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The purpose of this paper is to research the relation among environmental quality and renewable energy in the RECAI country group. The study used per capita CO 2 emission, energy intensity, and Aggregate National Savings as a measure of environmental quality. Other variables used in the study are renewable energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, GDP per capita, and foreign direct investments. In the study, three different models to see different environmental quality indicators by panel quantile method for 19202090-. According to the results obtained, unlike other models, renewable energy consumption in model 1 positively affects energy intensity in all quantiles. In other words, renewable energy consumption negatively affects environmental quality. In model 1 and model 3, the coefficients of fossil fuel consumption were positive and negative, respectively. Unlike model 2, the coefficient estimates of fossil fuel consumption in model 3 were predominantly negative. Fossil fuel consumption shows a positive effect on environmental quality, which is similar to model 1. Economic growth negatively affects environmental quality in all models. There is a one-way causal relationship from renewable energy consumption to energy intensity and energy intensity to growth., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study investigates the relationship between urbanization and air pollution in Turkey. Dynamic ARDL method was used for the period 1960-2015. According to the findings, there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between long-term urbanization and CO 2 . If urbanization increased by 1%, carbon emissions increased by 0.02%. There is a similar relationship between the shocks that will occur in population growth and CO 2 emission in the long term. However, there is a negative and statistically insignificant relationship between the two variables. In the relationship between GDP and CO 2 , there is a positive relationship in the long term. GDP increase of 1% increases CO 2 emissions by 0.11%. There is a similar relationship between long-term GDP shocks and CO 2 emissions. According to short-term analysis results, energy consumption increases CO 2 emissions by the same rate as GDP. However, the astonishing result of the study emerges here. Empirical results show that a long-term positive shock in energy consumption reduces CO 2 emissions and a negative shock increases pollution. According to these results, Turkey has not reached the point of sustainable growth. For this reason, this developing country needs to make regulatory implementations and determine future policies for these impacts affecting air pollution., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Energy consumption is an indispensable element for the purpose of achieving economic growth. Clean energy sources must be put into use to achieve a sustainable environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship among growth, energy consumption, employment, education, and inflation with PVAR, FMOLS, and DOLS analysis in BRICS countries. The study that covers the 2001-2018 observation period included growth as the dependent variable in the equation. The only common result of the three coefficient estimates is that there is no significant relationship between education and growth. However, the increase in income has a decreasing effect on the level of education. The direction of causality between the two variables is from growth to education. Contrary to the PVAR estimate, according to FMOLS and DOLS, energy consumption and employment have a positive contribution towards growth. However, according to PVAR regression results, income growth has a positive effect on employment. Moreover, a unidirectional causal relation from energy consumption to growth and a bidirectional relation between growth and employment have been determined. This one-way relationship between energy consumption and GDP depicts that the growth hypothesis is valid. Furthermore, an energy poverty problem does not exist in BRICS countries. According to FMOLS, DOLS, and PVAR forecasts, the relationship between inflation and growth is complex. In accordance with PVAR estimates, the increase in growth reduces inflation, and the causality from growth to inflation also supports the PVAR results. According to the outcome of the research, energy poverty is not observed in the panel countries. It would be wise for BRICS countries to increase their energy consumption and employment levels in order to increase growth. However, considering the air pollution caused by fossil fuel consumption, it is key that they employ renewable energy sources., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)