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To improve the heat transfer efficiency of the hot dry rock (HDR) well group, a near-well stimulation method of liquid CO 2 phase transition blasting (LCO 2 -PB) is put forward, the fracturing characteristics and mechanism of samples induced by impact dynamic load are analyzed, the effects of hydraulic fracturing cracks, buried depth, shock wave amplitude, and blasting frequency on the reservoir stimulation are clarified, and feasible suggestions have been proposed for its on-site application. Results show that the dynamic load applied by LCO 2 -PB can effectively increase the number and connectivity of cracks and enhance the complexity of damaged cracks. The existence of hydraulic fracturing cracks has a promoting effect on the generation and distribution because blasting stress wave can reflect and refract in the hydraulic fracturing cracks and torn apart the surrounding area. The buried depth has a suppressive effect on the impact range of blasting because its increases the difficulty of reservoir crack initiation. The shock wave amplitude of LCO 2 -PB is beneficial for the fracturing effect of the reservoir while it also increases the risk of wellbore damage. There is a linear positive correlation between the blasting frequency and the crack zone area, and there is an optimal blasting frequency to form a connected crack network and avoid serious damage to the wellbore. For HDR reservoirs with large buried depth, prefracturing, increasing the shock wave amplitude, and selecting the appropriate blasting frequency can significantly improve the near-well stimulation effect and promote the exploitation of HDR resources., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Low permeability is a key geological factor constraining the development of shale gas, and reservoir modification to improve its permeability is a prerequisite. Controlled shock wave fracturing can induce the formation of complex fractures in reservoirs and is expected to become an important means of reservoir modification. However, the mechanism of controlled shock wave fracturing in shale and the geological engineering control factors are unclear. Therefore, this article reveals the mechanism and effect of shock wave modification through small-scale experiments and large-scale numerical simulations. Results show that as the impact number increases, a significant increase in large fractures and fracture connectivity within the shale samples is observed, while the correlation between the geometric parameters of the fractures and the number of impacts is weak. High-energy input in the model will cause a larger range of damage to the rock, accompanied by a smaller attenuation index, indicating that the speed of energy attenuation plays a decisive role in rock damage. The influence of crustal stress is greater than the speed of energy attenuation, and higher crustal stress will inhibit the formation of fractures. A moderate increase in the number of controllable shock waves is beneficial for the fracturing effect; however, further increasing the loading number of controllable shock waves will weaken the strengthening effect of the fracturing effect., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The low-permeability characteristic of sandstone-type uranium deposits has become the key geological bottleneck during the in-situ leaching mining, seriously restricting the development and utilization of uranium resources in China. At present, the blasting-enhanced permeability (BEP) and acidizing-enhanced permeability (AEP) are confirmed to be mainstream approaches to enhance the reservoir permeability of low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposit (LPSUD). To clarify the synergistic effect of BEP and AEP, the acid-rock reaction and dynamic impact experiments were conducted, aiming to study the effect of chemical reactions on pore structure, dynamic mechanical properties and failure pattern of sandstone. Results show that with the increasing acid-rock reaction time, the total pore volume of samples is promoted largely and exhibits obvious chemical damage. The change of pore volume depends on the pore size, the 100-1000 nm and 1000-10000 nm pores are more susceptible to acid-rock reactions. The dynamic peak strength and the dynamic elastic modulus are decreased and the dynamic peak strain and strain rate are increased when lengthening the acid-rock reaction time, whose evolution laws can be fitted by the logistic expression, the linear expression and the exponential expression, respectively. The acid-rock reactions also have an influence on the fracture development of samples after the dynamic impact. The damaged fractures on the end faces of samples grow from the isolated short fracture, the isolated long fracture to the fracture network, and the damaged fractures on the sides of samples develop from the non-penetration fractures, penetration fractures to the multi-branch fractures. This study clarifies the physical and chemical combined damage mechanism, demonstrates the potential of reservoir stimulation by uniting the BEP and the AEP, and provides a theoretical reference for the reservoir stimulation of LPSUD., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and causes of non-fusion segment disease (NFSD), both adjacent and non-adjacent to a fused segment, after anterior cervical arthrodesis., Methods: This is a single-center study. Between January 1998 and January 2011, two surgeons' 171 patients who had an anterior cervical decompression and fusion were followed clinically for more than 5 years. The correlation between the incidence of symptomatic non-fusion segment disease and the following clinical parameters (age at operation, fusion levels,) and radiological parameters (number of patients who had a plate, anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) or corpectomies, preoperative and postoperative cervical spine alignment, Pavlov's ratio at the C5 level, and preoperative existence of a non-fusion segment degeneration on magnetic resonance imaging) was evaluated., Results: Of the 171 patients reviewed, 16 patients had non-fusion segment disease (9.36%), of which 12 had adjacent segment disease and 4 had non-adjacent segment disease. Postoperative cervical lordosis in the non-fusion segment disease group was significantly smaller than that of the disease-free group (P < 0.001). Fusion levels in the NFSD group were 1.69 whereas 2.26 in disease-free group (P = 0.005). The incidences of disc degeneration in unfused segments was more severe in the NFSD group than in the disease-free group (P = 0.004). The results of binary logistic regression showed that the major factor affecting NFSD is postoperative cervical lordosis (P = 0.000) followed by disc degeneration (P = 0.024). The other parameters did not show a statistically significant difference., Conclusions: The incidence of symptomatic non-fusion segment disease after anterior cervical arthrodesis has multifactorial causes. Postoperative cervical lordosis and disc degeneration in non-fusion segments were major factors in the incidence of NFSD.