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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between electrophysiological findings of diabetic neuropathy (DN) and patients' quality of life, neuropathic pain levels, and well-being., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 centers in Turkey. DN patients were categorized into four stages based on electrophysiological findings using the Baba classification. Scales such as Short Form-36 (SF-36), Douleur Neuropathique 4-Questions (DN4), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and WHO-5 Well-Being (WHO-5 WB) were used to assess quality of life, pain, and well-being. Additional factors like HbA1c levels and diabetes duration were analyzed., Results: Among 323 DN patients, 90 were in stage 1, 84 in stage 2, 72 in stage 3, and 77 in stage 4. There were no significant differences in age or gender between the stages. Diabetes duration and HbA1c levels were significantly lower in stage 1 compared to later stages. SF-36 and WHO-5 WB scores declined, while DN4 and BPI pain interference scores increased in the later stages. These findings persisted after adjusting for confounders such as age, BMI, comorbidities, and diabetes duration., Conclusion: Patients with advanced-stage DN experienced a poorer quality of life, greater pain, and more frequent comorbidities compared to early-stage patients. Electrophysiological findings should be considered in the clinical management of DN., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No conflict of interest was declared by the authors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We aimed to investigate sleep disorders in patients with epilepsy (PWE) and to investigate the effects of sleep disorders on quality of life., Methods: In our multicenter study conducted in Turkey, 1358 PWE were evaluated. The demographic and clinical data of the patients were recorded. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-10 (QOLIE-10) were administered., Results: The mean age of 1358 patients was 35.92 ± 14.11 (range, 18-89) years. Seven hundred fifty-one (55.30 %) were women. Some 12.7 % of the patients had insomnia (ISI > 14), 9.6 % had excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS > 10), 46.5 % had poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5), and 354 patients (26.1 %) had depressive symptoms (BDI > 16). The mean QOLIE-10 score was 22.82 ± 8.14 (10-48). Resistant epilepsy was evaluated as the parameter with the highest risk affecting quality of life Adjusted odds ratio (AOR = 3.714; 95 % confidence interval (CI): [2.440-5.652] < 0.001)). ISI (AOR = 1.184; 95 % CI: [1.128-1.243]; p < 0.001), ESS (AOR = 1.081; 95 % CI: [1.034-1.130]; p < 0.001), PSQI (AOR = 0.928; 95 % CI: [0.867 - 0.994]; p = 0.034), BDI (AOR = 1.106; 95 % CI: [1.084-1.129]; p < 0.001), epilepsy duration (AOR = 1.023; 95 % CI: [1.004-1.041]; p = 0.014), were determined as factors affecting quality of life., Significance: Sleep disorders are common in PWE and impair their quality of life. Quality of life can be improved by controlling the factors that may cause sleep disorders such as good seizure control, avoiding polypharmacy, and correcting the underlying mood disorders in patients with epilepsy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background Peptides related to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have been suggested to have a role in migraine. Adrenomedullin (AM) might be a candidate molecule because it is related to pain pathways in the peripheral and central nervous systems and uses the same receptors as CGRP. Methodology In this study, we examined the serum CGRP and AM levels during unprovoked ictal and interictal periods of 30 migraine patients as well as 25 healthy controls. Another focus of this study was on the association of CGRP and AM levels with clinical features. Results Mean serum AM levels were 15.80 pg/mL (11.91-21.43 pg/mL) in the ictal and 15.85 pg/mL (12.25-19.29 pg/mL) in the interictal periods in the migraine group and 13.36 pg/mL (10.84-17.18 pg/mL) in the control group. Mean serum CGRP levels were 2.93 pg/mL (2.45-3.90 pg/mL) in the ictal and 3.25 pg/mL (2.85-4.67 pg/mL) in the interictal periods in the migraine group and 3.03 pg/mL (2.48-3.80 pg/mL) in the control group. There were no statistical differences between ictal and/or interictal AM and CGRP levels (p = 0.558 and p = 0.054, respectively) which were also comparable with the results of the control group (p = 0.230, p = 0.295, p = 0.987, p = 0.139, respectively). Ictal serum CGRP and/or AM levels did not correlate with any of the reported clinical features. Conclusions Serum AM and CGRP levels are similar in interictal and unprovoked ictal periods in migraine patients and as well in controls. These results do not indicate that these molecules do not have a role in migraine pathophysiology. Considering the broad mechanisms of action of peptides in the CGRP family, further studies are needed in larger cohorts., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Neyal et al.)

This study was planned to determine the muscle architecture (pennation angle, muscle fiber length, and muscle thickness) and its relationship to lower extremity muscle strength in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS). The muscle architecture (pennation angle, muscle fiber length, and muscle thickness) and lower extremity muscle strength were assessed in 33 pwMS [13 Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS), 5 Primary Progressive MS (PPMS), 5 Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS), and 11 matched healthy controls (HC)]. Muscle architecture features were assessed with ultrasonography and muscle strength were assessed with a digital hand-held dynamometer. The rectus femoris muscle thickness and pennation angle, gastrocnemius muscle thickness, and the tibialis anterior pennation angle were significantly lower in pwMS compared to HC (p < 0.05). The strength of hip flexors, hip extensors, knee extensors, foot plantar, and foot dorsi flexors were lower in pwMS. In PPMS group, muscle strength of hip flexors was lower than RRMS and SPMS groups, and muscle strength of foot dorsi flexors was lower than RRMS (p < 0.05). In pwMS, positive correlations were found, between knee flexor strength and biceps femoris pennation angle. Also knee extensor strength and rectus femoris fiber length and muscle thickness were correlated positively (p < 0.05). According to our results the muscle architecture is affected in MS. The determination of architectural changes of lower extremity muscles may guide the arrangement of optimal strength exercises in functional rehabilitation programs.ClinicalTrials: NCT03766698., (© 2021. Belgian Neurological Society.)

Background: The 3-meter backward walk test (3MBWT) evaluates neuromuscular control, proprioception, protective reflexes, fall risk, and balance. This study aimed to examine the reliability, validity, and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the 3MBWT in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS)., Methods: 40 pwMS (8 male, 32 female) were included in the study. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used for the reliability of the 3MBWT. MDC estimates were calculated using baseline data. The validity of the 3MBWT was evaluated by the correlation between The Timed Up and Go test (TUG), The 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12), The 2 Min Walk Test (2MWT), The Timed 25-Foot Walk Test (T25FW), and The Four Square Step Test (FSST) RESULTS: The intra-rater (ICC 0.944-0.945) and inter-rater (ICC 0.932-0.935) reliability of the 3MBWT was determined to be excellent. MDC values for intra-rater were 1.13-1.30 sec, and MDC values for inter-rater were 1.10-1.24 sec. The correlation with 3MBWT, TUG, MSWS-12, and 2MWT was found to be statistically significant., Conclusion: The 3MBWT was found to be valid and reliable in pwMS. It is a short and easily applied test in outpatient and inpatient clinics without any need for equipment. According to the MDC results, small differences in pwMS can be adequately detected with 3MBWT. Therefore, it may be a clinically suitable test for detecting subtle changes in synergistic motor functions related to prorioception in relapsing or remitting periods. It, also may add some more information on to EDSS data for following the disease progression as well as treatment responses., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and lockdown period may induce an impairment in quality of life (QoL), disruption in treatment (DIT), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in chronic neurological diseases (CNDs). To reach this information, a multicenter, cross-sectional study (COVQoL-CND) was planned. Parkinson's disease (PD), headache (HA), multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy (EP), polyneuropathy (PNP), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) were selected as the CND., Methods: The COVQoL-CND study includes demographic data, the World Health Organization Quality of Life short form (WHOQOL-BREF), and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) forms., Results: The mean age of a total of 577 patients was 49 ± 17 (19-87 years), and the ratio of female/male was 352/225. The mean age of patients with PD, HA, MS, EP, PNP, and CVD were 65 ± 11, 39 ± 12, 38 ± 10, 47 ± 17, 61 ± 12, and 60 ± 15 years, respectively. The IES-R scores were found to be higher in the younger group, those with comorbid disease, contacted with CO-VID-19 patients, or diagnosed with COVID-19. In the group with a high IES-R score, the rate of DIT was found to be high. IES-R scores were negatively correlated with QoL. IES-R total scores were found highest in the CVD group and lowest in the PD group. The ratio of DIT was found highest in the PNP group and the lowest in the EP group. Contact with CO-VID-19 patients was high in the EP and HA group., Conclusions: The results of the COVQoL-CND study showed that lockdown causes posttraumatic stress and deterioration in the QoL in CND., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objectives: Willis-Ekbom disease/restless legs syndrome (WED/RLS) is the most common sleep-related movement disorder in pregnancy. We designed a prospective longitudinal study to investigate the correlates of WED/RLS during and after pregnancy., Design: A total of 138 pregnant women with WED/RLS and a control group of 251 age-matched pregnant women were enrolled prospectively. A questionnaire was administered during a face-to-face interview at first evaluation during pregnancy and three months after delivery., Results: Among all women in the first trimester, 15.6% were diagnosed with WED/RLS, whereas 32.8% of those in the second trimester and 38.8% of those in the third trimester were diagnosed with WED/RLS (p = 0.032). In regression analysis, later gestational age [p < 0.001; odds ratio (OR) 1.054] and previous history of WED/RLS (p = 0.001; OR 2.795) were positively correlated with the presence of WED/RLS, while ferritin levels (p = 0.001; OR 0.956) were negatively correlated with the presence of WED/RLS. Ferritin levels were also negatively correlated with the International RLS Study Group severity index (p = 0.041). Forty-eight patients (34.8%) experienced WED/RLS symptomatology after delivery. The ferritin levels were lower, and the mean number of pregnancies was higher, in women with residual WED/RLS (p = 0.008)., Conclusion: Our survey showed that WED/RLS was more common in the second and third trimesters. Emergence of WED/RLS during the second trimester was strongly associated with residual WED/RLS. Lower ferritin levels were associated with both WED/RLS in pregnancy and residual WED/RLS after delivery. A higher number of pregnancies were also associated with a greater likelihood of having residual WED/RLS after delivery., (Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders. In the present study, we assessed the nitrite level, which is an indirect indicator of nitric oxide (NO), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI), which may be associated with endotel dysfunction. We investigated the difference between the groups and the relationship among the severity of comorbid conditions., Methods: This study was conducted in 39 OSA patients confirmed by polysomnography and 40 healthy subjects (controls). The OSA group consisted of 10 women and 29 men and the control group consisted of 20 women and 20 men. Polysomnographic revealed mild OSA in two, moderate in 7 and severe in 30 cases. We measured plasma TAS, TOS and nitrite levels from venous blood. The OSI value was obtained by dividing the TOS and TAS values. Values were compared with the control group and between patient groups., Results: A high body mass index (BMI), cardiovasculer diseases (CVD) and the use of medication for co-morbid diseases were more prevalent in the OSA group (p=.001, p=.029 and p=.006, respectively). The median plasma TOS level and OSI in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OUA) group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p=.001 and p=.001, respectively). The plasma median nitrite level and TAS did not show any significant difference between the OSA and the control groups. None of the parameters revealed a significant difference between severe and moderate OSA cases., Conclusion: Our findings in the present study revealed that the oxidant-antioxidant balance shifted toward the oxidant side in OSA cases; however, the NO level did not change. These findings together may point out that some molecules other than NO may have a role in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and also in the disturbed oxidant-antioxidant balance in OSA., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Objectives: Tension-type headache (TTH) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) are worldwide seen chronic pain syndromes of unknown etiology. Despite the growing body of data on pathophysiology and generation mechanisms of pain; our knowledge on pain mechanisms in both FM and TTH is yet to be limited., Patients and Methods: We investigated the plasma nitrite levels, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) in 35 TTH, 33 FM patients and 31 healthy controls., Results: The mean plasma nitrite levels and TAS levels were significantly low and OSI was found to be significantly high in TTH and FM groups compared to the control group (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). The mean serum TOS levels were also significantly higher in FM group according to the control group (p=0.034), but there was not a significant difference between TTH and control groups (p=0.066)., Conclusion: These results indicated that; FM and TTH patients revealed higher oxidative stress index and lower total nitrite levels than healthy controls. We conclude that oxidative stress may have a role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of TTH and FM, although, whether it is the cause or the consequence, is not clear., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aims of the present study were 1) to investigate the alexithymic features in migraine patients and, 2) if alexithymia has any relation with the results of other psychological scales that are widely used in clinical practice to describe the psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. Demographic and clinical data of 50 cases with migraine without aura and 50 normal volunteers were supplied. All cases completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Migraine patients were significantly more depressive, anxious and alexithymic than the control group; there was no correlation between TAS scores and demographic variables; not depression but anxiety was significantly correlated with alexithymia in the migraine group, whereas none of the scores were found to be related to alexithymia in controls. According to our results, alexithymia is a frequent finding in migraine patients and is associated with anxiety to a considerable extent but not with depression.

Purpose: We examined the seropositivity of specific antibodies IgG and IgA to Chlamydia pneumoniae in the patients with ischemic stroke and examined if it has a notability in stroke patients with or without silent brain infarcts., Material and Method: The clinical, laboratory and radiological findings of 26 cases with silent brain infarcts (SBI) without acute stroke and 26 cases with acute ischemic stroke without SBI (30 male, 22 female) were prospectively gathered. Risk factors were noted in all subjects. Control group was consisted of fifty-three healthy volunteer blood donors (40 male and 13 female). The presence of C. pneumoniae specific IgG antibody in serum samples was determined by indirect micro-immunofluorescence test according to the method of Wang and Grayston (Euroimmun GmbH in Deustchland) and of specific IgA antibody in serum samples was determined by indirect micro-immunofluorescence test with the manufactured kit Orgenium-Helsinki. The results were evaluated according to the groups and to the risk factors., Results: There was not any correlation between risk factors and C. pneumoniae seropositivity. Seropositivity for specific IgG antibody for C. pneumoniae was observed as 73.8% in SBI, as 61.5% in stroke and as 56.3% in control groups. Seropositivity for specific IgA antibody for C. pneumoniae was observed in 7 out of 16 SBI cases (43.8%) SBI and in 9 out of 19 stroke cases (47.3%) with positive IgG antiobodies., Conclusion: We could not confirm a relation of C. pneumoniae seropositivity neither with SBI nor with acute stroke.