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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the incidence, risk factors and trends for vaginal cancer., Design: Retrospective observational design., Setting: Data were collected from multiple sources, including the Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus, Global Burden of Disease, World Bank and the United Nations., Population: Individuals diagnosed with vaginal cancer., Methods: The study collected data on vaginal cancer from the specified sources. The age-standardised rate (ASR) of vaginal cancer was calculated for different regions and age groups. Multivariable and univariable linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between risk factors and the incidence of vaginal cancer. Trend analysis was conducted using joinpoint regression analysis, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to quantify the temporal trend., Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures of the study were the incidence of vaginal cancer, risk factors associated with the disease and the trend of its incidence over time., Results: There were 17 908 newly reported cases of vaginal cancer (ASR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.30-0.44) in 2020, with the highest ASRs reported in South-Central Asia and Southern Africa. Risk factors associated with a higher incidence of vaginal cancer included a higher prevalence of unsafe sex and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The temporal trend showed an overall rising incidence globally, with Iceland (AAPC = 29.56, 95% CI 12.12-49.71), Chile (AAPC = 22.83, 95% CI 13.20-33.27), Bahrain (AAPC = 22.05, 95% CI 10.83-34.40) and the UK (AAPC = 1.40, 95% CI 0.41-2.39) demonstrating the most significant rising trends., Conclusions: The significant regional disparities and risk factors associated with vaginal cancer underscore the necessity for targeted interventions and education, particularly in regions with a lower human development index (HDI) and a higher prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The increasing incidence trend emphasises the need for enhanced HPV vaccination rates to prevent the development of vaginal cancer., (© 2024 The Author(s). BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Ureteral cancer is a rare cancer. This study aimed to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis on the global trends of ureteral cancer incidence and its association with lifestyle and metabolic risk factors., Methods: The incidence of ureteral cancer was estimated from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus and Global Cancer Observatory databases. We analyzed the (1) global incidence of ureteral cancer by region, country, sex, and age group by age-standardized rates (ASR); (2) associated risk factors on a population level by univariable linear regression with logarithm transformation; and (3) incidence trend of ureteral cancer by sex and age group in different countries by Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC)., Results: The global age-standardized rate of ureteral cancer incidence in 2022 was 22.3 per 10,000,000 people. Regions with higher human development index (HDI), such as Europe, Northern America, and East Asia, were found to have a higher incidence of ureteral cancer. Higher HDI and gross domestic product (GDP) and a higher prevalence of smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and lipid disorder were associated with higher incidence of ureteral cancer. An overall increasing trend of ureteral cancer incidence was observed for the past decade, especially among the female population., Conclusions: Although ureteral cancer was relatively rare, the number of cases reported was rising over the world. The rising trends among females were more evident compared with the other subgroups, especially in European countries. Further studies could be conducted to examine the reasons behind these epidemiological changes and confirm the relationship with the risk factors identified., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Aims: Unhealthy diets were found to be the main contributor to the overweight problem among adolescents. In this study, we aim to identify the factors causing unhealthy eating habits in adolescents., Methods: School-aged children and adolescents participated in this cross-sectional observational study with additional school and parental consent. A self-administered survey was conducted by 30 primary schools and 25 secondary schools. Participants were asked about the frequency of consuming unhealthy food and the types of unhealthy food consumed. A descriptive analysis was performed to demonstrate the proportions of characteristics. The prevalence of the outcome among participants of various factors was also analyzed using separate binary regression models., Results: A total of 4884 responses were collected. Among primary school students (grade 4, mean age: 10.06), people who (1) were actively gaining weight (aOR: 1.651, 95% CI 1.006-2.708, p  = 0.047), (2) went to bed after 11 p.m. (aOR: 1.652, 95% CI 1.065-2.563, p  = 0.025), (3) had more than 2 h of gaming (aOR: 2.833, 95% CI 1.913-4.195, p  < 0.001), (4) suffered from self-report depressive symptoms (aOR: 1.753, 95% CI 1.233-2.493, p  = 0.002) was more likely to consume unhealthy food. As for secondary school students (grade 3, mean age: 15.28), (1) males (aOR: 1.266, 95% CI 1.0004-1.601, p  = 0.0496), (2) average-to-high socioeconomic status (Average: aOR: 1.471, 95% CI 1.115-1.941, p  = 0.006; High: aOR: 2.253, 95% CI 1.585-3.202. p  < 0.001), (3) having more than 2 h of gaming (aOR: 1.342, 95% CI 1.069-1.685, p  = 0.011), (4) suffering from psychological distress (aOR: 1.395, 95% CI 1.051-1.852, p  = 0.021) were associated with the increased odds of consuming unhealthy food., Conclusion: Several lifestyle and health factors were significantly associated with unhealthy eating behaviors in school-aged children and adolescents in Hong Kong, sharing similarities with many other countries. In conjunction with implementing a policy that addresses factors for unhealthy eating habits, further research should investigate potential interventions targeting these factors to ultimately tackle the overweight and obesity concern for children and adolescents in Hong Kong., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: To examine the global disease burden and country-specific trends of penile cancer incidence by age group and investigate its associations with several factors., Materials and Methods: The Global Cancer Observatory database was interrogated for penile cancer incidence. The 10-year cancer incidence rates were collected from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus. The country-specific data were extracted from the World Health Organization Global Health Observatory and Global Burden of Disease databases for conducting risk factors analysis. The penile cancer incidence was presented using age-standardised rates. Its associations with various factors were examined by linear regression, while the incidence trend was estimated using joinpoint regression and presented as average annual percentage change with 95% confidence intervals in different age groups., Results: There were an estimated 36 068 new cases of penile cancer in 2020. There was a considerable geographical disparity in the disease burden of penile cancer, with South America reporting the highest incidence. Overall, alcohol drinking, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and unsafe sex were positively associated with a higher penile cancer incidence, while circumcision was found to be a protective factor. There has been a mixed trend in penile cancer incidence overall, but an increasing trend was found among younger males., Conclusions: There was a global variation in the penile cancer burden associated with prevalence of alcohol drinking, HIV infection, unsafe sex, and circumcision. The increasing penile cancer incidence in the younger population is worrying and calls for early detection and preventive interventions., (© 2023 The Authors. BJU International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJU International.)

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between negative mental health conditions and demographic characteristics, socioeconomic background and health-related parameters in both Hong Kong's primary and secondary school students., Methods: A self-administrated survey was conducted and investigated the prevalence of negative mental health conditions (psychological stress, depression and suicidality) in students from 30 primary schools and 25 secondary schools in Hong Kong in 2017. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) was chosen as the instrument to evaluate non-specific psychological distress. Depression was evaluated using the prolonged feeling of despair as a proxy. Suicidality was measured by four questions on whether they had ever intentionally injured themselves, seriously considered attempting suicide, planned how they would attempt suicide and had attempted suicide. Multiple logistic regression models examined the explanatory factors' association with mental health conditions after adjusting for confounding, using the enter method., Results: A total of 4884 responses were collected. It is found that both very high and low parent expectations were risk factors for multiple conditions, namely suicidality and psychological distress among primary school students, and psychological distress among secondary school students. As for primary school students, the experience of being bullied was a significant risk factor for all conditions. A significant association was found between having one's own bedroom and suicidality amongst primary school students; whilst having three close friends or more and higher life satisfaction levels were significantly associated with a lower risk of negative mental health conditions among secondary school students., Conclusions: It was found that having one's own bedroom was a risk factor for suicidality among primary school student. Parents should be alert to the risky behaviours of children, have more involvement in children's daily life and build a supportive and caring family environment for children. For secondary school students, as the importance of friends is greatly increased, teachers should encourage students to engage in extra-curricular activities in school., (© 2023 The Authors. Child: Care, Health and Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Vulvar cancer is an uncommon malignancy. Vulvar cancer alarmed the public health problem in terms of the cost of diagnostic and medical treatments and psychical health of females. Our study aims to provide a thorough analysis of the global disease burden, related risk factors and temporal incidence trends of vulvar cancer in population subgroups. Data from Global Cancer Observatory and the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus were used for the vulvar cancer incidence. Age-standardized rates (ASR) were used to depict the incidence of vulvar cancer. The 10-year trend of incidence was assessed using joinpoint regression with average annual percentage change and 95% confidence intervals in various age groups, while its correlations with risk factors were investigated using linear regression. Higher ASR were found in Western Europe (2.4), Northern America (1.9), Northern Europe (1.9), Australia and New Zealand (1.8) and Eastern Africa (1.4). The associated risk factors of higher vulvar cancer incidence were gross domestic product per capita, Human Development Index, higher prevalence of smoking, alcohol drinking, unsafe sex and human immunodeficiency virus infection. The overall trend of vulvar cancer incidence was increasing. An increasing trend was found in older females while a mixed trend was observed in younger females. The disease burden of vulvar cancer follows a bimodal pattern according to its two histologic pathways, affecting women in both developed and developing regions. Smoking cessation, sex education and human papillomavirus vaccination programs should be promoted among the general population. Subsequent studies can be done to explore the reasons behind the increasing trend of vulvar cancer., (© 2023 The Authors. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC.)

Aim: To investigate the risk factors associated with physical inactivity of young children in Hong Kong., Methods: This follow-up study was part of a prospective cohort study named Studying Impact of Nutrition on Growth (SING) initiated in 2015. Subjects were recruited from randomly selected local nurseries and kindergartens in Hong Kong. Self-administrated questionnaires were distributed to parents in 2016-2017 to collect information on: (i) socio-economic background; (ii) health-related factors, including gestation at time of birth, and hospitalisation of the child since birth; (iii) types of leisure activities, including time spent on electronic games and physical activity., Results: A total of 1681 responses were collected. A higher likelihood of physical inactivity on weekdays was associated with being female, not being the firstborn, having been hospitalised three or more times since birth, and having physically inactive care givers. Meanwhile, children whose mother was unemployed/retired, and who spent more than 1 h on electronic games per day were significantly less likely to be physically inactive. Similarly, being female, being the secondborn or the thirdborn, and having a care giver with low physical activity level were associated with a higher chance of physical inactivity on weekends., Conclusions: Parental support could play a pivotal role in determining a child's physical activity level. Public health policies should be implemented to promote family-based physical activities., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians).)

Background: The Electronic Health Record Sharing System (eHRSS) is an electronic platform for two-way communication between the public and private sectors in Hong Kong. The authorised healthcare professionals (HCProfs) could access and upload patients' health records on the eHR Viewer in the eHRSS. This study aims to evaluate the usage of eHR viewer among the HCProfs from the private sector by 1) examining the correlation of various factors and the data access of eHR viewer; 2) investigating the trend on data access and upload to eHR viewer by time period and domain., Methods: A total of 3972 HCProfs from private hospitals, group practice, and solo practice were included in the study. Regression analysis was performed to identify the correlation between various factors and the data access to eHR viewer. Trends on accessing and data uploading to eHR viewer by time period and domains were evaluated. Trends on data uploading to eHR viewer by time period and domains were presented in the line chart as well., Findings: All types of HCProfs had a higher likelihood of accessing the eHR viewer as compared to those from private hospitals. HCProfs with specialities (apart from anaesthesia) had a higher possibility of accessing the eHR viewer than general practitioners without specialities. HCProfs participating in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Programme and the eHealth System (Subsidies) (eHS(S)) were more likely to access the eHR viewer. The overall trend of accessing eHR viewer was rising notably from 2016 to 2022, every domain showed rising trends, especially the laboratory domain with a 5-times increase between 2016 and 2022., Conclusion: HCProfs with speciality were more likely to access the eHR viewer (except anaesthesiology), compared with the general practitioners. Participation in the PPP programmes and eHS(S) also increased the access rate of the eHR viewer. Besides, the use of eHR viewer (accessing and data uploading) would be influenced by social policy and the epidemic. Future research should focus on the impact of government programmes on eHRSS adoption., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Mesothelioma is an uncommon type of cancer which has received little attention. This study aims to evaluate the global disease burden; trends of mesothelioma by age, sex, and geographic locations; and its risk factors on the population level., Methods: The Global Cancer Observatory, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus, and Global Burden of Disease were accessed for mesothelioma incidence and its risk factors worldwide. The associations between mesothelioma incidence and asbestos were evaluated for each country by multivariable linear regression analysis by sex and age. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated using Joinpoint regression to evaluate the epidemiologic trends of mesothelioma., Results: The age-standardized rate of mesothelioma was 0.30 per 100,000 persons with Northern Europe reporting the highest incidence rates. The incidence rate of the male population was much higher than that of the females. Countries with higher human development index (β = 0.119, confidence interval [CI]: 0.073-0.166, p < 0.001), gross domestic product per capita (β = 0.133, CI: 0.106-0.161, p < 0.001), and asbestos exposure (β = 0.087, CI: 0.073-0.102, p < 0.001) had higher mesothelioma. The overall trend of mesothelioma incidence was decreasing, although an increase was observed in Bulgaria (AAPC: 5.56, 95% CI: 2.94-8.24, p = 0.001) and Korea (AAPC: 3.24, 95% CI: 0.08-6.49, p = 0.045)., Conclusions: There was a substantial declining incidence trend of mesothelioma in the past decade possibly related to the restriction of the use of asbestos in some countries. Meanwhile, the increasing trend in mesothelioma incidence observed in females might be indicative of an increase in environmental exposure to mineral fibers., (Copyright © 2023 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Childhood vaccination is crucial to protect young children from harmful infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the recent childhood immunization rate of recommended and additional vaccinations and identify the factors affecting the vaccination uptake of young children in Hong Kong. The self-administrated questionnaires were distributed to parents of toddlers aged 2 to 5. They were asked to provide information on (1) socioeconomic demographic factors; (2) experiences during pregnancy; and (3) the medical history of the toddler. A total of 1799 responses were collected. Children were more likely to be fully vaccinated when they were at a younger age (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48-0.78, p < 0.001), the first child in the family (aOR second-born = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.48-0.81, p < 0.001; aOR third-born = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.19-0.55, p < 0.001), had a higher household income (aOR HKD 15,000-HKD 29,999 = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.27-2.55, p = 0.001; aOR ≥ HKD 30,000 = 3.42, 95% CI: 2.39-4.90, p < 0.001; compared with

Background: In the second stage of the Electronic Health Record Sharing System (eHRSS) development, a mobile app (eHealth app) was launched to further enhance collaborative care among the public sector, the private sector, the community, and the caregivers., Objective: This study aims to investigate the factors associated with the downloading and utilization of the app, as well as the awareness, perception, and future improvement of the app., Methods: We collected 2110 surveys; respondents were stratified into 3 groups according to their status of enrollment in the eHRSS. The primary outcome measure was the downloading and acceptance of the eHealth app. We collected the data on social economics factors, variables of the Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. Any factors identified as significant in the univariate analysis (P<.20) will be included in a subsequent multivariable regression analysis model. All P values ≤.05 will be considered statistically significant in multiple logistic regression analysis. The structural equation modeling was performed to identify interactions among the variables., Results: The respondents had an overall high satisfaction rate and a positive attitude toward continuing to adopt and recommend the app. However, the satisfaction rate among respondents who have downloaded but not adopted the app was relatively lower, and few of them perceived that the downloading and acceptance processes are difficult. A high proportion of current users expressed a positive attitude about continuing to adopt and recommend the app to friends, colleagues, and family members. The behavioral intention strongly predicted the acceptance of the eHealth app (β=.89; P<.001). Attitude (β=.30; P<.001) and perceived norm; β=.37; P<.001) played important roles in determining behavioral intention, which could predict the downloading and acceptance of the eHealth app (β=.14; P<.001)., Conclusions: Despite the high satisfaction rate among the respondents, privacy concerns and perceived difficulties in adopting the app were the major challenges of promoting eHealth. Further promotion could be made through doctors and publicity. For future improvement, comprehensive health records and tailored health information should be included., (©Junjie Huang, Wing Sze Pang, Yuet Yan Wong, Fung Yu Mak, Florence S W Chan, Clement S K Cheung, Wing Nam Wong, Ngai Tseung Cheung, Martin C S Wong. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 12.12.2022.)

Background: Hodgkin lymphoma is a lymphatic malignancy commonly found in cervical lymph nodes. This study evaluated the worldwide incidence, mortality, associated risk factors, and temporal trends of Hodgkin lymphoma by sex, age, and country., Methods: The age-standardised Hodgkin lymphoma incidence and mortality were retrieved from the GLOBOCAN, CI5 volumes I-XI, WHO mortality database, the NORDCAN and SEER Program. The age-standardised prevalence of smoking, alcohol drinking, obesity, and hypertension was also extracted for each country. Trends were tested using Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) from Joinpoint regression analysis., Results: The Hodgkin lymphoma incidence and mortality were 0.98 and 0.26 per 100,000 in 2020. A higher incidence was observed in high-income countries, while higher mortality was found in low-income countries. Incidence and mortality were associated with GDP per capita, prevalence of smoking, obesity, and hypertension at the population level. Despite the decreasing mortality trend, there was an increasing incidence, especially among females, younger population, and subjects from Asian countries., Conclusions: There was an increasing trend in Hodgkin lymphoma incidence, especially among subjects who were female, younger population, and from Asian countries. Further studies are needed to investigate the reasons for these epidemiologic trends., (© 2022. The Author(s).)