was observed. The genetic variability within populations (72.20%) was higher than between these (22.80%). No perfect correlation was observed between geographic and genetic distances, which might be explained by differences in deforestation intensities that occurred in these areas. A dendrogram constructed by the UPGMA method revealed the formation of two clusters, these also confirmed by Bayesian analysis for the number of K cluster. These results show that it is necessary to develop urgent management strategies for the conservation of certain populations of P. rigida, while other populations still preserve reasonably high levels of genetic variability.

Background and Aims: Sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys use mimicry of pollinator females to attract specific pollinators. Pollinator shifts may drive speciation in Ophrys, since novel pollinators may in principle act as isolating factors immediately. It is thus possible that evolution of novel species occurs rapidly and with a progenitor-derivative pattern. The aims of this study are to compare genetic structure and diversity among widespread and geographically restricted Ophrys taxa, to test whether genetic structure is associated with specific pollinators, and to investigate whether any widespread species may have acted as a progenitor for the evolution of more restricted taxa., Methods: Genetic differentiation and diversity were investigated in O. leucadica and O. cinereophila, the two taxa of the Ophrys fusca sensu lato complex widespread in the Aegean, and three geographically restricted taxa from Rhodes, O. attaviria, O. parvula and O. persephonae, all differing in their specific pollinators. This was done using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) DNA fingerprinting, and sequencing of the low-copy nuclear gene LEAFY (LFY)., Key Results: All taxa were found to be separate genetic entities, with O. leucadica forming two geographic groups from the west and east of the Aegean. Genetic structure was significantly shaped by pollinators and geography, and comparison of sequence and AFLP data revealed ancestral polymorphisms shared among several taxa. Among the sampled taxa, O. leucadica harbours the greatest genetic differentiation and geographic structure, and the highest genetic diversity. Part of the genome of O. parvula, endemic to Rhodes, may be derived from O. leucadica., Conclusions: Pollinators probably influence the genetic structure of the investigated Ophrys species. The genetic pattern identified is consistent with O. leucadica being the oldest of the sampled taxa, making O. leucadica a candidate progenitor species from which more restricted taxa such as O. parvula may have evolved.

Premise of the Study: Hypochaeris is considered a biological model to understand evolutionary processes in the vascular flora of South America, particularly from the temperate portion of the continent. We report the development and characterization of microsatellite markers for H. chillensis to assess the genetic variability and patterns of population structure of the species. •, Methods and Results: Twelve microsatellite primers were isolated using a CT- and GT-enriched genomic library. PCR amplification detected one to five alleles, with 2.91 alleles per locus on average. Tested for cross-amplification, all primer pairs were successfully amplified in 10 South American species and in the putative ancestor of the group, H. angustifolia. •, Conclusions: The microsatellites can be used to assess genetic diversity and population structure of H. chillensis. Application in other species will focus on the elucidation of adaptive radiation of the genus in South America.

This study aims to analyze the diversity of Ty1-copia retrotransposons in 18 taxa of Hypochaeris, including two Old World species H. maculata (2n=2x=10) and H. angustifolia (2n=2x=8), and representatives of the South American species (16 accessions of 15 species; all 2n=2x=8). Analysis of 380 PCR-amplified sequences, corresponding to a conserved domain of the subset of Ty1-copia reverse transcriptase (rt) gene amplifiable with degenerate standard primers, showed high levels of intra- and interspecific heterogeneity. Nucleotide diversity (Pi) of the copia fragments was high in all species and varied from 0.229 (H. angustifolia) to 0.412 (H. chillensis). Higher sequence heterogeneity correlates positively with larger genome size among analyzed species. Phylogenetic analyses of amplified fragments revealed different patterns of intraspecific heterogeneity within species, with most sequences forming one well-supported main clade while a few sequences fall into small clades or are left ungrouped. The combined analysis of all sequences revealed the presence of three main clades and showed that highly diverged species contain closely related Tyl-copia group retrotransposons. One of the main clades includes rt sequences of all South American species and three sequences of their putative ancestor, H. angustifolia, but no sequence of the Old World H. maculata. FISH with copia retrotransposons in four Hypochaeris species, including H. maculata and H. angustifolia and New World H. apargioides and H. spathulata, revealed differences in the chromosomal distribution between the two groups. In Old World species copia retroelements are distributed over the whole length of the chromosomes, excluding rDNA sites and some centromeres. In the South American species the two largest chromosome pairs are enriched in copia, while most of the long arms of the two small pairs of chromosomes are devoid of these elements. The patterns of heterogeneity and chromosomal distribution of Ty1-copia retrotransposons in Hypochaeris are discussed in the context of the origin, genome evolution and organization of the South American species.

The plastid matK gene, trnL/F spacer, and nuclear rDNA ITS were sequenced for 36 species of Leontodon and 29 taxa of related genera of tribe Lactuceae. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from the independent and combined data are largely congruent and reveal that Leontodon sensu lato (s.l.) as presently defined is diphyletic: L. subgenus Leontodon forms a clade with Helminthotheca, Picris and Hypochaeris as sister genera, whereas L. subgenus Oporinia appears as a separate clade with strong bootstrap support and is thus better treated as a separate genus. Previous sectional classifications of Leontodon s.l. are considered in the light of DNA and additional morphological and karyological data. Support is presented for a core group of Hypochaeridinae sensu stricto (s.s.) with the two clades of Leontodon s.l., Helminthotheca, Picris, and Hypochaeris, whereas Urospermum, Hyoseris, Aposeris, and Rhagadiolus appear to be positioned more distantly.

Comparative karyotype analyses of five diploid, two tetraploid, and three hexaploid species of Helianthus were performed using Feulgen staining, Giemsa C and CMA3 (C-CMA) staining, and FISH with 45S rDNA probe. The karyotypes are composed by a basic number of x = 17 with a predominance of meta- and submetacentric chromosome types. A polyploid series is associated with the basic number. Giemsa C- and C-CMA banding revealed terminal or interstitial heterochromatin according to the species, suggesting the existence of a mechanism that may be acting in the dispersion of heterochromatic segments in Helianthus. The nucleolar organizer regions were located at terminal chromosome positions by FISH with 45S rDNA probe. Diploid species presented four, six, and eight rDNA sites, tetraploid species showed eight sites and hexaploid species presented 12 rDNA sites. Karyomorphological differences include variation in number, size and chromosome morphology, suggesting that rearrangements involving small heterochromatic and rDNA segments played a major role in karyotype evolution.