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Background: Tuina is an effective treatment for the decrease of skeletal muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury. However, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of tuina in rats with sciatic nerve injury (SNI)., Methods: We established an SNI rat model. After Tuina intervention, curative effects were evaluated by behavioral assessment, nerve function index, and muscle atrophy index (MAI). Pathological changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), forkhead box O (FoxO) and p-FoxO levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of proteins involved in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway., Result: Behavioral assessment, nerve function index, and MAI revealed that the tuina had significantly improved muscle atrophy after SNI compared with the SNI model group. Transmission electron microscopy showed that tuina improved muscle ultramicrostructure. CD31 immunofluorescence revealed that tuina improved microcirculation. Furthermore, we observed that tuina differentially regulated the levels of IGF-1, FoxO and p-FoxO, and the protein expression of p-Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K), p-AKT, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the anterior tibial muscle and soleus muscles., Conclusion: Tuina could effectively inhibit skeletal muscle atrophy via the microcirculation pathway in a rat model of SNI by regulating the expression of IGF-1 and FoxO. The underlying mechanism of action may involve the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval and consent to participate: The experimental designs and animal care were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Care and Use Committee of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (No. BUCM-2023032303-1119), and all procedures were conducted in strict accordance with the National Institutes of Health standards stated in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: This study aimed to analyse the research hotspots and frontiers in the field of paediatric fever between 2013 and 2023., Methods: The included articles were visually analysed using CiteSpace 6.1.R6 software., Results: A total of 2,662 Chinese-language articles and 1,456 English-language articles were included in the study. Based on the Chinese literature, research groups were identified represented by Xinmin Li, Jinling Hong and Hongshuang Luo. Based on the English literature, research groups were formed represented by Henriette Moll, Santiago Mintegi and Elizabeth Alpern. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine was the institution with the largest number of publications in the Chinese literature, and the Centers For Disease Control And Prevention was the institution with the largest number of publications in the English literature. The research on paediatric fever mainly focused on mechanism exploration, green treatment and clinical management., Conclusion: Several relatively stable research groups have been formed. Future studies on the differential diagnosis, rational drug use, standardised management and clinical practice guidelines for paediatric fever are needed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Liu, Zhang, Yu, Guo, Xue, Hu, Liu, Xu and Narentuya.)

Teaching is a demanding profession and maintaining teacher wellbeing is significant in ensuring educational quality. However, teacher wellbeing is easily affected by educational reforms, and systematic research on this topic is still relatively rare. In China, with the enactment of the Double Reduction Policy in 2021, the job characteristics of primary and secondary school teachers have undergone various changes. Thus, the current study examined the new job characteristics that China's Double Reduction Policy imposed on the wellbeing of school teachers and their relationships with teachers' inner world (i.e., emotional regulation and mindset). A cross-sectional study was carried out from June to October 2022 across China, employing self-reporting questionnaires for data collection and analysis. With a random sample of 902 teachers, we investigated the associations between teacher wellbeing, job characteristics, emotional regulation strategies, and mindset. The results indicated that teachers showed a lower level of wellbeing after the educational reform. Higher job resources contributed positively to predicting teacher wellbeing, while higher job demands contributed negatively. Genuinely expressing had positive impacts on teacher wellbeing while surface acting had negative impacts and deep acting none. Mindset was found to affect emotional regulation strategies and teacher wellbeing simultaneously. These findings shed light on how teachers can appropriately regulate emotions and maintain wellbeing in the wake of educational reforms., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Ao, Zhang, Tian, Zhu and Kang.)

Keratan sulfate (KS) is a carbohydrate side chain covalently attached to extracellular proteoglycans. KS is composed of disaccharide units of 6-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and galactose. We have previously shown that GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST) 1 encoded by Chst2 is an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of GlcNAc-6-sulfated KS chains that are required for neuronal plasticity in the visual cortex of the mouse brain during the critical period, but not in adulthood. Here, we show that GlcNAc-6-sulfated KS recognized by the R-10G anti-KS antibody, of which the minimum epitope structure is Galß1-4GlcNAc(6S)ß1-3Galß1-4GlcNAc(6S), distributes diffusely in neuropils and presents densely in close proximity to the perineuronal region of the perineuronal net (PNN)-positive neurons in the adult visual cortex. Surprisingly, GlcNAc6ST3, which was discovered as an intestinal GlcNAc6ST encoded by Chst5, is a major brain KS sulfotransferase expressed in oligodendrocytes in adulthood. Moreover, we identified an isoform of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ as a R-10G-reactive KS proteoglycan. These results indicate that GlcNAc6ST3 may play a role in synthesis of a component of PNN in the adult brain, and that the KS-modified isoform of PTPRZ encoded by Ptprz1 could be an extracellular molecule associated with PNNs.

We previously showed that microglial keratan sulfate (KS) was induced in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the functional roles of the glycan and its synthetic enzyme in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive disorder, are unclear. In our study, KS modified with sialic acids having a molecular mass of 125-220 kDa and the carbohydrate sulfotransferase GlcNAc6ST1 were up-regulated in the brains of two transgenic mouse models (J20 and Tg2576) and the brains of patients with AD. GlcNAc6ST1-deficient J20 (J20/GlcNAc6ST1 -/- ) mice demonstrated a complete absence of the microglial sialylated KS. J20/GlcNAc6ST1 -/- primary microglia showed an increased level of amyloid-β phagocytosis and were hyperresponsive to interleukin 4, a potent antiinflammatory cytokine. Moreover, J20/GlcNAc6ST1 -/- mice manifested reduced cerebral amyloid-β deposition. GlcNAc6ST1-synthesizing sialylated KS thus modulates AD pathology. Inhibition of KS synthesis by targeting GlcNAc6ST1 may therefore be beneficial for controlling AD pathogenesis.

The functional role of 5D4 antibody-reactive keratan sulfate (KS) in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. We therefore studied the expression of 5D4-reactive KS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a motor neuron-degenerative disease, with the use of SOD1(G93A) ALS model mice and patients with ALS. Histochemical and immunoelectron microscopic characterizations showed that the 5D4-reactive KS is expressed in Mac2/galectin-3-positive activated or proliferating microglia of SOD1(G93A) ALS model mice at disease end stage and that the KS is an O-linked glycan modified with sialic acid and fucose, which was thus far shown to exist in cartilage. Intriguingly, microglial KS was detected in the spinal cord and brainstem but not in the cerebral cortex of SOD1(G93A) mice. We found that KSGal6ST, a galactose-6-sulfotransferase, is required for biosynthesis of the microglial 5D4-reactive KS by generating SOD1(G93A)/KSGal6ST(-/-) mice. The requirement of GlcNAc6ST1 for this synthesis was corroborated by analyzing SOD1(G93A)/GlcNAc6ST1(-/-) mice. These results indicate that both galactose-6- and N acteylglucosamine-6-sulfated KS elicited in the spinal cord and brainstem are associated with the degeneration of spinal and bulbar lower motor neurons in ALS pathology and may play a role in disease progression via microglial activation and proliferation., (Copyright © 2015 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)