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Introduction: Emulating the vast inclusion of advanced technology in everyday practice, the medical world is no exception to its implementation, in particular, virtual reality (VR). Initially, its introduction as a therapy was accompanied by high aspirations and expectations for its growth and potential. Motivation is said to be the most associated benefit; although it is imperative to note that there exists a paucity of research that specifically quantifies its tangible impact on cerebral palsy (CP). There has yet to be a systematic review of the instruments used to precisely measure motivation and examine its association with the benefits of VR for children with cerebral palsy., Methods and Analysis: This review will evaluate comparative studies that used VR therapy as part of interventions for children with CP. Qualitative studies, single-case studies, systematic reviews, literature reviews and guideline audits will be excluded. This review will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The methodological protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The following electronic databases will be used to access related studies published between January 2012 and December 2023: MEDLINE (via EBSCOhost), Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane. The Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies checklist will be employed to develop database search strategies., Ethics and Dissemination: This review does not require ethical approval as it uses secondary data. The findings will be published in a scientific journal. We intend to contribute to the expansion of knowledge concerning the motivational implications of VR on children with CP., Prospero Registration Number: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (identification number CRD42023401079)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovium and progressive joint destruction which significantly affects both quality of life and socioeconomic status. Admittedly, various treatments are available, but they are usually accompanied by various side effects, from mild to severe, and potentially with adverse events. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of RA. It promotes inflammatory, apoptosis and necroptosis via TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) but elicit anti-inflammatory effects via TNFR2. Herein, targeting TNFR2 has gained attention in RA studies. Understanding the role of nanomedicine in modulating TNFR2 signalling may be the instrument in development of RA therapies. Nanotechnology has made a significant progress in treating various conditions of diseases since its inception. Due to this, nanomedicine has emerged as a promising therapeutics approach for RA. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of nanomedicine in RA theranostics, combining therapy and diagnostics for improved treatment outcomes. Owing to the challenges and advancements in the field of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are seen as an applicable candidate in the treatment of RA. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of nanomedicine in targeting TNFR2 for the treatment of RA and highlight the limitations of current therapies as well as the potential of nanocarriers with controlled drug release and active targeting abilities., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is known for its highly contagious properties among cloven-hoofed animals resulting in significant morbidity rates. Incursions of this disease have caused significant losses in affected countries in Southeast Asia and Africa, even within EU countries which resulted in significant financial losses. This study is aimed at addressing existing limitations by creating a diagnostic method using aptamer-based assay. Three DNA aptamers were engineered to target the VP2 region of the FMD viral capsid protein. Since VP2 demonstrates a highly conserved amino acid sequence across serotypes, the specifically designed aptamers can detect different serotypes of the virus. Aptamers were evaluated against VP2 capsid protein, which was synthesized based on sequences from serotypes A, O, and Asia 1 of the FMD virus. After the recombinant VP2 capsid protein was developed, expressed, and refined, it was applied using enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA) to determine aptamers' binding capability. A similar test was further conducted with purified FMD virus from serotype A and serotype O. The ELASA results displayed a notable sensitivity in identifying the FMDV. Under optimized conditions, the aptamers have LOD as low as 0.11 ng/mL with LOQ as low as 0.34 ng/mL. The binding strength analyzed using the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) showed strong binding affinity at 3.092 ± 0.05 nM. Based on these findings, the method shows significant potential with high sensitivity and specificity for FMD virus detection assay., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Consent for Publication: Not applicable. Competing Interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: Glaucoma is a leading cause of permanent blindness. Despite therapeutic advancements, glaucoma management remains challenging due to limitations of conventional drug delivery, primarily topical eye drops, resulting in suboptimal outcomes and a global surge in cases. To address these issues, liposomal drug delivery has emerged as a promising approach., Key Findings: This review explores the potential of liposomal-based medications, with a particular focus on topical administration as a superior alternative to enhance therapeutic efficacy and improve patient compliance compared to existing treatments. This writing delves into the therapeutic prospects of liposomal formulations across different administration routes, as evidenced by ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, critical aspects of liposomal production and market strategies are discussed herein., Summary: By overcoming ocular barriers and optimizing drug delivery, liposomal topical administration holds the key to significantly improving glaucoma treatment outcomes., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Parkinson disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder that progresses over time, is steadily growing in number and prevalence worldwide. PD in Malaysia is expected to increase five-fold by 2040 from the existing estimate of 20,000 patients in 2018. Treatment program of PD in Malaysia is rather unstructured, and there is no known comprehensive PD family caregiver training program available to date. To ensure the quality of a program, it must be tested for feasibility, effectiveness and sustainability. This paper describes the protocol of a study that evaluates the effectiveness of a structured, comprehensive training program of family caregiver to persons with PD in comparison to usual care., Materials and Methods–study Protocol: A total of 60 pairs of persons with PD of stage II and III, and their primary family caregiver will be recruited and allocated into either an experimental or a control group for 12 weeks of intervention. The experimental group will undergo initial training from multi-disciplinary healthcare providers and will be given a physical module containing weekly tasks that must be practised at home. While the control group will receive a usual care. Both groups will be assessed in terms of physical functions, functional mobility, quality of life (QoL), caregiver burden and knowledge using standardised assessment tools namely Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), European Quality of Life five-dimensions (EQ-5D), Malay version of Zarit Burden Interview (MZBI) and Knowledge of Parkinson Disease Questionnaire (KPDQ). In addition, the feasibility and sustainability of the interventions will be evaluated, alongside its cost-effectiveness based on the average and incremental cost effectiveness ratio. All data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, particularly mixed model ANOVA., Discussion: There is a significant gap in the literature pertaining family caregiver training programs for people with PD. Documented programs are lacking in term of comprehensiveness of content, application approach and the measurement of training outcomes including the program cost-effectiveness. The feasibility and effectiveness of such training program in a Malaysian setting also requires investigation due to differences in living environment, support system and population's perception. This study will assist to fulfil the existing literature gap and demonstrate the potential benefit of caregiver involvement in mediating the care and therapy for PD in the home setting. Optimum knowledge and skills gained through the training are expected to enhance the confidence and ability of the family caregivers and may possibly reduce their perceived caregiving burden., Protocol Registration: The protocol of this study is registered in the Australian-New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) with a registration number ACTRN12623000336684., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Mohd Amin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The diverse applications of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) drive efforts to understand consistent performance and resistance to failure. Stress relaxation can lead to molecular chain deterioration, degradation in stiffness and rheological properties, and ultimately affect the life cycle of MRE. However, quantifying the energy and molecular dynamics during stress relaxation is challenging due to the difficulty of obtaining atomic-level insights experimentally. This study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to elucidate the stress relaxation in MRE during constant strain. Magnetorheological elastomer models incorporating silicone rubber filled with varying magnetic iron particles (50-80 wt%) were constructed. Experimental results from an oscillatory shear rheometer showed the linear viscoelastic region of MRE to be within 0.001-0.01% strain. The simulation results indicated that stress relaxation has occurred, with stored energies decreased by 8.63-52.7% in all MRE models. Monitoring changes in energy components, the highest final stored energy (12,045 kJ) of the MRE model with 80 wt% Fe particles was primarily attributed to stronger intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, revealed by higher potential energy (3262 kJ) and van der Waals energy (- 2717.29 kJ). Stress relaxation also altered the molecular dynamics of this MRE model as evidenced by a decrease in kinetic energy (9362 kJ) and mean square displacement value (20,318 Å 2 ). The MD simulation provides a promising quantitative tool for elucidating stress relaxation, preventing material failure and offering insights for the design of MRE in the nanotechnology industry., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

With the popularization of smart mobile terminals and social media, a large amount of data containing textual information about the city has been generated on social media platforms, covering all areas of the city. This provides a new way for the study of comprehensive perception of city image. In the Internet era, users express their opinions about cities through social media platforms (e.g., Sina Weibo), and mining this information helps to understand the image of cities on mainstream social media and to target positive images to improve the competitiveness of the city's image. In this paper, 370,000 microblog messages related to "Guangzhou City" between 2019 and 2023 are collected using web crawler technology, and three typical text analysis methods are adopted: Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and Sentiment Analysis (SnowNLP), to understand the characteristics of Guangzhou city image. gain an in-depth understanding of Guangzhou's urban image characteristics. The study shows that extensive data analysis methods based on text mining can perceive the dynamics and trends of the city in a timely manner, refine the characteristics of Guangzhou's urban image, and propose communication strategies for Guangzhou's image. This study aims to mine Guangzhou's urban image presented on Weibo, provide data support for relevant departments in China and Guangzhou to formulate communication strategies, and provide references for other cities to manage their urban image., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Based on the background of rapid global ageing, research exploring urban green spaces and the subjective well-being of urban residents has become one of the key research interests. However, the evidence for assessing the real benefits of urban green spaces on the subjective well-being of older adults by comprehensively examining the features of urban green spaces is limited. We surveyed older urban green space users (n = 536) aged 60 years and older in Nanjing, China, and evaluated the impacts of spatial, green, and grey features of urban green spaces on older people's overall satisfaction with urban green spaces and subjective well-being. The results of the multiple linear regression model showed a strong association between the three types of urban green space features, overall satisfaction with urban green space, and subjective well-being of older adults. The study results indicated that the grey feature of urban green spaces emerged as the most influential factor (p = 0.004) among the three features of urban green spaces in relation to their effect on the subjective well-being of older adults. This implies that it is essential to focus on the importance of grey s of urban green spaces in the planning and design of urban green spaces for older adults' use of different urban green spaces and their sense of well-being. These results contribute to the development of healthy ageing policies and age-friendly urban green space management strategies in rapid ageing countries around the world., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that often leads to significant impairments in physical function, leading to disability and mental health disorders. Hence, understanding the prevalence of SCI and the relationship between physical activity and mental health in individuals with SCI is crucial for informing rehabilitation strategies and optimizing outcomes., Objective: This study aims to comprehensively analyze existing research on the link between physical activity and mental health and identify the level of physical activity and mental health status, the barriers to physical activity, and SCI's impacts on psychological well-being in individuals with SCI., Methods: An electronic search strategy will be used to identify prevalence studies published since 1993 in health-related databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, COCHRANE Library, and Wiley Library using the following query: "Spinal Cord Injury" OR "Paraplegia" OR "Tetraplegia" AND "Physical Activity" OR "Exercise" AND "Mental Health" OR "Mental Illness" OR "Mental Disorder." Bibliographies of primary studies and review articles meeting the inclusion criteria will be searched manually to identify further eligible studies. The risk of bias in the included studies will be appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for prevalence studies by 2 review authors. Any disagreement will be resolved by reaching a consensus., Results: Funding was received in October 2023, data collection will commence in July 2024, and the results are expected by 2025. We will summarize the selection of the eligible studies using a flowchart. The data from the studies will be extracted and tabulated. This scoping review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal in accordance with PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines., Conclusions: This scoping review underscores the complex relationship between physical activity and mental health among individuals with SCI, highlighting the level of physical activity and mental health status, barriers to physical activity engagement, and psychological implications. Understanding these dynamics is crucial in devising tailored interventions aimed at enhancing mental well-being. This synthesis of evidence emphasizes the need for personalized strategies to promote physical activity, addressing unique challenges faced by this population to foster improved mental health outcomes and overall quality of life., Trial Registration: Open Science Framework osf.io/ugx7d; https://osf.io/ugx7d/., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): PRR1-10.2196/56081., (©Winslet Ong, Noor Arfa Omar, Asfarina Zanudin, Muhamad Faiz Alias, Lim Hui Wen, Angel Thang Xue Ee, Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin, Haidzir Manaf, Basri Husin, Mahadir Ahmad, Hafifi Hisham. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 12.06.2024.)

Background: The rise in the prevalence of mental health problems among adults worldwide has raised concerns, highlighting the critical need for evidence-based mental health interventions that are accessible, comprehensive, and effective. Previous research suggests that Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) is a promising intervention widely used to reduce mental health problems. Nevertheless, the current literature on the efficacy of PMR among adults globally is fragmented, indicating a potential gap in this research area. Hence, this paper aims to systematically compile the research evidence on the efficacy of PMR in adults for stress, anxiety, and depression., Methods: The Scopus, Web of Sciences, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from the earliest available evidence to 28th March 2023. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines were followed, and the protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the quality of the included studies., Results: A total of forty-six (46) publications from sixteen (16) countries covering more than 3402 adults were included in the review. The results show that PMR are effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in adults. When PMR is combined with other interventions, the combined techniques have also consistently exhibited enhanced efficacy. Moreover, findings also indicate that the efficacy of PMR is heightened when implemented in conjunction with other interventions, surpassing its standalone efficacy., Funding and Registration: This research was supported/funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS/1/2020/SS0/UTM/02/23). The review was registered on Open Science Framework (OSF) on the 7th of March 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U2HZP., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2024 Muhammad Khir et al.)

It is well known in the field of materials science that a substance's longevity is significantly influenced by its environment. Everything begins with the initial contact on a material's surface. This influence will then deteriorate and have an extended negative impact on the strength of the material. In this study, the effect of natural weathering in tropical climates on magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) was investigated through microstructural evaluation to understand the aging behavior of the environmentally exposed MRE. To understand and elucidate the process, MREs made of silicone rubber and 70 wt% micron-sized carbonyl iron particles were prepared and exposed to the natural weathering of a tropical climate for 90 days. The MRE samples were then mechanically tensile tested, which revealed that Young's modulus increased, while elongation at break decreased. Surface degradation due to weathering was suspected to be the primary cause of this condition. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the degradation of MRE was investigated as a function of morphological evidence. Upon examination through SEM, it was noted that the weathering effects on the morphology of the exposed samples showed distinct characteristics on the degraded surfaces of the MRE, including numerous microvoids, cavities, and microcracks. While these features were not prominent for the MRE itself, they bear resemblance to the effects observed in similar materials like rubber and elastomer. An atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to investigate the surface topography and local degradation conditions. This observation revealed a distinctive degradation characteristic of the MRE in connection to natural weathering in tropical climates. The surface damage of the MRE samples became severe and inhomogeneous during the environmental aging process, and degradation began from the exposed MRE surface, causing the mechanical characteristics of the MRE to significantly change., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Herein, we report the case of a 13-year-old boy with spastic quadriplegia cerebral palsy (CP) at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level II, engaging in a 6-wk video game-based therapy (VBT) program. This study aimed to offer essential insights regarding VBT's impact on enhancing the physical function and improving the quality of life (QoL) of adolescents diagnosed with CP. This report provides a distinctive viewpoint that can inform and direct future clinical practices and research endeavors., Case Summary: The boy presented with moderate mobility, balance, and overall well-being. He faced challenges with diminished lower limb strength, which affected his daily living and physical fitness capabilities. Our participant was diagnosed with spastic quadriplegic CP at GMFCS level II. He participated in a 6-wk program of VBT using a play station. This innovative approach incorporates warm-up exercises, interactive activities, and cool-down routines, targeting various movements, including single-leg stance, weight shifting, kicking, jumping, marching, and squatting. After VBT, the strength of the left hip extensor significantly increased from 199.3 N to 541.3 N. Distance covered as part of a 6-min walk test increased by 82 m. His Paediatric QoL Inventory score increased dramatically by 25.9%., Conclusion: VBT is an innovative, individualized therapy that enhances physical function and QoL in CP, emphasizing its role in ambulatory patients., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose., (©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Utilizing adipose tissue and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) turned into a promising field of allograft in recent years. The therapeutic potential of adipose tissue and ADSCs is governed by their molecular secretions, ability to sustain multi-differentiation and self-renewal which are pivotal in reconstructive, genetic diseases, and cosmetic goals. However, revisiting the existing functional capacity of adipose tissue and ADSCs and their intricate relationship with allograft is crucial to figure out the remarkable question of safety to use in allograft due to the growing evidence of interactions between tumor microenvironment and ADSCs. For instance, the molecular secretions of adipose tissue and ADSCs induce angiogenesis, create growth factors, and control the inflammatory response; it has now been well determined. Though the existing preclinical allograft studies gave positive feedback, ADSCs and adipose tissue are attracted by some factors of tumor stroma. Moreover, allorecognition is pivotal to allograft rejection which is carried out by costimulation in a complement-dependent way and leads to the destruction of the donor cells. However, extensive preclinical trials of adipose tissue and ADSCs in allograft at molecular level are still limited. Hence, comprehensive immunomodulatory analysis could ensure the successful allograft of adipose tissue and ADSCs avoiding the oncological risk., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Cellulose continues to play an important and emerging role in photocatalysis, and its favourable properties, such as electron-rich hydroxyl groups, could enhance the performance of photocatalytic reactions. For the first time, this study exploited the kapok fibre with microtubular structure (t-KF) as a solid electron donor to enhance the photocatalytic activity of C-doped g-C 3 N 4 (CCN) via ligand-to-metal-charge-transfer (LMCT) to improve hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production performance. As confirmed by various characterisation techniques, the hybrid complex consisting of CCN grafted on t-KF was successfully developed in the presence of succinic acid (SA) as a cross-linker via a simple hydrothermal approach. The complexation formation between CCN and t-KF results in the CCN-SA/t-KF sample displaying a higher photocatalytic activity than pristine g-C 3 N 4 to produce H 2 O 2 under visible light irradiation. The enhanced physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of CCN-SA/t-KF imply that the LMCT mechanism is crucial in improving photocatalytic activity. This study promotes utilising the unique t-KF material's properties to develop a low-cost and high-performance cellulose-based LMCT photocatalyst., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Training caregivers and persons with Parkinson Disease (PwPD) is crucial to provide them with adequate knowledge and care skills in preparation for the Parkinson disease (PD) progression. This review will systematically evaluate the effect of structured training programs on the mobility and quality of life (QoL) of PwPD. In addition, the effect of such training programs on the QoL, burden of caregiving, and knowledge of PD among adult caregivers of PwPD will also be evaluated., Methods: Systematic and comprehensive search of relevant studies will be conducted using electronic databases such as Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. The title, abstract, keywords, and full texts will be screened for eligibility. Studies to be selected are randomized controlled trials (RCT) from inception until April 2023. Studies based on structured PD training either in the form of training, education, program, multidisciplinary approach, or self-management targeted at both PwPD and their adult caregivers will be selected. Only full-text articles available in the English language will be included. Full-text articles will be inspected by 2 independent reviewers to produce the final set of articles that meet the eligibility criteria. A third reviewer will be engaged if no consensus is achieved between the first and second reviewers. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) will be used to evaluate the quality of papers and inform the risk of bias., Results: This review will provide an outlook on the effects of structured PD training programs on mobility and QoL of PwPD. In addition, it will provide insight into the effects of such training on the caregivers' burden, knowledge of PD, and QoL., Conclusion: This review findings may help clinicians and researchers to understand the effect of structured and comprehensive PD training programs for PwPD and their adult caregiver., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Motor impairment is common after a stroke and directly affects the function and quality of life of stroke survivors. Constraint-induced movement therapy and neuromuscular electrical stimulation are interventions that facilitate functional recovery of the upper extremities of a particular subgroup of stroke survivors. The objective of this study was to summarize the available evidence on the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined with constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with stroke., Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of published articles in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, Medline (via Ovid), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, using the following search terms: "stroke"; "upper extremity"; "Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy"; and "Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation." The search included published studies, conferences, and presentations. The article selection, data extraction, and quality evaluation will be conducted independently by 2 reviewers. The 3rd and 4th reviewers will assist in resolving any disagreements that may arise between the 2 reviewers. The risk of bias in the included studies will be assessed using the PEDro scale and Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Narrative synthesis and meta-analysis will be performed based on the characteristics of the included articles, including the risk of bias (if sufficient information is available)., Results: This review summarizes the available evidence and could assist therapists in choosing the best treatment for poststroke upper extremity dysfunction., Conclusion: This study will provide the available evidence on the effectiveness of CIMT and NMES on upper extremity function in patients with stroke., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval is not required because the review will be based on publicly available literature. The findings of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and updates will be made depending on whether sufficient additional evidence modifies the conclusions of the review. Any changes made to the methods throughout the review will be stated in the article., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42023415645., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

This paper aims to investigate the mechanical and rheological properties of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) in marine ecosystems. The prepared samples comprised silicone rubber (SR) and 70 wt% micron-sized carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), immersed in an artificial marine ecosystem using salt water (Natrium Chloride) for 30 days. The mechanical properties of MRE samples were evaluated using hardness and quasi-static tensile tests. While the rheometer was used to investigate the rheological properties of their storage modulus condition with magnetic field stimulation. Further analysis of the defects and damages caused by salt water ageing was done through morphological observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology. The results showed that the hardness and tensile strength of MRE samples that were soaked in salt water were affected over time. Lower values of hardness and tensile strength were obtained after 30 days due to the presence of Na + and Cl - , which acted as an accelerator to the hydrolyzation process of the MRE. The process then, enhanced the water ingress capability into the matrix to cause the molecular changes. Interestingly, for rheological properties, 30 days of salt water ageing allowed the water molecules to move the MRE matrix molecular chains apart, a process known as plasticization and thus increasing the MR effect. Furthermore, morphological evidence was established to determine the MRE changes during salt water ageing. The research findings should greatly contribute to a better understanding of the effect of salt water on the performance of MRE., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE), which is capable of exhibiting magnetostriction in the presence of a magnetic field, has a great potential to be used for the development of sensor devices. Unfortunately, to date, many works focused on studying low modulus of MRE (less than 100 kPa) which can hamper their potential application in sensors due to short lifespan and low durability. Thus, in this work, MRE with storage modulus above 300 kPa is to be developed to enhance magnetostriction magnitude and reaction force (normal force). To achieve this goal, MREs are prepared with various compositions of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), in particular, MRE with 60, 70 and 80 wt.% of CIP. It is shown that both the magnetostriction percentage and normal force increment are achieved as the concentration of CIPs increases. The highest magnetostriction magnitude of 0.075% is obtained with 80 wt.% of CIP, and this increment is higher than that of moderate stiffness MRE developed in the previous works. Therefore, the midrange range modulus MRE developed in this work can copiously produce the required magnetostriction value and potentially be implemented for the design of forefront sensor technology.

Although many benefits of urban green space networks have been consistently demonstrated, most of the discussion on space connectivity has concentrated on ecological aspects, such as patch-corridor-matrix connectivity. There are limited systematic studies that have investigated the connectedness between urban parks and people. This study aimed to explore the connectedness among urban parks from the users' perspective by using a systematic literature review. By following the PRISMA protocol and analyzing 54 studies from Scopus and Web of Science between 2017 and 2022, we proposed the concepts of physical connectedness and perceived connectedness. The "physical connectedness" contained the dimensions of road attributes and park attributes, as well as six categories including physical accessibility, street connectivity, the street environment, spatial scale, facilities and amenities, and natural elements. The "perceived connectedness" mainly referred to people's perception of the physical environment. The four categories were perceived accessibility, perceived safety, aesthetics, and Kaplan's perceptual model. Finally, in terms of individual attributes, the impact of sociodemographic factors (age, gender, income, education, and occupation) and the motivation for activity on park connectedness were also taken into account. On the basis of our findings, this study suggested that park connectedness should not only focus on physical connectedness but also perceived connectedness.

Background: Nutrition is essential for schoolchildren to reach their full potential psychologically and cognitively. Malnutrition, which is prevalent among aboriginal schoolchildren in Malaysia, can interfere their learning and academic performance. Developing a module to be used during a school-based nutritional intervention program is essential to ensuring that students develop healthy eating habits and lifestyles. Thus, this study aims to develop and validate nutrition education module focusing on aboriginal schoolchildren for the eat right future bright (ERFB) nutrition education program., Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in three steps: Step 1: development of module based on literature reviews, Step 2: content and face validation of the module by the expert panels, and Step 3: face validation of the module by target users. This study has used the validation form proposed by de Castro. This form consists of seven aspects, two aspects related to content validity and another four aspects related to face validity. A content validity index (CVI) was used to analyze the content validity. Two formulas were used to calculate CVI, which were I-CVI and S-CVI. Meanwhile, the data for module's face used the level of agreement., Results: Both I-CVI and S-CVI obtained more than 0.78 and 0.80, respectively, which indicate that the module has good content validity. Moreover, for face validity, the total of agreement from expert panels and target users was more than 75%, which is considered face validated., Conclusions: In conclusion, the module that has been developed has good content validity and can be used by teachers in teaching appropriate nutrition knowledge to aboriginal primary schoolchildren., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Strain localization is a significant issue that poses interesting research challenges in viscoelastic materials because it is difficult to accurately predict the damage evolution behavior. Over time, the damage mechanism in the amorphous structure of viscoelastic materials leads to subsequent localization into a shear band, gradually jeopardizing the materials' elastic sustainability. The primary goal of this study is to further understand the morphological effects and the role of shear bands in viscoelastic materials precipitated by strain localization. The current study aims to consolidate the various failure mechanisms of a sample and its geometry (surface-to-volume ratio) used in torsional testing, as well as to understand their effects on stress relaxation durability performance. A torsional shear load stress relaxation durability test was performed within the elastic region on an isotropic viscoelastic sample made of silicon rubber and a 70% weight fraction of micron-sized carbonyl iron particles. Degradation was caused by a shear band of localized plasticity that developed microscopically due to stress relaxation durability. The failure pattern deteriorated as the surface-to-volume ratio decreased. A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and a tapping-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) were used for further observation and investigation of the sample. After at least 7500 cycles of continuous shearing, the elastic sustainability of the viscoelastic materials microstructurally degraded, as indicated by a decline in stress performance over time. Factors influencing the formation of shear bands were observed in postmortem, which was affected by simple micromanipulation of the sample geometry, making it applicable for practical implementation to accommodate any desired performance and micromechanical design applications.

A growing number of articles have identified and reported the benefits and importance of urban green spaces for improving human well-being, but there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the impact of urban green spaces on the subjective well-being of older adults. The literature search (August 2015-August 2022) was derived from two major scientific databases, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. As a result, 2558 articles were found, 1527 of which were retrieved from WOS and the rest from Google Scholar. Bibliometric methods and VOSviewer software were used to screen and organize the articles in the relevant fields. Finally, 65 articles met the review criteria. The included studies aim to capture the benefits of various features of urban green spaces in meeting or enhancing the subjective well-being needs of older adults. The results of our review further support the existence of a strong link between older adults' subjective well-being and various features of urban green spaces, providing new insights for future in-depth reexamination and policy development. Furthermore, the relationship between urban green spaces and older adults' subjective well-being depends not only on the urban green spaces themselves but also on the characteristics of the older adult population that uses them.

Filler additive is used to provide superior bonding in rubber matrix to enhance the storage modulus of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). However, the magneto-induced modulus is reduced as the initial storage modulus increases. Therefore, this paper aims to increase the magneto-induced modulus and maintain the initial storage modulus by combining filler and plasticizer additives. Both types of additives have different functions, where cobalt ferrite (CoFe 2 O 4 ) is capable of enhancing the maximum storage modulus and silicone oil (SO) reduces the initial storage modulus. Thus, four MRE samples have been fabricated using (a) no additive, (b) CoFe 2 O 4 , (c) SO, and (d) a combination of CoFe 2 O 4 and SO. The sample's hardness and magnetic properties were investigated via Durometer Shore A and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), respectively. Furthermore, the rheological properties of MRE samples in terms of storage modulus were investigated upon the frequency and magnetic field sweep using a rheometer. The results demonstrated that the storage modulus of the MRE samples has increased with increasing the oscillation frequency from 0.1 to 50 Hz. Interestingly, the combination of additives has produced the largest value of magneto-induced modulus of 0.90 MPa as compared to other samples. Furthermore, their initial storage modulus was in between samples with SO (lowest) and without additive (highest). Therefore, fundamental knowledge in adding the combination of additives can offer solutions for a wide range of stiffness in MR device applications such as vibration and noise control devices, sensing devices, and actuators.

Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) materials have the potential to be used in a wide range of applications that require long-term service in hostile environments. These widespread applications will result in the emergence of MRE-specific durability issues, where durability refers to performance under in-service environmental conditions. In response, the outdoor tropical climatic environment, combined with the effects of weathering, will be the primary focus of this paper, specifically the photodegradation of the MRE. In this study, MRE made of silicone rubber (SR) and 70 wt% micron-sized carbonyl iron particles (CIP) were prepared and subjected to mechanical and rheological testing to evaluate the effects under natural weathering. Magnetorheological elastomer samples were exposed to the natural weathering conditions of a tropical climate in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, for 30 days. To obtain a comprehensive view of MRE degradation during natural weathering, mechanical testing, rheology, and morphological evaluation were all performed. The mechanical and rheological properties test results revealed that after 30 days of exposure and known meteorological parameters, Young's modulus and storage modulus increased, while elongation at break decreased. The degradation processes of MRE during weathering, which are responsible for their undesirable change, were given special attention. With the help of morphological evidence, the relationship between these phenomena and the viscoelastic properties of MRE was comprehensively defined and discussed.

Recently, magnetorheological grease (MRG) has been utilized in magnetorheological (MR) brakes to generate a braking torque based on the current applied. However, the high initial viscosity of MRG has increased the off-state torque that led to the viscous drag of the brake. Therefore, in this study, the off-state viscosity of MRG can be reduced by the introduction of dilution oil as an additive. Three samples consist of pure MRG (MRG 1) and MRG with different types of dilution oil; hydraulic (MRG 2) and kerosene (MRG 3) were prepared by mixing grease and spherical carbonyl iron particles (CIP) using a mechanical stirrer. The rheological properties in the rotational mode were examined using a rheometer and the torque performances in MR brake were evaluated by changing the current of 0 A, 0.4 A, 0.8 A, and 1.2 A with fixed angular speed. The result shows that MRG 3 has the lowest viscosity which is almost 93% reduction while the viscosity of MRG 2 has lowered to 25%. However, the torque performances generated by MRG 3 were highest, 1.44 Nm, when 1.2 A of current was applied and followed by MRG 2 and MRG 1. This phenomenon indicated that the improvement of torque performances was dependent on the viscosity of MRG. By reducing the viscosity of MRG, the restriction on CIP to form chain formation has also decreased and strengthen the torque of MRG brake. Consequently, the utilization of dilution oil in MRG could be considered in MR brake in near future.

Glaucoma is an irreversible sight-threatening disorder primarily due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death by apoptosis with subsequent loss of optic nerve fibers. A considerable amount of empirical evidence has shown the significant association between tumor necrosis factor cytokine (TNF; TNFα) and glaucoma; however, the exact role of TNF in glaucoma progression remains unclear. Total inhibition of TNF against its receptors can cause side effects, although this is not the case when using selective inhibitors. In addition, TNF exerts its antithetic roles via stimulation of two receptors, TNF receptor I (TNFR1) and TNF receptor II (TNFR2). The pro-inflammatory responses and proapoptotic signaling pathways predominantly mediated through TNFR1, while neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic signals induced by TNFR2. In this review, we attempt to discuss the involvement of TNF receptors (TNFRs) and their signaling pathway in ocular tissues with focus on RGC and glial cells in glaucoma. This review also outlines the potential application TNFRs agonist and/or antagonists as neuroprotective strategy from a therapeutic standpoint. Taken together, a better understanding of the function of TNFRs may lead to the development of a treatment for glaucoma., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Lambuk, Ahmad, Sadikan, Nordin, Kadir, Nasir, Chen, Boer, Plebanski and Mohamud.)

Temperature is one of the most influential factors affecting the performance of elastomer matrix in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). Previous studies have utilized silica as a reinforcing filler in polymer composite and as a coating material in MRE to improve the thermal stability of the base material. However, the usage of silica as an additive in the thermal stability of MRE has not been explored. Thus, in this study, the effect of silica as an additive on the temperature-dependent mechanical and rheological properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)-based MREs was investigated by using 30 wt.% carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) as the main filler, with different contents of silica nanoparticles (0 to 11 wt.%). The microstructure analysis was examined by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while the thermal characterizations were studied by using a thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry. The tensile properties were conducted by using Instron Universal Testing Machine in the absence of magnetic field at various temperatures. Meanwhile, the rheological properties were analyzed under oscillatory loadings in the influence of magnetic field, using a rotational rheometer at 25 to 65 °C. The results revealed that the temperature has diminished the interfacial interactions between filler and matrix, thus affecting the properties of MRE, where the tensile properties and MR effect decrease with increasing temperature. However, the presence of silica capable improved the thermal stability of EPDM-based MRE by enhancing the interactions between filler and matrix, thus reducing the interfacial defects when under the influence of temperature. Consequently, the incorporation of silica nanoparticles as an additive in EPDM-based MRE requires more exploration, since it has the potential to sustain the properties of MRE devices in a variety of temperature conditions. Thus, the study on the temperature-dependent mechanical and rheological properties of MRE is necessary, particularly regarding its practical applications.

Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) consists of magnetic particles known as carbonyl iron (CIPs), which have been locked in a silicone-based matrix, in various alignments. However, current MRE exhibits inadequate rheological properties due to several issues such as particle alignments. Therefore, in this study, a new approach of the particle alignment of CIPs in MRE, namely fountain-like structure, is introduced. It is expected that this kind of MRE exhibits enhancement rheological responses, in off- and on-state conditions. This work includes the development of a new mold that can produce various directions of magnetic flux lines in order to have fountain-like structures of CIPs in MRE, during the curing process. Three types of particle alignments in MRE, namely isotropic, fountain-like and inverted fountain-like, are fabricated. The rheological properties of MRE in terms of storage modulus and MR effect are measured in an oscillatory shear mode using a rheometer. The results have revealed that fountain-like MRE exhibits higher storage modulus than the isotropic MRE, approximately 0.6 MPa of increment in the strain sweep test, in an on-state condition. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated from strain, frequency and the current sweep test that the rheological properties of fountain-like MRE related to storage modulus and magnetorheological (MR) effect are higher compared to the inverted fountain-like MRE.

Backgrounds: Assessing quality of life (QoL) using a well-developed and validated questionnaire is an essential part of a breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) treatment. However, a QoL questionnaire with the best psychometric properties is so far unknown. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaires measuring the QoL of patients with BCRL., Methods: A thorough search was performed to identify published studies in electronic databases such as Medline (via Ovid), EBSCOhost, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, on 8 February 2022, by using search terms as follows: 'quality of life'; 'breast cancer'; 'upper limb'; 'lymphedema'; 'questionnaire'; and 'measurement properties.' Two reviewers conducted article selection, data extraction, and quality assessment independently. The third reviewer helped solve any possible disagreements between the two reviewers. The COSMIN checklist and manual were used to assess the quality of included studies., Results: A total of nineteen articles with nine questionnaires were included and assessed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist. Most studies only assessed content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity. Lymph-ICF-UL showed the most 'sufficient' and 'high' quality of evidence ratings for its measurement properties., Conclusion: The most appropriate questionnaire for use based on our assessment is Lymph-ICF-UL.

Introduction: Stroke survivors are commonly at risk of functional decline, which increase their dependency in activities of daily living and eventually affects their motivation level, self-efficacy, and quality of life. Circuit exercise has been shown to be useful in enhancing functional performance and quality of life of chronic stroke survivors. There is a need to review the existing "usual circuit exercise" and develop a better approach, such as game-based circuit exercise. Training in enriched and fun environment may possibly further promote neuroplasticity. However, evidence on inducing fun element in the existing circuit exercise among stroke survivors is limited. Also, no studies are available to date which report the benefit of circuit exercise on stroke survivors' self-efficacy and motivation level. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of game-based circuit exercise in comparison to conventional circuit exercise on functional outcome (lower limb strength, postural stability and aerobic endurance), motivation level, self-efficacy and quality of life among stroke survivors. This study also aims to assess whether the outcomes gained from the 2 interventions could be sustained at week 12 and 24 post-trial., Methods: This is an assessor-blinded randomized control trial comparing 2 types of intervention which are game-based circuit exercise (experimental group) and conventional circuit exercise (control group). Based on sample size calculation using GPower, a total number of 82 participants will be recruited and allocated into either the experimental or the control group. Participants in the experimental group will receive a set of structured game-based exercise therapy which has the components of resistance, dynamic balance and aerobic exercises. While participants in the control group will receive a conventional circuit exercise as usually conducted by physiotherapists consisting of 6 exercise stations; cycling, repeated sit to stand, upper limb exercise, lower limb exercise, stepping up/down and walking over obstacles. Both groups will perform the given interventions for 2 times per week for 12 weeks under the supervision of 2 physiotherapists. Outcomes of the interventions will be measured using 30-second chair rise test (for lower limb strength), Dynamic Gait Index (for postural stability), 6-minute walk test (aerobic capacity), Intrinsic Motivation Inventory questionnaire (for motivation level), stroke self-efficacy questionnaire (for self-efficacy) and Short Form-36 quality of life questionnaire (for quality of life). All data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics., Discussion: This study will provide the information regarding the effectiveness of including game elements into circuit exercise training. Findings from this study will enable physiotherapists to design more innovative exercise therapy sessions to promote neuroplasticity and enhance functionality and quality of life among stroke survivors under their care., Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN 12621001489886 (last updated 1/11/2021)., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Common sensors in many applications are in the form of rigid devices that can react according to external stimuli. However, a magnetorheological plastomer (MRP) can offer a new type of sensing capability, as it is flexible in shape, soft, and responsive to an external magnetic field. In this study, graphite (Gr) particles are introduced into an MRP as an additive, to investigate the advantages of its electrical properties in MRPs, such as conductivity, which is absolutely required in a potential sensor. As a first step to achieve this, MRP samples containing carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) and various amounts of of Gr, from 0 to 10 wt.%, are prepared, and their magnetic-field-dependent electrical properties are experimentally evaluated. After the morphological aspect of Gr-MRP is characterized using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), the magnetic properties of MRP and Gr-MRP are evaluated via a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The resistivities of the Gr-MRP samples are then tested under various applied magnetic flux densities, showing that the resistivity of Gr-MRP decreases with increasing of Gr content up to 10 wt.%. In addition, the electrical conductivity is tested using a test rig, showing that the conductivity increases as the amount of Gr additive increases, up to 10 wt.%. The conductivity of 10 wt.% Gr-MRP is found to be highest, at 178.06% higher than the Gr-MRP with 6 wt.%, for a magnetic flux density of 400 mT. It is observed that with the addition of Gr, the conductivity properties are improved with increases in the magnetic flux density, which could contribute to the potential usefulness of these materials as sensing detection devices.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based magnetorheological plastomer (MRP) possesses excellent magnetically dependent mechanical properties such as the magnetorheological effect (MR effect) when exposed to an external magnetic field. PVA-based MRP also shows a shear stiffening (ST) effect, which is very beneficial in fabricating pressure sensor. Thus, it can automatically respond to external stimuli such as shear force without the magnetic field. The dual properties of PVA-based MRP mainly on the ST and MR effect are rarely reported. Therefore, this work empirically investigates the dual properties of this smart material under the influence of different solvent compositions (20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20) by varying the ratios of binary solvent mixture (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to water). Upon applying a shear stress with excitation frequencies from 0.01 to 10 Hz, the storage modulus (G') for PVA-based MRP with DMSO to water ratio of 20:40 increases from 6.62 × 10 -5 to 0.035 MPa. This result demonstrates an excellent ST effect with the relative shear stiffening effect (RSTE) up to 52,827%. In addition, both the ST and MR effect show a downward trend with increasing DMSO content to water. Notably, the physical state of hydrogel MRP could be changed with different solvent ratios either in the liquid-like or solid-like state. On the other hand, a transient stepwise experiment showed that the solvent's composition had a positive effect on the arrangement of CIPs within the matrix as a function of the external magnetic field. Therefore, the solvent ratio (DMSO/water) can influence both ST and MR effects of hydrogel MRP, which need to be emphasized in the fabrication of hydrogel MRP for appropriate applications primarily with soft sensors and actuators for dynamic motion control.

Perfectionism or a tendency to aim for an unrealistic standard can impair happiness. However, the potential mechanisms of perfectionism to explain the association between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and happiness are still understudied. This study explores the mediating role of perfectionism in the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and happiness among young adults. A cross-sectional sample of 259 young adults aged between 18 to 35 years old was recruited. All analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS Structural Equation Modeling. High trait EI was linked to low perfectionism and high happiness levels. Furthermore, perfectionism mediated the relationship between trait EI and happiness. Although high trait EI lowered maladaptive perfectionism, the negative impact of maladaptive perfectionism remained and subsequently led to decreasing happiness levels of young adults. This study offers an enhanced understanding of the role of perfectionism in explaining the happiness state of young adults. Moreover, it provides practical implications for using trait EI and managing perfectionism tendency to manage the happiness and wellbeing of the young adult population.

In this study, magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) was fabricated using an electromagnetic device with a new configuration mold at the orientation of 0°, 45° and 90°. This new curing concept enhanced the alignment of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) within the silicone matrix in the presence of silicone oil (SO) during solidifying, by eliminating air gaps to prevent magnetic flux losses. Using a mold made of steel, which is a magnetic material, the mold functions as a guide for concentrated magnetic flux of 0.315 T to pass through the MRE sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of the fabricated MRE samples particularly the alignment of the CIPs. The field-dependent dynamic properties of the MREs were measured using a rheometer. The analysis implied that the effectiveness of the MRE operating under shear deformation with this curing concept provided the highest magneto-induced modulus of 1.01 MPa when a 45° orientation mold is used, with relative magnetorheological (MR) effect value up to 918%, followed by 0° mold orientation with 0.79 MPa magneto-induced modulus and 646% relative MR effect. The high modulus properties offered by this MRE are believed to be potentially useful in industrial applications where a high range of stiffness is required particularly in the shear direction.

The use of highly viscous grease as a medium in magnetorheological grease (MRG) provides the benefit of avoiding sedimentation from occurring. However, it limits the expansion of yield stress in the on-state condition, thus reducing the application performance during operation. Therefore, in this study, the improvement in the rheological properties of MRG was investigated through the introduction of graphite as an additive. MRG with 10 wt % graphite (GMRG) was fabricated, and its properties were compared to a reference MRG sample. The microstructure of GMRG was characterized using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The rheological properties of both samples, including apparent viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelasticity, were examined using a shear rheometer in rotational and oscillatory modes. The results demonstrated a slight increase in the apparent viscosity in GMRG and a significant improvement in yield stress by 38.8% at 3 A with growth about 32.7% higher compared to MRG from 0 to 3 A. An expansion of the linear viscoelastic region (LVE) from 0.01% to 0.1% was observed for the GMRG, credited to the domination of the elastic properties on the sample. These obtained results were confirmed based on ESEM, which described the contribution of graphite to constructing a more stable chain structure in the GMRG. In conclusion, the findings highlight the influence of the addition of graphite on improving the rheological properties of MRG. Hence, the addition of graphite in MRG shows the potential to be applied in many applications in the near future.

Polymer composites have been widely used as damping materials in various applications due to the ability of reducing the vibrations. However, the environmental and surrounding thermal exposure towards polymer composites have affected their mechanical properties and lifecycle. Therefore, this paper presents the effect of material-temperature dependence on the loss factor and phase shift angle characteristics. Two types of unageing and aging silicone-rubber-based magnetorheological elastomer (SR-MRE) with different concentrations of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), 30 and 60 wt%, are utilized in this study. The morphological, magnetic, and rheological properties related to the loss factor and phase shift angle are characterized using a low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer and rheometer, respectively. The morphological analysis of SR-MRE consisting of 30 wt% CIPs revealed a smoother surface area when compared to 60 wt% CIPs after thermal aging due to the improvement of CIPs dispersion in the presence of heat. Nevertheless, the rheological analysis demonstrated inimitable rheological properties due to different in-rubber structures, shear deformation condition, as well as the influence of magnetic field. No significant changes of loss factor occurred at a low CIPs concentration, whilst the loss factor increased at a higher CIPs concentration. On that basis, it has been determined that the proposed changes of the polymer chain network due to the long-term temperature exposure of different concentrations of CIPs might explain the unique rheological properties of the unaged and aged SR-MRE.

Introduction: The occurrence of post-stroke emotional problems is significant during the early post-stroke stage and affects the recovery of functionality among the survivors. Because stroke survivors require active engagement in rehabilitation to optimize the process of neuroplasticity in the initial stage of stroke, there is a need to integrate an intervention, preferably therapists-mediated during rehabilitation, which reduce emotional problems thus improve motivation level among the survivors. One such technique is autogenic relaxation training (ART). ART has been found to reduce anxiety and depression among patients with several medical conditions. However, its usage in stroke survivors during rehabilitation has been limited to date. Therefore, this study is intended to evaluate the effectiveness of ART in addition to usual physiotherapy in improving emotional state and functional level of stroke survivors during rehabilitation., Methods: This is an assessor blinded randomized controlled trial comparing 2 intervention approaches namely ART-added physiotherapy (experimental group) and usual physiotherapy (control group). A total of 70 post-stroke patients will be recruited and allocated into either the ART-added physiotherapy or the usual physiotherapy group. The ART-added physiotherapy group will undergo a 20-minute ART session followed by 40 minutes of usual physiotherapy. While the usual physiotherapy group will receive usual physiotherapy alone for 60 minutes. All participants will be treated once a week and are required to carry out a set of home exercises for 2 times per week during the 12-week intervention. Assessment of emotional status and functional independence will be carried out at pre-intervention and week 13 of the intervention with the use of Hospital anxiety and depression scale, Barthel index, and EuroQol-5 dimensions-5 levels. All data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics., Discussion: The expected main study outcome is an enhanced evidence-based physiotherapy program that may be used by physiotherapists in the rehabilitation of stroke patients with emotional disturbances., Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12619001664134 (last updated on 28/11/2019)., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

This paper presents the effect of the micro-sized particles on the storage modulus and durability characteristics of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs). The initial phase of the investigation is to determine any associations among the microparticles' weight percent fraction (wt%), structure arrangement, and the storage modulus of MRE samples. In order to carry out this, both isotropic and anisotropic types of MRE samples consisting of the silicone rubber matrix and 50, 60, 70, 75, and 80 wt% microparticles of carbonyl iron fractions are prepared. It is identified from the magneto-rheometer that the increase in storage modulus and decrease in linear viscoelastic region limit are observed in varying consistency depending on wt% and particle arrangement. The consistency of this dependency feature is highlighted by superimposing all of the graphs plotted to create the proposed the samples' behavior model. In response to increasing magnetic stimulation, a sample of 70 wt% microparticles with an isotropic arrangement is found to be significant and stable. The experimentally defined fraction is then used for the durability test as the second phase of the investigation. During this phase, the durability evaluation is subjected to stress relaxation for an extended period of time. After undergoing durability testing, storage modulus performance is decreased by 0.7-13% at various magnetic stimulation levels. This result directly indicates that the storage modulus characteristics of different forms of MRE are sensitive to the different iron particle fractions' and microparticles' alignment. Therefore, important treatments to alter the storage modulus can be undertaken before the practical implementation to accommodate any desired performance of MRE itself and MRE application systems.

Micro mechanism consideration is critical for gaining a thorough understanding of amorphous shear band behavior in magnetorheological (MR) solids, particularly those with viscoelastic matrices. Heretofore, the characteristics of shear bands in terms of formation, physical evolution, and response to stress distribution at the localized region have gone largely unnoticed and unexplored. Notwithstanding these limitations, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to explore the nature of shear band deformation in MR materials during stress relaxation. Stress relaxation at a constant low strain of 0.01% and an oscillatory shear of defined test duration played a major role in the creation of the shear band. In this analysis, the localized area of the study defined shear bands as varying in size and dominantly deformed in the matrix with no evidence of inhibition by embedded carbonyl iron particles (CIPs). The association between the shear band and the adjacent zone was further studied using in-phase imaging of AFM tapping mode and demonstrated the presence of localized affected zone around the shear band. Taken together, the results provide important insights into the proposed shear band deformation zone (SBDZ). This study sheds a contemporary light on the contentious issue of amorphous shear band deformation behavior and makes several contributions to the current literature.

The widespread use of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) materials in various applications has yet to be limited due to the fact that there are substantial deficiencies in current experimental and theoretical research on its microstructural durability behavior. In this study, MRE composed of silicon rubber (SR) and 70 wt% of micron-sized carbonyl iron particles (CIP) was prepared and subjected to stress relaxation evaluation by torsional shear load. The microstructure and particle distribution of the obtained MRE was evaluated by a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The influence of constant low strain at 0.01% is the continuing concern within the linear viscoelastic (LVE) region of MRE. Stress relaxation plays a significant role in the life cycle of MRE and revealed that storage modulus was reduced by 8.7%, normal force has weakened by 27%, and stress performance was reduced by 6.88% along approximately 84,000 s test duration time. This time scale was the longest ever reported being undertaken in the MRE stress relaxation study. Novel micro-mechanisms that responsible for the depleted performance of MRE was obtained by microstructurally observation using FESEM and in-phase mode of atomic force microscope (AFM). Attempts have been made to correlate strain localization produced by stress relaxation, with molecular deformation in MRE amorphous matrix. Exceptional attention was focused on the development of molecular slippage, disentanglement, microplasticity, microphase separation, and shear bands. The relation between these microstructural phenomena and the viscoelastic properties of MRE was diffusely defined and discussed. The presented MRE is homogeneous with uniform distribution of CIP. The most significant recent developments of systematic correlation between the effects of microstructural deformation and durability performance of MRE under stress relaxation has been observed and evaluated.

Carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) is one of the key components in magnetic rubber, known as magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). Apart from the influence of their sizes and concentrations, the role of the particle' shape is pronounced worthy of the attention for the MRE performance. However, the usage of CIPs in MRE during long-term applications may lead to corrosion effects on the embedded CIPs, which significantly affects the performance of devices or systems utilizing MRE. Hence, the distinctions between the two types of MRE embedded in different shapes of spherical and plate-like CIPs, at both conditions of non-corroded and corroded CIPs were investigated in terms of the field-dependent rheological properties of MRE. The plate-like shape was produced from spherical CIPs through a milling process using a rotary ball mill. Then, both shapes of CIPs individually subjected to an accelerated corrosion test in diluted hydrochloric (HCl) at different concentrations, particularly at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 vol.% for 30 min of immersion time. Eight samples of CIPs, including non-corroded for both CIPs shapes, were characterized in terms of a morphological study by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and magnetic properties via vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The field-dependent rheological properties of MREs were analyzed the change in the dynamic modulus behavior of MREs via rheometer. From the application perspective, this finding may be useful for the system to be considered that provide an idea to prolong the performance MRE by utilizing the different shapes of CIPs even when the material is fading.

Conventional polyurethane foam has non-tunable sound absorption properties. Here, a magneto-induced foam, called magnetorheological (MR) foam, was fabricated with the feature of being able to tune sound absorption properties, primarily from the middle- to higher-frequency ranges. Three different samples of MR foams were fabricated in situ by varying the concentration of Carbonyl Iron Particles (CIPs) (0, 35, and 75 wt.%). The magnetization properties and tunable sound absorption characteristics were evaluated. From the magnetic saturation properties, the results showed very narrow and small coercivity of hysteresis loops relative to the soft magnetic properties of the CIPs. MR foam with 75 wt.% CIPs showed a higher magnetic saturation at 91.350 emu/g compared to MR foam with 35 wt.% CIPs at 63.896 emu/g. For tunable sound absorption testing, the effect of 'shifting' to higher frequency was also observed when the magnetic field was applied, which was ~10 Hz for MR foam with 35 wt.% CIPs and ~130 Hz for MR foam with 75 wt.% CIPs. As the latest evolution of semi-active noise control materials, the results from this study are valuable guidance for the advancement of MR-based devices.

Magnetorheological (MR) material is a type of magneto-sensitive smart materials which consists of magnetizable particles dispersed in a carrier medium. Throughout the years, coating on the surface of the magnetic particles has been developed by researchers to enhance the performance of MR materials, which include the improvement of sedimentation stability, enhancement of the interaction between the particles and matrix mediums, and improving rheological properties as well as providing extra protection against oxidative environments. There are a few coating methods that have been employed to graft the coating layer on the surface of the magnetic particles, such as atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), chemical oxidative polymerization, and dispersion polymerization. This paper investigates the role of particle coating in MR materials with the effects gained from grafting the magnetic particles. This paper also discusses the coating methods employed in some of the works that have been established by researchers in the particle coating of MR materials.

Introduction: Stroke survivors are commonly at risk of functional decline following discharge from rehabilitation, which increase their susceptibility to falls, dependency in activities of daily living and emotional disturbances. To combat these, continued therapy is important. Home-based therapy (HBT) has been shown to be useful in maintaining functional performance and quality of life of chronic stroke survivors. However, evidence on its effectiveness remains limited, while no studies are available to date which report the benefit of HBT on stroke survivors self-efficacy and emotional status. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of post-discharge HBT in comparison to usual practice on functional outcome (mobility and gait speed), self-efficacy and anxiety level among stroke survivors., Methods: This is an assessor-blinded randomized control trial comparing 2 types of intervention which are HBT (experimental group) and usual practice (UP) (control group). Based on sample size calculation using GPower, a total number of 42 participants will be recruited and allocated into either the HBT or the UP group. Participants in HBT group will receive a set of structured exercise therapy consisting of progressive strengthening, balance and task-related exercises. While participants in UP group will receive a usual "intervention" practised by rehabilitation professional prior to discharging stroke patients from their care. Both groups are advised to perform the given interventions for 3 times per week for 12 weeks under the supervision of their caregiver. Outcomes of interventions will be measured using timed up and go test (for mobility), ten-meter walk test (for gait speed), stroke self-efficacy questionnaire (for self-efficacy) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (for anxiety level). All data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics., Discussion: This study will provide the information on the effectiveness of HBT in comparison to UP among stroke population who are discharged from rehabilitation. Findings from the study will enable rehabilitation professionals to design effective discharge care plan for stroke survivors in combating functional decline when no longer receiving hospital-based therapy., Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12619001182189 (last updated 22/11/2019).

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease, affecting more than 400 million people around the world. Patients with poorly controlled blood glucose levels are liable to suffer from life-threatening complications, such as cardiovascular, neuropathy, retinopathy and even premature death. Today, subcutaneous parenteral is still the most common route for insulin therapy. Oral insulin administration is favourable and convenient to the patients. In contrast to injection route, oral insulin delivery mimics the physiological pathway of endogenous insulin secretion. However, oral insulin has poor bioavailability (less than 2%) due to the harsh physiological environment through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Over the last few decades, many attempts have been made to achieve an effective oral insulin formulation with high bioavailability using insulin encapsulation into nanoparticles as advanced technology. Various natural polymers have been employed to fabricate nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for insulin oral administration. Chitosan, a natural polymer, is extensively studied due to the attractive properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, nontoxicity and polycationic nature. Numerous studies were conducted to evaluate chitosan and chitosan derivatives-based nanoparticles capabilities for oral insulin delivery. This review highlights strategies that have been applied in the recent five years to fabricate chitosan/chitosan derivatives-based nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. A summary of the barriers hurdle insulin absorption rendering its low bioavailability such as physical, chemical and enzymatic barriers are highlighted with an emphasis on the most common methods of chitosan nanoparticles preparation. Nanocarriers are able to improve the absorption of insulin through GIT, deliver insulin to the blood circulation and lower blood glucose levels. In spite of some drawbacks encountered in this technology, chitosan and chitosan derivatives-based nanoparticles are greatly promising entities for oral insulin delivery.

The freezing-thawing method has been commonly used in the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel magnetorheological plastomer (PVA HMRP). However, this method is complex and time consuming as it requires high energy consumption and precise temperature control. In this study, PVA HMRP was prepared using a chemically crosslinked method, where borax is used as crosslinking agent capable of changing the rheological properties of the material. Three samples of PVA HMRP with various contents of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) (50, 60, and 70 wt.%) were used to investigate their rheological properties in both steady shear and dynamic oscillation modes. Results showed the occurrence of shear thickening behaviour at low shear rate (γ > 1 s -1 ), where the viscosity increased with the increased of shear rate. Moreover, the storage modulus of the samples also increased increasing the oscillation frequency from 0.1 to 100 Hz. Interestingly, the samples with 50, 60 70 wt.% of CIPs produced large relative magnetorheological (MR) effects at 4916%, 6165%, and 10,794%, respectively. Therefore, the inclusion of borax to the PVA HMRP can offer solutions for a wide range of applications, especially in artificial muscle, soft actuators, and biomedical sensors.

Heavy metal pollution, such as lead, can cause contamination of water resources and harm human life. Many techniques have been explored and utilized to overcome this problem, with adsorption technology being the most common strategies for water treatment. In this study, carbon nanofibers, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/sago lignin (SL) carbon nanofibers (PAN/SL CNF) and PAN/SL activated carbon nanofibers (PAN/SL ACNF), with a diameter approximately 300 nm, were produced by electrospinning blends of polyacrylonitrile and sago lignin followed by thermal and acid treatments and used as adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The incorporation of biodegradable and renewable SL in PAN/SL blends fibers produces the CNF with a smaller diameter than PAN only but preserves the structure of CNF. The adsorption of Pb(II) ions on PAN/SL ACNF was three times higher than that of PAN/SL CNF. The enhanced removal was due to the nitric acid treatment that resulted in the formation of surface oxygenated functional groups that promoted the Pb(II) ions adsorption. The best-suited adsorption conditions that gave the highest percentage removal of 67%, with an adsorption capacity of 524 mg/g, were 40 mg of adsorbent dosage, 125 ppm of Pb(II) solution, pH 5, and a contact time of 240 min. The adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models, indicating that the adsorption is a monolayer, and is governed by the availability of the adsorption sites. With the adsorption capacity of 588 mg/g, determined via the Langmuir isotherm model, the study demonstrated the potential of PAN/SL ACNFs as the adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution.

In searching for drugs from natural product scaffolds has gained interest among researchers. In this study, a series of twelve halogenated thiourea ( ATX 1-12) via chemical modification of aspirin (a natural product derivative) and evaluated for cytotoxic activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines, HK-1 via MTS-based colorimetric assay. The cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that halogens at meta position of ATX showed promising activity against HK-1 cells (IC 50 value ≤15 µM) in comparison to cisplatin, a positive cytotoxic drug (IC 50 value =8.9 ± 1.9 µM). ATX 11 , bearing iodine at meta position, showed robust cytotoxicity against HK-1 cells with an IC 50 value of 4.7 ± 0.7 µM. Molecular docking interactions between ATX 11 and cyclooxygenase-2 demonstrated a robust binding affinity value of -8.1 kcal/mol as compared to aspirin's binding affinity value of -6.4 kcal/mol. The findings represent a promising lead molecule from natural product with excellent cytotoxic activity against NPC cell lines.

Chemically crosslinked hydrogel magnetorheological (MR) plastomer (MRP) embedded with carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) exhibits excellent magnetic performance (MR effect) in the presence of external stimuli especially magnetic field. However, oxidation and desiccation in hydrogel MRP due to a large amount of water content as a dispersing phase would limit its usage for long-term applications, especially in industrial engineering. In this study, different solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are also used to prepare polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel MRP. Thus, to understand the dynamic viscoelastic properties of hydrogel MRP, three different samples with different solvents: water, DMSO, and their binary mixtures (DMSO/water) were prepared and systematically carried out using the oscillatory shear. The outcomes demonstrate that the PVA hydrogel MRP prepared from precursor gel with water shows the highest MR effect of 15,544% among the PVA hydrogel MRPs. However, the samples exhibit less stability and tend to oxidise after a month. Meanwhile, the samples with binary mixtures (DMSO/water) show an acceptable MR effect of 11,024% with good stability and no CIPs oxidation. Otherwise, the sample with DMSO has the lowest MR effect of 7049% and less stable compared to the binary solvent samples. This confirms that the utilisation of DMSO as a new solvent affects the rheological properties and stability of the samples.

Introduction: There is scarcity of research information on upper limb (UL) functionality among Malaysian post-stroke population despite the increasing number of stroke survivors. This study intends to evaluate functionality among stroke survivors residing in the community, with a specific focus on the UL., Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 65 stroke survivors with UL dysfunction (mean (SD) age = 64.83 (8.05) years, mean (SD) post-stroke duration 41.62 (35.24) months) who attended community-based rehabilitation program. Upper limb functionality was assessed using the UL items of Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL), the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale and the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT). The stroke survivors' performance in completing JTHFT using their affected dominant hand was compared with standard norms., Results: The three most affected UL daily living tasks were writing (64.7%, n=42), opening a jar (63.1%, n=41) and putting on socks (58.5%, n=38). As for IADL, the mean (SD) score of Lawton scale was 3.26 (2.41), with more than 50% unable to handle finance, do the laundry and prepare meals for themselves. Performances of stroke survivors were much slower than normal population in all tasks of JTHFT (p<0.05), with largest speed difference demonstrated for 'stacking objects' task (mean difference 43.24 secs (p=0.003) and 24.57 (p<0.001) in males and females, respectively., Conclusion: UL functions are significantly impaired among stroke survivors despite undergoing rehabilitation. Rehabilitation professionals should prioritize highly problematic tasks when retraining UL for greater post-stroke functionality.