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Developing high-enthalpy geothermal systems requires a sufficiently permeable formation to extract energy through fluid circulation. Injection experiments above water's critical point have shown that fluid flow can generate a network of highly conductive tensile cracks. However, what remains unclear is the role played by fluid and solid rheology on the formation of a dense crack network. The decrease of fluid viscosity with temperature and the thermally activated visco-plasticity in rock are expected to change the deformation mechanisms and could prevent the formation of fractures. To isolate the solid rheological effects from the fluid ones and the associated poromechanics, we devise a hydro-fracture experimental program in a non-porous material, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). In the brittle regime, we observe rotating cracks and complex fracture patterns if a non-uniform stress distribution is introduced in the samples. We observe an increase of ductility with temperature, hampering the propagation of hydraulic fractures close to the glass transition temperature of PMMA, which acts as a limit for brittle fracture propagation. Above the glass transition temperature, acoustic emission energy drops of several orders of magnitude. Our findings provide a helpful guidance for future studies of hydro-fracturing of supercritical geothermal systems., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Geoenergy and geoengineering applications usually involve fluid injection into and production from fractured media. Accounting for fractures is important because of the strong poromechanical coupling that ties pore pressure changes and deformation. A possible approach to the problem uses equivalent porous media to reduce the computational cost and model complexity instead of explicitly including fractures in the models. We investigate the validity of this simplification by comparing these two approaches. Simulation results show that pore pressure distribution significantly differs between the two approaches even when both are calibrated to predict identical values at the injection and production wells. Additionally, changes in fracture stability are not well captured with the equivalent porous medium. We conclude that explicitly accounting for fractures in numerical models may be necessary under some circumstances to perform reliable coupled thermohydromechanical simulations, which could be used in conjunction with other tools for induced seismicity forecasting., (© 2021. The Authors.)

Displaced faults crossing the reservoir could significantly increase the induced earthquake frequency in geo-energy projects. Understanding and predicting the stress variation in such cases is essential to minimize the risk of induced seismicity. Here, we adopt the inclusion theory to develop an analytical solution for the stress response to pore pressure variations within the reservoir for both permeable and impermeable faults with offset ranging from zero to the reservoir thickness. By analyzing fault stability changes due to reservoir pressurization/depletion under different scenarios, we find that (1) the induced seismicity potential of impermeable faults is always larger than that of permeable faults under any initial and injection conditions-the maximum size of the fault undergoing failure is 3-5 times larger for impermeable than for permeable faults; (2) stress concentration at the corners results in the occurrence of reversed slip in normal faults with a normal faulting stress regime; (3) while fault offset has no impact on the slip potential for impermeable faults, the slip potential increases with the offset for permeable faults, which indicates that non-displaced permeable faults constitute a safer choice for site selection; (4) an impermeable fault would rupture at a lower deviatoric stress, and at a smaller pressure buildup than a permeable one; and (5) the induced seismicity potential is overestimated and the injectivity underestimated if the stress arching (i.e., the poromechanical coupling) is neglected. This analytical solution is a useful tool for site selection and for supporting decision making during the lifetime of geo-energy projects., (© 2020. The Authors.)

Geologic carbon storage is required for achieving negative CO 2 emissions to deal with the climate crisis. The classical concept of CO 2 storage consists in injecting CO 2 in geological formations at depths greater than 800 m, where CO 2 becomes a dense fluid, minimizing storage volume. Yet CO 2 has a density lower than the resident brine and tends to float, challenging the widespread deployment of geologic carbon storage. Here, we propose for the first time to store CO 2 in supercritical reservoirs to reduce the buoyancy-driven leakage risk. Supercritical reservoirs are found at drilling-reachable depth in volcanic areas, where high pressure ( p  > 21.8 MPa) and temperature ( T  > 374°C) imply CO 2 is denser than water. We estimate that a CO 2 storage capacity in the range of 50-500 Mt yr -1 could be achieved for every 100 injection wells. Carbon storage in supercritical reservoirs is an appealing alternative to the traditional approach., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (©2020. The Authors.)

Supercritical geothermal systems are appealing sources of sustainable and carbon-free energy located in volcanic areas. Recent successes in drilling and exploration have opened new possibilities and spiked interest in this technology. Experimental and numerical studies have also confirmed the feasibility of creating fluid conducting fractures in sedimentary and crystalline rocks at high temperature, paving the road towards Enhanced Supercritical Geothermal Systems. Despite their attractiveness, several important questions regarding safe exploitation remain open. We dedicate this manuscript to the first thermo-hydro-mechanical numerical study of a doublet geothermal system in supercritical conditions. Here we show that thermally-induced stress and strain effects dominate the geomechanical response of supercritical systems compared to pore pressure-related instabilities, and greatly enhance seismicity during cold water re-injection. This finding has important consequences in the design of Supercritical Geothermal Systems.

Contrasting deformation mechanisms precede volcanic eruptions and control precursory signals. Density increase and high uplifts consistent with magma intrusion and pressurization are in contrast with dilatant responses and reduced surface uplifts observed before eruptions. We investigate the impact that the rheology of rocks constituting the volcanic edifice has on the deformation mechanisms preceding eruptions. We propose a model for the pressure and temperature dependent brittle-ductile transition through which we build a strength profile of the shallow crust in two idealized volcanic settings (igneous and sedimentary basement). We have performed finite element analyses in coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical conditions to investigate the influence of static diking on the local brittle-ductile transition. Our results show that in active volcanoes: (i) dilatancy is an appropriate indicator for the brittle-ductile transition; (ii) the predicted depth of the brittle-ductile transition agrees with the observed attenuated seismicity; (iii) seismicity associated with diking is likely to be affected by ductile deformation mode caused by the local temperature increase; (iv) if failure occurs within the edifice, it is likely to be brittle-dilatant with strength and stiffness reduction that blocks stress transfers within the volcanic edifice, ultimately damping surface uplifts.

Scientific visualization developed successful methods for scalar and vector fields. For tensor fields, however, effective, interactive visualizations are still missing despite progress over the last decades. We present a general approach for the generation of separating surfaces in symmetric, second-order, three-dimensional tensor fields. These surfaces are defined as fiber surfaces of the invariant space, i.e. as pre-images of surfaces in the range of a complete set of invariants. This approach leads to a generalization of the fiber surface algorithm by Klacansky et al. [16] to three dimensions in the range. This is due to the fact that the invariant space is three-dimensional for symmetric second-order tensors over a spatial domain. We present an algorithm for surface construction for simplicial grids in the domain and simplicial surfaces in the invariant space. We demonstrate our approach by applying it to stress fields from component design in mechanical engineering.

Two systems whose correlations cannot be classically accounted for display the simplest instance of quantum entanglement. Although this two-party association has caused a revolution in the foundations and uses of quantum mechanics, genuine entanglement among several parties unveils a whole new class of phenomena and applications. In this work we suggest a way to prepare Dicke states from a tunable source of bipartite entanglement to investigate foundational issues. The scheme has the following distinctive features: (i) it relies on controlled information loss and unentangled measurements; (ii) irrespective of the source entanglement, whenever a Dicke state is produced, it is ideal; (iii) the optimal entanglement of the bipartite source undergoes a second-order-like transition depending on the parameters of the Dicke state to be produced. These properties lead to asymptotic results on the entanglement between any qubit belonging to a Dicke state and the remaining qubits.

Minimal fragmentation models intend to unveil the statistical properties of large ensembles of identical objects, each one segmented in two parts only. Contrary to what happens in the multifragmentation of a single body, minimally fragmented ensembles are often amenable to analytical treatments, while keeping key features of multifragmentation. In this work we present a study on the minimal fragmentation of regular polygonal plates with up to 100 sides. We observe in our model the typical statistical behavior of a solid torn apart by a strong impact, for example. We obtain a robust power law, valid for several decades, in the small mass limit. In the present case we were able to analytically determine the exponent of the cumulative probability distribution to be ½. Less usual, but also reported in a number of experimental and numerical references on impact fragmentation, is the presence of a sharp crossover to a second power-law regime, whose exponent we found to be between ⅓ and 1 depending on the way anisotropy is introduced in the model.

The mechanical response of a circularly driven disk in a dissipative medium is considered. We focus on the role played by viscous friction in the spinning motion of the disk, especially on the effect called reverse rotation, where the intrinsic and orbital rotations are antiparallel. Contrary to what happens in the frictionless case, where steady reverse rotations are possible, we find that this dynamical behavior may exist only as a transient when dissipation is considered. Whether or not reverse rotations in fact occur depends on the initial conditions and on two parameters, one related to dragging, inertia, and driving, the other associated with the geometric configuration of the system. The critical value of this geometric parameter (separating the regions where reverse rotation is possible from those where it is forbidden) as a function of viscosity is well adjusted by a q-exponential function.

As an alternative to the paradigmatic fragmentation problem of a single object crushed into a great number of pieces, we survey a large collection of identical bodies, each one randomly split into two fragments only. While some key features of usual fragmentation are preserved, this minimal approach allows for closed analytical results on both shape abundances and mass distributions for the fragments, with robust power-law regimes. All the results are compared to numerical simulations.

The injection of a fluid into another of larger viscosity in a Hele-Shaw cell usually results in the formation of highly branched patterns. Despite the richness of these structures, in many practical situations such convoluted shapes are quite undesirable. In this Brief Report, we propose an efficient and easily reproducible way to restrain these instabilities based on a simple piecewise-constant pumping protocol. It results in a reduction in the size of the viscous fingers by one order of magnitude.

We study the dynamical response of a circularly driven rigid body, focusing on the description of intrinsic rotational behavior (reverse rotations). The model system we address is integrable but nontrivial, allowing for qualitative and quantitative analysis. A scale-free expression defining the separation between possible spinning regimes is obtained.

Within a multicentre controlled trial framework, an external quality control (EQC) was scheduled to evaluate the interlaboratory reproducibility of liquid-based cytology. In particular, this EQC intended to evaluate the reproducibility of the ASCUS diagnosis.A selected set of 30 slides (4 within normal limit cases, 16 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; 4 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and 6 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions) circulated among the 13 laboratories involved in the trial.Kappa values were obtained from the comparison between individual laboratory diagnoses and majority diagnoses with target diagnoses. Specific kappa values resulted moderate to high for HSIL and low to moderate for LSIL and WNL. Meanwhile, the specific kappa for ASCUS was below 0.4 in 12 of 13 participating laboratories. The lack of reproducibility for ASCUS was not a result of the introduction of this new technology but rather to the low reproducibility of the ASCUS category itself stemming from intrinsic uncertainties in the reporting criteria., ((c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Objective: To compare the accuracy of conventional cytology with liquid based cytology for primary screening of cervical cancer., Design: Randomised controlled trial., Setting: Nine screening programmes in Italy., Participants: Women aged 25-60 attending for a new screening round: 22 466 were assigned to the conventional arm and 22 708 were assigned to the experimental arm., Interventions: Conventional cytology compared with liquid based cytology and testing for human papillomavirus., Main Outcome Measure: Relative sensitivity for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or more at blindly reviewed histology, with atypical cells of undetermined significance or more severe cytology considered a positive result., Results: In an intention to screen analysis liquid based cytology showed no significant increase in sensitivity for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or more (relative sensitivity 1.17, 95% confidence interval 0.87 to 1.56) whereas the positive predictive value was reduced (relative positive predictive value v conventional cytology 0.58, 0.44 to 0.77). Liquid based cytology detected more lesions of grade 1 or more (relative sensitivity 1.68, 1.40 to 2.02), with a larger increase among women aged 25-34 (P for heterogeneity 0.0006), but did not detect more lesions of grade 3 or more (relative sensitivity 0.84, 0.56 to 1.25). Results were similar when only low grade intraepithelial lesions or more severe cytology were considered a positive result. No evidence was found of heterogeneity between centres or of improvement with increasing time from start of the study. The relative frequency of women with at least one unsatisfactory result was lower with liquid based cytology (0.62, 0.56 to 0.69)., Conclusion: Liquid based cytology showed no statistically significant difference in sensitivity to conventional cytology for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or more. More positive results were found, however, leading to a lower positive predictive value. A large reduction in unsatisfactory smears was evident., Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN81678807 [controlled-trials.com].

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the inter-laboratory reproducibility for atypical glandular cells (AGC) (The Bethesda System (TBS) 2001) of the laboratories involved in the screening programmes in Italy., Methods: A set of 35 selected slides were circulated among 167 laboratories involved in local population-based cervical screening programmes. Each laboratory provided one single diagnosis per smear. The smears were read blind to the original diagnosis and to the diagnoses provided by other laboratories. A 'majority' diagnosis was defined for each case and assumed as the reference standard. The diagnosis provided from each laboratory was compared with the majority diagnosis., Results: According to the majority report the 35 slides in the set were classified as negative in nine cases, AGC in eight, adenocarcinoma in eight, and squamous lesion or squamous + glandular lesion in 10. The crude agreement between all pairs of laboratories was 49.43%. K-values were 0.46, 0.21, 0.34, 0.36 and 0.32 for negative, AGC/AIS (adenocarcinoma in situ of endocervix), AdenoCa, Sq/Sq + Gl and all reporting categories respectively. Concordance according to overall K was moderate to substantial in 77% of the participating laboratories., Conclusions: The present study shows that the AGC category is not easily reproducible. The data confirmed the importance, in a screening scenario, of AGC/AIS diagnoses, but also presented difficulties in differentiating between the two diagnoses. In addition to the results obtained from the circulation of the slides, laboratories which had annually a low number of cervical smears were able to gain experience focused on particular morphological pictures.

The study was aimed at assessing interlaboratory reproducibility in the reporting of cervical smears in the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) category. A set of 50 selected slides circulated among 89 laboratories, currently involved in population-based screening programmes for cervical cancer, which provided a diagnostic report according to four main reporting categories based on the 1991 Bethesda system. Interlaboratory agreement was determined according to kappa (K) statistics: overall and weighted K values were determined for each laboratory and for single reporting categories. The results showed a very low reproducibility for the ASCUS category. This finding supports the Bethesda system 1991 recommendation to limit the use of this reporting category and suggests that the clinical response to ASCUS reports should be decided locally, based on the observed positive predictive value for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or more severe lesions.

The study objective was assessing whether circulation of smears and discussion of those with differing interpretation can increase reproducibility between laboratories. The study included: the blind interpretation of a first set of 194 smears among seven laboratories, the discussion of smears with discrepant diagnoses during the previous phase and the blind interpretation of a second set of smears of same size and characteristics. After discussions, the overall weighted kappa increased in five laboratories (substantially in three : +50%, +27% and +20%). However, no change was observed in one laboratory and a slight decrease (-4%) in another. The latter interpreted the second set of smears at a longer time interval from discussions. Agreement improved for all diagnostic classes except low grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LSIL). Overall, the intervention increased diagnostic agreement, but its effect varied with laboratory and by diagnostic class and could be transient. Continued programmes of smear exchange and discussion appear to be advisable.

Background: AutoPap (currently Focalpoint) is a computerized scanning system for the primary screening of cervicovaginal smears. For smears indicated to require further review, the system provides maps (PapMaps) to identify the most abnormal areas of the smear., Methods: To study the effect of PapMaps on diagnosis, 481 smears (from 4656 successfully processed smears using AutoPap) were first classified by conventional manual interpretation and then reinterpreted blind by the same cytologist who limited his examination to only the fields of view marked by the PapMaps. The interpretation time with and without PapMaps was measured on another simple random sample of 188 smears., Results: The interpretation time was reduced significantly, by approximately 40% using PapMaps (average reduction, 136 seconds per smear, 95% confidence interval [CI], 123-150). No cases manually classified as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) or worse and 20% of those manually classified as atypical squamous cells of undertermined significance (ASCUS) were judged as completely normal on the basis of fields of visions marked by PapMaps. In none of the latter was a histologically confirmed intraepithelial lesion identified. In relation to detailed diagnosis, the weighted kappa between manual and PapMap-aided interpretation was 0.745 (95% CI 0.687-0.804). Systematic differences were found (symmetry chi-square(10d.f) =19.11, P = 0.039): 48% of smears classified as ASCUS and 23% classified as LSIL by conventional diagnosis were classified as less severe (including normal) on the basis of PapMaps., Conclusions: Use of PapMaps resulted in a substantial reduction in interpretation time. PapMaps showed good sensitivity (100% for squamous intraepithelial lesions and 80% for ACSUC) for selecting abnormal slides. The latter require full examination: detailed diagnosis based only on areas marked by PapMaps could lead to under-grading., (Copyright 2003 American Cancer Society.)

The Saffman-Taylor problem addresses the morphological instability of an interface separating two immiscible, viscous fluids when they move in a narrow gap between two flat parallel plates (Hele-Shaw cell). In this work, we extend the classic Saffman-Taylor situation, by considering the flow between two curved, closely spaced, concentric spheres (spherical Hele-Shaw cell). We derive the mode-coupling differential equation for the interface perturbation amplitudes and study both linear and nonlinear flow regimes. The effect of the spherical cell (positive) spatial curvature on the shape of the interfacial patterns is investigated. We show that stability properties of the fluid-fluid interface are sensitive to the curvature of the surface. In particular, it is found that positive spatial curvature inhibits finger tip-splitting. Hele-Shaw flow on weakly negative, curved surfaces is briefly discussed.

A pair of concentric spheres separated by a small gap form a spherical Hele-Shaw cell. In this cell an interfacial instability arises when two immiscible fluids flow. We derive the equation of motion for the interface perturbation amplitudes, including both pressure and gravity drivings, using a mode coupling approach. Linear stability analysis shows that mode growth rates depend upon interface perimeter and gravitational force. Mode coupling analysis reveals the formation of fingering structures presenting a tendency toward finger tip-sharpening.

Introduction: Many studies have already shown the association of persistent infection of human high risk papillomavirus (HPV) with the development of pre-invasive and invasive cervical disease., Materials and Methods: We evaluated the use of high risk HPV testing in a study of about 1908 women, aged 29-78, who attending, from 1996 to 1998, the Sant'Anna Hospital in Turin for routine, second level smears and histopathological diagnosis. We considered all cervical lesions: ASCUS, LSIL, HSIL, squamous and adeno invasive cancers. HPV testing was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using L1 consensus primers which can detect almost all infections (high and low risk types). The most important high risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33 and 35) were tested using specific primers., Results: The prevalence of high risk HPV was: ASCUS 42.2%, LSIL 39%, HSIL 73.5%, squamous invasive cancers 98.3% and adeno 100%. In addition HPV 16 is the most represented type in all lesions: ASCUS 40%, LSIL 62%, HSIL 71.2% squamous invasive cancers 73.3% and adeno 50.6%. In addition we study the mean age of cervical cancer onset compared with the different high risk HPV types. We found that HPV 18 related cancer occurs in younger women (mean age 41 years; range 39-42)., Conclusions: The addition of high risk HPV testing to cytology may improve early identification of women at risk for cervical cancer.

The objective of this study was to estimate: (i) the sensitivity of cytologists in recognizing abnormal smears; (ii) the sensitivity of cervical cytology as a method of detecting abnormal smears among those obtained in the presence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Study subjects were 61 women with a histologically confirmed CIN identified through colpohistological and cytologic screening. For objective (i) new smears were taken from study subjects just before treatment, mixed with routine preparations, interpreted by unaware cytologists and then blindly reviewed by a group of three expert supervisors, who reached a consensus diagnosis. Cytologists classified as positive for squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) 30 of the 34 smears judged as positive by supervisors (100% of smears classified as high-grade and 67% of smears classified as low-grade SIL by the supervisors). Our approach, based on creating a set of smears with a high a priori probability of being positive, proved to be an efficient way of estimating errors of interpretation. For objective (ii), smears taken at the moment of diagnosis, just before biopsy, were also reviewed by the same supervisors. These CIN cases were identified among asymptomatic women independently of cytological findings and results are therefore not subject to verification bias. Among the 33 histological CINII/III, four (12%) smears had no atypical cells (three negatives and one unsatisfactory) at review. The same proportion was 26% (four negatives and one unsatisfactory) among the 19 histological CINI. No significant differences in smear content were found between the seven 'false negatives' and a sample of 'true positive' and 'true negatives' for a number of formal adequacy criteria (including presence of endocervical cells). Strong differences were found between positive smears taken just before biopsy and those taken just before treatment (in 11 women the first smear only was positive, while the opposite was never observed), suggesting an effect of punch biopsy in removing lesions.