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The development and growth of fish farming are hindered by viral and bacterial infectious diseases, which necessitate effective disease control measures. Furunculosis, primarily caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, stands out as a significant bacterial disease affecting salmonid fish farms, particularly rainbow trout. Vaccination has emerged as a crucial tool in combating this disease. The objective of this experiment was to assess and compare the efficacy and duration of different vaccine protocols against furunculosis in large trout under controlled rearing conditions, utilizing single and booster administrations via intraperitoneal, oral, and immersion routes. Among the various vaccination protocols tested, only those involving intraperitoneal injection, administered at least once, proved truly effective in preventing the expression of clinical signs of furunculosis and reducing mortality rates. A single intraperitoneal administration provided protection for up to 2352°-days, equivalent to approximately 5 months in water at 16 °C. However, intraperitoneal vaccination may lead to reduced growth in the fish due to resultant intraperitoneal adhesions. Additionally, protocols incorporating booster doses via intraperitoneal injection demonstrated efficacy regardless of the administration route of the primary vaccination. Nevertheless, the use of booster vaccinations via the intraperitoneal route did not confer any significant advantage over a single intraperitoneal injection in terms of efficacy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

In animal social groups, the extent to which individuals consistently win agonistic interactions and their ability to monopolize resources represent 2 core aspects of their competitive regime. However, whether these two aspects are closely correlated within groups has rarely been studied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hierarchy steepness, which is generally used to represent power differentials between group members, predicts the variation in the distribution of fitness-related benefits (i.e. fecundity, infant survival, mating success, and feeding success) in relation to individual dominance ranks. We tested this hypothesis in primate groups using comparative phylogenetic meta-analytical techniques. Specifically, we reviewed published and unpublished studies to extract data on individual dominance ranks, their access to fitness-related benefits, and hierarchy steepness. We collected and included in our analysis a total of 153 data points, representing 27 species (including 2 chimpanzee sub-species). From these, we used 4 common methods to measure individual dominance ranks and hierarchy steepness, i.e. D ij -based normalized David's scores, randomized Elo-ratings, and David's scores and Elo-ratings estimated in Bayesian frameworks. We found that hierarchy steepness had no effect on the strength of the relationship between dominance rank and access to fitness-related benefits. Our results suggest that hierarchy steepness does not reflect between-group variation in the extent to which individual dominance affects the acquisition of fitness-related benefits in primates. Although the ability to win agonistic encounters is essential, we speculate that other behavioral strategies adopted by individuals may play crucial roles in resource acquisition in animal competitive regimes., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology.)

With increasing numbers of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets becoming publicly available, researchers and clinicians alike have turned to automated methods of segmentation to enable population-level analyses of these data. Although prior research has evaluated the extent to which automated methods recapitulate "gold standard" manual segmentation methods in the human brain, such an evaluation has not yet been carried out for segmentation of MRIs of the macaque brain. Macaques offer the important opportunity to bridge gaps between microanatomical studies using invasive methods like tract tracing, neural recordings, and high-resolution histology and non-invasive macroanatomical studies using methods like MRI. As such, it is important to evaluate whether automated tools derive data of sufficient quality from macaque MRIs to bridge these gaps. We tested the relationship between automated registration-based segmentation using an open source and actively maintained NHP imaging analysis pipeline (AFNI) and gold standard manual segmentation of 4 structures (2 cortical: anterior cingulate cortex and insula; 2 subcortical: amygdala and caudate) across 37 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We identified some variability in the strength of correlation between automated and manual segmentations across neural regions and differences in relationships with demographic variables like age and sex between the two techniques., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Chondrosarcoma (CHS), also known as malignant cartilage tumors, is the second most common bone cancer after osteosarcoma. This tumor is particularly chemo- and radioresistant, and the only therapeutic alternative is surgery with wide margins. The tumor immune microenvironment reveals an infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) sometimes approaching 50% of the tumor mass, mainly differentiated into M2-like phenotype and correlated with poor prognosis and metastasis. Thus, macrophage-targeting therapies could have an interest in the management of CHS. To evaluate these strategies, we propose here the development of a three-dimensional (3D) tumoroid co-culture model between two human CHS cell lines (JJ012 and CH2879) and a human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1) in a methylcellulose matrix. These two models were compared to the in vivo xenograft models in terms of macrophage phenotypes, proteoglycans, MMP-9, and COX-2 expression. Finally, mifamurtide, an immunomodulator acting on TAMs, was evaluated on the most in vitro relevant model: 3D co-culture CH2879 model. Our results showed that it is now possible to develop 3D models that very accurately mimic what is found in vivo with the possibility of evaluating treatments specific to a tumor cell component.

Objectives: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potentially curative treatment for various diseases. The measurement of CD34+ cells is crucial to schedule the peripheral blood stem cell collection and assess the engraftment potential of the apheresis product. The AQUIOS STEM system has been introduced as a novel application on the AQUIOS CL, a fully automated flow cytometer, for the enumeration of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in accordance with the The International Society for Hematotherapy and Graft Engineering guidelines. This study aimed to assess the potential of the novel AQUIOS STEM system versus currently used systems including the FACSCanto-II and the FACS Lyric flow cytometer in a multicenter study., Methods: A total of 91 samples were used for the validation of the AQUOIS STEM system, including an analytical performance evaluation by means of assessing precision, sample stability, intersample carryover, and linearity and a method comparison with the present FACS systems in use to assess analytical and clinical decision agreement., Results: Results showed excellent precision, with coefficient of variations <15% for dedicated quality control material and patient samples. There was no significant carry over. The fresh apheresis samples were stable when stored overnight at room temperature and at 4°C. Analytical comparison with the current systems demonstrated good correlation in peripheral blood, and minimal, clinically neglectable systematic and proportional bias in fresh apheresis products but a low correlation coefficient in cryopreserved products., Conclusions: The STEM system on AQUIOS CL allows automated enumeration of CD34+ stem cells, demonstrating good analytical performance and promising overall outcomes in peripheral blood and fresh apheresis products., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: The French Society for Biological Psychiatry and Neuropsychopharmacology and the French-speaking Marcé Society have joined forces to establish expert recommendations on the prescription of psychotropic drugs before, during, and after pregnancy in women with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD)., Methods: To elaborate recommendations, we used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, which combines scientific evidence and expert clinicians' opinions. A written survey was completed by 48 psychiatrists, who have expertise in the management of mood disorders and/or in perinatal psychiatry. Key recommendations are provided by the scientific committee based on data analysis and interpretation of the results of the survey., Results: The recommendations address the following three areas that are deemed essential in women with mood disorders, with an emphasis on screening, treatment options, and monitoring: (i) management of mood disorders in women of childbearing age, (ii) management during pregnancy, (iii) management during the post-partum period. As first-line strategies, experts recommend treating mood symptoms during pregnancy and maintaining a pharmacological treatment, even in euthymic or stabilized patients. First-line options include only medications with no teratogenic risk, and during breastfeeding, only medications without evidence of adverse effects in nursing infants., Conclusion: The expert consensus guidelines will help facilitate treatment decisions for clinicians in the daily assessment and management of mood disorders in women of childbearing age, during pregnancy, and in the post-partum period., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Scholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information flow through the nervous system's interoceptive pathways. We outline such a model and discuss how unique anatomical and physiological aspects of interoceptive pathways may give rise to the qualities of affective experiences in general and valence and arousal in particular. We conclude by considering implications and future directions for research on interoception, affect, emotions, and human mental experiences., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests No interests are declared., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Affective touch-a slow, gentle, and pleasant form of touch-activates a different neural network than which is activated during discriminative touch in humans. Affective touch perception is enabled by specialized low-threshold mechanoreceptors in the skin with unmyelinated fibers called C tactile (CT) afferents. These CT afferents are conserved across mammalian species, including macaque monkeys. However, it is unknown whether the neural representation of affective touch is the same across species and whether affective touch's capacity to activate the hubs of the brain that compute socioaffective information requires conscious perception. Here, we used functional MRI to assess the preferential activation of neural hubs by slow (affective) vs. fast (discriminative) touch in anesthetized rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ). The insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, and secondary somatosensory cortex were all significantly more active during slow touch relative to fast touch, suggesting homologous activation of the interoceptive-allostatic network across primate species during affective touch. Further, we found that neural responses to affective vs. discriminative touch in the insula and ACC (the primary cortical hubs for interoceptive processing) changed significantly with age. Insula and ACC in younger animals differentiated between slow and fast touch, while activity was comparable between conditions for aged monkeys (equivalent to >70 y in humans). These results, together with prior studies establishing conserved peripheral nervous system mechanisms of affective touch transduction, suggest that neural responses to affective touch are evolutionarily conserved in monkeys, significantly impacted in old age, and do not necessitate conscious experience of touch., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Background: (S)-[ 18 F]FETrp is a promising PET radiotracer for imaging IDO1 activity, one of the main enzymes involved in the tryptophan metabolism that plays a key role in several diseases including cancers. To date, the radiosynthesis of this tryptophan analogue remains highly challenging due to partial racemization occurring during the nucleophilic radiofluorination step. This work aims to develop a short, epimerization-free and efficient automated procedure of (S)-[ 18 F]FETrp from a corresponding enantiopure tosylate precursor., Results: Enantiomerically pure (S)- and (R)-FETrp references as well as tosylate precursors (S)- and (R)-3 were obtained from corresponding N a -Boc-(L and D)-tryptophan in 2 and 4 steps, respectively. Manual optimisation of the radiolabelling conditions resulted in > 90% radiochemical conversion with more than 99% enantiomeric purity. Based on these results, the (S)-[ 18 F]FETrp radiosynthesis was fully automated on a SynChrom R&D EVOI module to produce the radiotracer in 55.2 ± 7.5% radiochemical yield, 99.9% radiochemical purity, 99.1 ± 0.5% enantiomeric excess, and molar activity of 53.2 ± 9.3 GBq/µmol (n = 3)., Conclusions: To avoid racemisation and complicated purification processes, currently encountered for the radiosynthesis of (S)-[ 18 F]FETrp, we report herein significant improvements, including a versatile synthesis of enantiomerically pure tosylate precursor and reference compound and a convenient one-pot two-step automated procedure for the radiosynthesis of (S)-[ 18 F]FETrp. This optimised and robust production method could facilitate further investigations of this relevant PET radiotracer for imaging IDO1 activity., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Importance: Minor head trauma (HT) is one of the most common causes of hospitalization in children. A diagnostic test could prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and cranial computed tomographic (CCT) scans., Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of serum S100B values in reducing exposure to CCT scans and in-hospital observation in children with minor HT., Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, unblinded, prospective, interventional randomized clinical trial used a stepped-wedge cluster design to compare S100B biomonitoring and control groups at 11 centers in France. Participants included children and adolescents 16 years or younger (hereinafter referred to as children) admitted to the emergency department with minor HT. The enrollment period was November 1, 2016, to October 31, 2021, with a follow-up period of 1 month for each patient. Data were analyzed from March 7 to May 29, 2023, based on the modified intention-to-treat and per protocol populations., Interventions: Children in the control group had CCT scans or were hospitalized according to current recommendations. In the S100B biomonitoring group, blood sampling took place within 3 hours after minor HT, and management depended on serum S100B protein levels. If the S100B level was within the reference range according to age, the children were discharged from the emergency department. Otherwise, children were treated as in the control group., Main Outcomes and Measures: Proportion of CCT scans performed (absence or presence of CCT scan for each patient) in the 48 hours following minor HT., Results: A total of 2078 children were included: 926 in the control group and 1152 in the S100B biomonitoring group (1235 [59.4%] boys; median age, 3.2 [IQR, 1.0-8.5] years). Cranial CT scans were performed in 299 children (32.3%) in the control group and 112 (9.7%) in the S100B biomonitoring group. This difference of 23% (95% CI, 19%-26%) was not statistically significant (P = .44) due to an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.32. A statistically significant 50% reduction in hospitalizations (95% CI, 47%-53%) was observed in the S100B biomonitoring group (479 [41.6%] vs 849 [91.7%]; P < .001)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial of effectiveness of the serum S100B level in the management of pediatric minor HT, S100B biomonitoring yielded a reduction in the number of CCT scans and in-hospital observation when measured in accordance with the conditions defined by a clinical decision algorithm., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02819778.

Prior evidence demonstrates that relative to younger adults, older human adults exhibit attentional biases toward positive and/or away from negative socioaffective stimuli (i.e., the age-related positivity effect). Whether or not the effect is phylogenetically conserved is currently unknown and its biopsychosocial origins are debated. To address this gap, we evaluated how visual processing of socioaffective stimuli differs in aged, compared to middle-aged, rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta ) using eye tracking in two experimental designs that are directly comparable to those historically used for evaluating attentional biases in humans. Results of our study demonstrate that while younger rhesus possesses robust attentional biases toward threatening pictures of conspecifics' faces, aged animals evidence no such bias. Critically, these biases emerged only when threatening faces were paired with neutral and not ostensibly "positive" faces, suggesting social context modifies the effect. Results of our study suggest that the evolutionarily shared mechanisms drive age-related decline in visual biases toward negative stimuli in aging across primate species. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Introduction: Telerehabilitation (TR) is a promising method for facilitating the delivery and access to post-stroke rehabilitation services., Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the acceptability of TR and factors influencing its adoption by individuals with stroke and caregivers., Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Six individuals with stroke and three caregivers participated in individual online interviews. An abductive thematic analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data, using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT-2) model., Results: Participants reported positive experiences with TR, resulting in improvements in functional abilities, such as manual dexterity, balance, and positive interactions with therapists. They found the technology easy to learn and use, facilitating engagement in TR. Participants' prior experiences with technology, along with support from caregivers and therapists, facilitated acceptance and the use of TR. The COVID-19 pandemic also motivated participants to accept TR. However, technical issues, unstable internet connections, and lack of feedback were barriers to the use of TR., Conclusion: Despite existing obstacles, TR can be used to provide rehabilitation services for individuals with stroke. Addressing these barriers is necessary to promote the widespread and effective use of TR in the context of stroke recovery.

A tumor is a complex cluster with many types of cells in the microenvironment that help it grow. Macrophages, immune cells whose main role is to maintain body homeostasis, represent in the majority of cancers the most important cell population. In this context, they are called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) because of their phenotype, which contributes to tumor growth. In order to limit the use of animals, there is a real demand for the creation of in vitro models able to represent more specifically the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in order to characterize it and evaluate new treatments. However, the two-dimensional (2D) culture, which has been used for a long time, has shown many limitations, especially in terms of tumor representation. The three-dimensional (3D) models, developed over the last 20 years, have made it possible to get closer to what happens in vivo in terms of phenotypic and functional characteristics. Due to their architectural similarity to in vivo tissues, they provide a more physiologically relevant in vitro system. Most recently, it is the development of 3D coculture models in which two or three cell lines are cultured together that has allowed a better representation of TME with cell-cell interactions. Unfortunately, there is no clear direction for the design of these models at this time. In this Review on the coculture between cancer cells and TAMs, an in-depth analysis is performed to answer multiple questions on the conception of these models: Which models to use, and with which material and cancer lineage? Which monocyte or macrophage lines should be added to the coculture? And how can these models be exploited?

Aging ushers in numerous disruptions to autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Although the effects of aging on ANS function at rest are well characterized, there is surprising variation in reports of age-related differences in ANS reactivity to psychosocial stressors, with some reports of decreases and other reports of increases in reactivity with age. The sources of variation in age-related differences are largely unknown. Nonhuman primate models of socioaffective aging may help to uncover sources of this variation as nonhuman primates share key features of human ANS structure and function and researchers have precise control over the environments in which they age. In this report, we assess how response patterns to dynamic socioaffective stimuli in the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ANS differ in aged compared to middle-aged monkeys. We find that respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a cardiac indicator of activity in the parasympathetic branch of the ANS, exhibits age-related disruptions in responding while monkeys view videos of conspecifics. This suggests that there are evolutionarily conserved mechanisms responsible for the patterns of affective aging observed in humans and that aged rhesus monkeys are a robust translational model for human affective aging., (© 2023 The Authors. Psychophysiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Psychophysiological Research.)

Social network analysis (SNA) is a powerful, quantitative tool to measure animals' direct and indirect social connectedness in the context of social groups. However, the extent to which behavioural sampling methods influence SNA metrics remains unclear. To fill this gap, here we compare network indices of grooming, huddling, and aggression calculated from data collected from three macaque species through two sampling methods: focal animal sampling (FAS) and all-occurrences behaviour sampling (ABS). We found that measures of direct connectedness (degree centrality, and network density) were correlated between FAS and ABS for all social behaviours. Eigenvector and betweenness centralities were correlated for grooming and aggression networks across all species. By contrast, for huddling, we found a correlation only for betweenness centrality while eigenvector centralities were correlated only for the tolerant bonnet macaque but not so for the despotic rhesus macaque. Grooming and huddling network modularity and centralization were correlated between FAS and ABS for all but three of the eight groups. By contrast, for aggression network, we found a correlation for network centralization but not modularity between the sampling methodologies. We discuss how our findings provide researchers with new guidelines regarding choosing the appropriate sampling method to estimate social network metrics., Competing Interests: We declare we have no competing interests., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent after surviving sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). SCA-induced PTSD is associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular risk, yet no psychotherapeutic treatment has been developed and tested for this population. Exposure therapy is standard treatment for PTSD, but its safety and efficacy remain unconfirmed for SCA survivors: current protocols do not address their specific disease course and have high attrition. Mindfulness-based interventions are typically well-tolerated and have shown promise in reducing PTSD symptoms from other traumas., Objective: This study sought to determine feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of acceptance and mindfulness-based exposure therapy (AMBET), a novel SCA-specific psychotherapy protocol combining mindfulness and exposure-based interventions with cardiac focused psychoeducation to reduce symptoms and improve health behaviors in patients with post-SCA PTSD., Methods: We conducted an open feasibility pilot study from January 2021 to April 2022 with a small sample (N = 11) of SCA survivors meeting DSM-5 PTSD criteria. AMBET comprised eight 90-minute remotely delivered individual sessions. Clinical evaluators assessed PTSD symptoms using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) at baseline, midpoint, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up., Results: Ten (91%) of 11 enrolled patients completed treatment. Satisfaction was high and patients reported no adverse events. PTSD symptoms significantly improved statistically ( P <  .001) and clinically with large effect sizes ( g =  1.34-2.21) and treatment gains sustained at 3-month follow-up. Posttreatment, 80% of completers (n   =   8) showed significant treatment response, 70% (n   =   7) with PTSD diagnostic remission. No patient reported symptom increases., Conclusions: This initial trial found AMBET feasible, safe, and potentially efficacious in reducing PTSD following SCA. These encouraging pilot results warrant further research., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04596891., (© Copyright 2023 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.)

Zika virus' neural tropism causes significant neural pathology, particularly in developing fetuses. One of the consistent findings from humans and animal models is that prenatal exposure to Zika virus (ZIKV) causes pathology in the eyes and visual pathways of the brain, although the extent to which this pathology persists over development is not clear. In the present report, we build upon our previous work which demonstrated that full-term rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) fetuses who were exposed to ZIKV early in gestation had significant pathological abnormalities to the organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a major hub of the visual network. The objective of the present work was to replicate those LGN findings and determine whether such pathology persisted across childhood development. We carried out histological analyses of the LGNs of two juvenile rhesus monkeys who were prenatally exposed to ZIKV and two age-matched controls. Pregnant rhesus monkeys were infected with ZIKV via the intravenous and intra-amniotic routes and tracked across development. Following sacrifice and perfusion, brains were subjected to quantitative neuroanatomical analyses with a focus on the size and structure of the LGN and its composite layers. Early fetal ZIKV exposure resulted in developmental abnormalities within the brains' visual pathway: specifically disorganization, blending of layers, laminar discontinuities, and regions of low cell density within the LGN. These abnormalities were not observed in the control animals. Our findings demonstrate that the ZIKV's damage to the LGN that occurs during fetal development persists into childhood., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Social behavior plays an important role in supporting both psychological and physical health across the lifespan. People's social lives change as they age, and the nature of these changes differ based on whether people are on healthy aging trajectories or are experiencing neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Nonhuman primate models of aging have provided a base of knowledge comparing aging trajectories in health and disease, but these studies rarely emphasize social behavior changes as a consequence of the aging process. What data exist hold particular value, as negative effects of disease and aging on social behavior are likely to have disproportionate impacts on quality of life. In this mini review, we examine the literature on nonhuman primate models of aging with a focus on social behavior, in the context of both health and disease. We propose that adopting a greater focus on social behavior outcomes in nonhuman primates will improve our understanding of the intersection of health, aging and sociality in humans., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Menippe mercenaria, the Florida stone crab, supports an unconventional fishery across the southern USA and Caribbean that involves claw-removal and the return of de-clawed animals to the sea. We provide pathological, ultrastructural, and genomic detail for a novel hepatopancreatic, nucleus-specific virus - Menippe mercenaria nudivirus (MmNV) - isolated from M. mercenaria, captured during fisheries-independent monitoring. The virus has a genome of 99,336 bp and encodes 84 predicted protein coding genes and shows greatest similarity to Aratus pisonii nudivirus (ApNV) (<60% protein similarity and 31 shared genes of greatest similarity), collected from the Florida Keys, USA. MmNV is a member of the Gammanudivirus genus (Naldaviricetes: Lefavirales: Nudiviridae). Comparisons of virus genome size, preferred host environment, and gene number revealed no clear associations between the viral traits and phylogenetic position. Evolution of the virus alongside the diversification of host taxa, with the potential for host-switching, remain more likely evolutionary pathways., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Oftentimes ignored or infrequently expressed, some transgender persons harbor a desire for parenthood. Given the evolution of medical techniques and the enacting of legislative reforms, it is henceforth possible to propose fertility preservation strategies in the overall context of gender transidentity. During the "female to male" (FtM) transition pathway, androgen therapy has an impact on gonadic function, generally inducing blockage of the ovarian function, with amenorrhea. Even though these events may be reversed on cessation of treatment, the possible long-term effects on future fertility and on the health of children yet to be born are little known. Moreover, transition surgeries definitively compromise the possibility of pregnancy insofar as they involve bilateral adnexectomy and/or hysterectomy. Options for fertility preservation in the framework of FtM transition are premised on cryopreservation of oocytes and/or ovarian tissue. In a comparable manner, even though relevant documentation is lacking, hormonal treatments for persons transitioning from male to female (MtF) can have an impact on future fertility. In the event of surgery involving bilateral orchidectomy in which spermatozoid cryopreservation has not been carried out, fertility is definitively impossible. In both cases and under present-day legislation, numerous legal and regulatory barriers render highly problematic the reutilization of cryopreserved gametes. Given these different constraints, it is indispensable to closely supervise these types of treatment by proposing psychological support., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

There is enormous variation in the extent to which fetal Zika virus (fZIKV) infection affects the developing brain. Despite the neural consequences of fZIKV infection observed in people and animal models, many open questions about the relationship between infection dynamics and fetal and infant development remain. To further understand how ZIKV affects the developing nervous system and the behavioral consequences of prenatal infection, we adopted a nonhuman primate model of fZIKV infection in which we inoculated pregnant rhesus macaques and their fetuses with ZIKV in the early second trimester of fetal development. We then tracked their health across gestation and characterized infant development across the first month of life. ZIKV-infected pregnant mothers had long periods of viremia and mild changes to their hematological profiles. ZIKV RNA concentrations, an indicator of infection magnitude, were higher in mothers whose fetuses were male, and the magnitude of ZIKV RNA in the mothers' plasma or amniotic fluid predicted infant outcomes. The magnitude of ZIKV RNA was negatively associated with infant growth across the first month of life, affecting males' growth more than females' growth, although for most metrics, both males and females evidenced slower growth rates as compared with control animals whose mothers were not ZIKV inoculated. Compared with control infants, fZIKV infants also spent more time with their mothers during the first month of life, a social behavior difference that may have long-lasting consequences on psychosocial development during childhood.

The current four-symptom screen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) is widely used as screen to initiate diagnostic testing for active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), yet the performance is poor especially when TB prevalence is low. In contrast, more sensitive molecular tests are less suitable for placement at primary care level in low-resource settings. In order to meet the WHO End TB targets, new diagnostic approaches are urgently needed to find the missing undiagnosed cases. Proteomics-derived blood host biomarkers have been explored because protein detection technologies are suitable for the point-of-care setting and could meet cost targets. This study aimed to find a biomarker signature that fulfills WHO's target product profile (TPP) for a TB screening. Twelve blood-based protein biomarkers from three sample populations (Vietnam, Peru, and South Africa) were analyzed individually and in combinations via advanced statistical methods and machine learning algorithms. The combination of I-309, SYWC and kallistatin showed the most promising results to discern active TB throughout the data sets meeting the TPP for a triage test in adults from two countries (Peru and South Africa). The top-performing individual markers identified at the global level (I-309 and SYWC) were also among the best-performing markers at country level in South Africa and Vietnam. This analysis clearly shows that a host protein biomarker assay is feasible in adults for certain geographical regions based on one or two biomarkers with a performance that meets minimal WHO TPP criteria., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Fear and anxiety play a central role in mammalian life, and there is considerable interest in clarifying their nature, identifying their biological underpinnings, and determining their consequences for health and disease. Here we provide a roundtable discussion on the nature and biological bases of fear- and anxiety-related states, traits, and disorders. The discussants include scientists familiar with a wide variety of populations and a broad spectrum of techniques. The goal of the roundtable was to take stock of the state of the science and provide a roadmap to the next generation of fear and anxiety research. Much of the discussion centered on the key challenges facing the field, the most fruitful avenues for future research, and emerging opportunities for accelerating discovery, with implications for scientists, funders, and other stakeholders. Understanding fear and anxiety is a matter of practical importance. Anxiety disorders are a leading burden on public health and existing treatments are far from curative, underscoring the urgency of developing a deeper understanding of the factors governing threat-related emotions., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

NO. In adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2D), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and flash glucose monitoring (FGM) do not decrease symptomatic hypoglycemia episodes (strength of recommendation [SOR], B) but do lower time in hypoglycemia (SOR, C; disease-oriented evidence).CGM, in which glucose levels are sent automatically in numeric and graphic format to a patient's smart device for their potential action, did not change the hypoglycemic event rate (SOR, B; 2 prospective studies). CGM significantly reduced hypoglycemia duration in an 8-month randomized controlled trial (RCT; SOR, C) but not in a 1-year prospective study (SOR, C).FGM, in which glucose levels are sent on demand to a device, did not significantly reduce hypoglycemic episodes (SOR, B; 1 small RCT and 1 prospective study). Hypoglycemia duration was reduced significantly with FGM in a 6-month RCT (SOR, B) but not in a 1-year prospective study (SOR, B).

Echinoderm mass mortality events shape marine ecosystems by altering the dynamics among major benthic groups. The sea urchin Diadema antillarum , virtually extirpated in the Caribbean in the early 1980s by an unknown cause, recently experienced another mass mortality beginning in January 2022. We investigated the cause of this mass mortality event through combined molecular biological and veterinary pathologic approaches comparing grossly normal and abnormal animals collected from 23 sites, representing locations that were either affected or unaffected at the time of sampling. Here, we report that a scuticociliate most similar to Philaster apodigitiformis was consistently associated with abnormal urchins at affected sites but was absent from unaffected sites. Experimentally challenging naïve urchins with a Philaster culture isolated from an abnormal, field-collected specimen resulted in gross signs consistent with those of the mortality event. The same ciliate was recovered from treated specimens postmortem, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates for this microorganism. We term this condition D. antillarum scuticociliatosis.

Accumulating evidence indicates that the adult brain is capable of significant structural change following damage-a capacity once thought to be largely limited to developing brains. To date, most existing research on adult plasticity has focused on how exteroceptive sensorimotor networks compensate for damage to preserve function. Interoceptive networks-those that represent and process sensory information about the body's internal state-are now recognized to be critical for a wide range of physiological and psychological functions from basic energy regulation to maintaining a sense of self, but the extent to which these networks remain plastic in adulthood has not been established. In this report, we used detailed histological analyses to pinpoint precise changes to gray matter volume in the interoceptive-allostatic network in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) who received neurotoxic lesions of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and neurologically intact control monkeys. Relative to controls, monkeys with ACC lesions had significant and selective unilateral expansion of the ventral anterior insula and significant relative bilateral expansion of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. This work demonstrates the capacity for neuroplasticity in the interoceptive-allostatic network which, given that changes included expansion rather than atrophy, is likely to represent an adaptive response following damage., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida (Ass) is a medically and economically important bacterial disease in salmonid farms that requires therapeutic measures to prevent and control the disease. Evaluation of the effectiveness of traditional measures such as antibiotics or vaccines usually requires infecting fish experimentally. The objective of this study is to develop a method of infectious challenge of large (250-g) Rainbow trout by immersion close to natural infection conditions. We compare mortality, morbidity and anti-Ass antibody production of Rainbow trout following different bathing times (2, 4, 8 and 24 h) at a final bacterial concentration of 10 6  CFU/mL. One hundred sixty fish divided in five groups corresponding to the 4 bathing times and the non-challenged group were studied. The 24 h contact duration resulted in the infection of all fish, with a mortality rate of 53.25%. The challenged fish developed acute infection with symptoms and lesions (inappetance, altering of swimming behaviour, presence of boils) similar to those observed in furunculosis, and produced antibodies against the bacterium at 4 weeks after challenging, in contrast with the non-challenged group., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None, (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Research organizations should be proactive in regularly evaluating and refining their animal care and use programs in order to advance animal welfare and minimize distress. Pigs are often used in research, but few empirical studies have examined optimal husbandry and research use practices for pigs in a research environment. We developed the Pig Welfare Working Group (PWWG) to address the need for more formal guidelines on the management and use of pigs in research. The PWWG was a stakeholder focus group whose goal was to identify challenges and opportunities relevant to improving animal welfare through collaboration, knowledge sharing, and inclusive decision-making. Through consensus building, the PWWG developed 12 recommendations for behavioral management, housing, research procedures, transportation, and rehoming programs. The recommendations were rolled out across the contract research organization, business units, sites, and countries. Follow up will be conducted regularly to assess welfare, monitor progress toward implementing the recommendations, and recognize and reward participants making changes at their site.

Phenyl 4-(2-oxo-3-alkylimidazolidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonates (PAIB-SOs) are a new family of antimitotic prodrugs bioactivated in breast cancer cells expressing CYP1A1. In this study, we report that the 14 C-labeled prototypical PAIB-SO [ 14 C]CEU-818 and its antimitotic counterpart [ 14 C]CEU-602 are distributed in whole mouse body and they show a short half-life in mice. To circumvent this limitation, we evaluated the effect of the homologation of the alkyl side chain of the imidazolidin-2-one moiety of PAIB-SOs. Our studies evidence that PAIB-SOs bearing an n -pentyl side chain exhibit antiproliferative activity in the nanomolar-to-low-micromolar range and a high selectivity toward CYP1A1-positive breast cancer cells. Moreover, the most potent n -pentyl PAIB-SOs were significantly more stable toward rodent liver microsomes. In addition, PAIB-SOs 10 and 14 show significant antitumor activity and low toxicity in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Our study confirms that homologation is a suitable approach to improve the rodent hepatic stability of PAIB-SOs.

Background: As interest in evaluating sex differences in nonhuman animals grows, the finding that male and female monkeys have toy preferences that differ, and that parallel those documented in human children, has garnered significant attention and is leveraged as an argument in favor of a biological contribution for human sex differences. To date, however, only two studies have investigated sex differences in monkeys' toy preferences, both documenting that males prefer toys considered to be "masculine" (such as vehicles) and females prefer toys considered to be "feminine" (such as dolls). Monkeys in these studies were tested in their social groups, making it hard to determine if the sex differences reported reflect actual individual preferences or result from social dynamics present at the time of testing., Method: Here, we assessed the preferences of 14 rhesus macaques (N = 7 males; N = 7 females) who were singly tested in a choice test with a variety of toys characterized as masculine (hard non-zoomorphic wheeled toys), feminine (zoomorphic soft toys), neutral (hard non-zoomorphic toys) and ambiguous (zoomorphic or plush vehicles) based on criteria from previous studies., Results: Males and females showed similar preferences for neutral and "masculine" toys and preferred them (i.e., were more likely to interact with them) to "feminine" and sex-ambiguous toys. When they interacted with the toys, both males and females interacted more with neutral than with "masculine" toys. Females, but not males, interacted more with neutral and "masculine" toys than with "feminine" toys. The highest frequency of interaction for any single toy for the male monkeys was with the doll-standing is stark contrast to previous findings., Conclusions: Our results contrast greatly with the previous study in rhesus monkeys, as well as findings in human children, suggesting that the previously documented sex differences are likely context dependent, and question the existence of a strong biological basis to sex differences in toy preferences., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Phthalates and other plasticisers are extensively used in medical devices (MD) from which they can leach out and lead to potential multiple problems for the patients. This exposure is a major issue because it is associated with reproductive and neurodevelopment disorders. The Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) population is at high risk due to the daily intensive medical interventions, the reduced ability of newborns to remove these contaminants and their higher sensitivity to endocrine disruptors. We conducted a multicentric biomonitoring study to assess and compare the urinary levels of DEHP (di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate), DEHTP (di-(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate) and TEHTM (tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate) metabolites as biomarkers of this exposure during and after the newborns' stay in NICU. Daily urinary samples were collected in NICU and at discharge from the hospital for each patient. MD sources and exposure factors were also investigated. 508 urinary samples from 97 patients enrolled in centres 1 and 2 (C1/C2) were collected. The exposure of newborns to DEHP was greater than that of DEHTP and TEHTM, with a median concentration of DEHP metabolites (C1:195.63 ng/mL;C2:450.87 ng/mL) respectively 5 to 10 times higher and 57 to 228 times higher than the median concentrations of DEHTP and TEHTM metabolites. The urinary concentrations of DEHP and TEHTM metabolites were significantly lower at discharge than in NICU, with a 18-and 35-fold decrease for DEHP and a 4 and 8-fold decrease for TEHTM, respectively for C1 and C2, but were similar for DEHTP metabolites. MD used for respiratory assistance, infusion therapy,enteral nutrition and transfusion were the main sources of exposure. Smaller gestational age and body weight significantly increased the newborns' exposure. The elevated levels of DEHP metabolites in NICU patients are still alarming. Additional efforts are necessary to promote its substitution in MD by possibly safer alternatives such as TEHTM and DEHTP, particularly when used for the care of newborns., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Le 190 is a sexual health center in Paris founded in 2010. Its initial objective is to reduce the HIV/AIDS epidemic locally among men who have sex with men (MSM) through multidisciplinary support rooted in the reality of the sexuality and affective life of HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM. Because of its constant concern for overall gay health and its community character, its activity has diversified and has enabled it to be a forerunner in both care and care pathways, on both the medical and regulatory aspects. Mental health and the complications of chemsex are taking an increasingly important place in the demand for care and the support has been adapted and perfected with the patients. Today, Le 190 is considered a model by many community actors and health professionals and is celebrating its 13th anniversary, an opportunity to share its experience and reaffirm its demonstrated benefit for public health and universal care. The major innovations of the center as well as the limitations and difficulties it has encountered will allow for a better understanding of community health in practice and more specifically gay health.

The ability to automatically estimate the pose of non-human primates as they move through the world is important for several subfields in biology and biomedicine. Inspired by the recent success of computer vision models enabled by benchmark challenges (e.g., object detection), we propose a new benchmark challenge called OpenMonkeyChallenge that facilitates collective community efforts through an annual competition to build generalizable non-human primate pose estimation models. To host the benchmark challenge, we provide a new public dataset consisting of 111,529 annotated (17 body landmarks) photographs of non-human primates in naturalistic contexts obtained from various sources including the Internet, three National Primate Research Centers, and the Minnesota Zoo. Such annotated datasets will be used for the training and testing datasets to develop generalizable models with standardized evaluation metrics. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our dataset quantitatively by comparing it with existing datasets based on seven state-of-the-art pose estimation models., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. All procedures were performed in compliance with the guidelines of the IACUC of the University of Minnesota.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to understand the changes within families during confinement motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore the psycho-emotional experiences of children and their parents in this new situation. Confinement necessarily induced significant changes in daily family routines, particularly for work, education, leisure and social activities. In the more vulnerable pediatric population, several authors have warned of the need to consider the impact of lockdown measures during COVID-19 on the psychological impact and well-being., Method: This is an anonymous online survey with methodology combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The questions targeted several themes such as life context, emotional experience and the impact on daily habits in children and adolescents, as perceived by parents. Participants are adults and parents of at least one child. They were recruited through social media and email., Results: A total of 439 parents responded to the questionnaire. The families generally stayed in their usual place of residence and managed to adapt well. On average, the children's level of worry (as estimated by parents) was lower than the level of worry parents attributed to themselves. For the majority, the parents did not observe any change, the psychological state of the children and adolescents was generally stable, but for those who experienced more negative emotions than usual, it was an increase in boredom, irritability and anger. A decrease in the quality of sleep was also observed by a third of the respondents. On the other hand, an increase in autonomy was noted. Regarding the quality of family cohabitation, an important result showed that confinement had improved family relationships for 41% parents but at the expense of usual social ties inducing a feeling of deprivation. Indeed, the participants evoke a lack of "social link" and "social contact with friends". Lack became synonymous with absence, a feeling of loneliness and separation., Conclusion: Our results confirm European and international data collected in children in countries where strict lockdown measures have been applied. Despite the negative emotions felt in some children, confinement has helped develop new resources in most families. Families seem to have been successful in maintaining a stable and secure routine which has certainly been a protective factor against anxiety. Some reported factors, such as bonding, could be protective factors and constitute good leads in interventions to be offered to children and their families., (Copyright © 2021 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Using plant defense elicitors to protect crops against diseases is an attractive strategy to reduce chemical pesticide use. However, development of elicitors remains limited because of variable effectiveness in the field. In contrast to fungicides that directly target pathogens, elicitors activate plant immunity, which depends on plant physiological status. Other products, the biostimulants, can improve certain functions of plants. In this study, the objective was to determine whether a biostimulant via effects on grapevine physiology could increase effectiveness of a defense elicitor. A new methodology was developed to study biostimulant activity under controlled conditions using in vitro plantlets. Both biostimulant and defense elicitor used in the study were plant extracts. When added to the culture medium, the biostimulant accelerated the beginning of plantlet growth and affected the shoot and root development. It also modified metabolomes and phytohormone contents of leaves, stems, and roots. When applied on shoots, the defense elicitor changed metabolite and phytohormone contents, but effects were different depending on whether plantlets were biostimulated or controls. Defense responses and protection against Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew agent) were induced only for plantlets previously treated with the biostimulant, Therefore, the biostimulant may act by priming the defense elicitor action. In this study, a new method to screen biostimulants active on grapevine vegetative growth was used to demonstrate that a biostimulant can optimize the efficiency of a plant defense elicitor., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Jacquens, Trouvelot, Lemaitre-Guillier, Krzyzaniak, Clément, Citerne, Mouille, Moreau, Héloir and Adrian.)

The last decade has witnessed intense interest in how people perceive the minds of other entities (humans, non-human animals, and non-living objects and forces) and how this perception impacts behavior. Despite the attention paid to the topic, the psychological structure of mind perception-that is, the underlying properties that account for variance across judgements of entities-is not clear and extant reports conflict in terms of how to understand the structure. In the present research, we evaluated the psychological structure of mind perception by having participants evaluate a wide array of human, non-human animal, and non-animal entities. Using an entirely within-participants design, varied measurement approaches, and data-driven analyses, four studies demonstrated that mind perception is best conceptualized along a single dimension., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Although corona discharges are used in many industrial applications because of their ability to produce chemical species, the ionic wind they induce is less known and often ignored. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the ionic wind produced by a corona discharge ignited between a high voltage needle and a grounded plate electrode covered by a dielectric material. More specifically, the work focuses on the influence of the high voltage waveform on the temporal behavior of the ionic wind. The results highlight that the high voltage waveform plays a key role on the dynamics of the flow produced inside the discharge. On the one hand, for the sine, triangle and sawtooth waveforms, there is a flow acceleration during both the positive and the negative half-cycles, the positive discharge being more effective in velocity production. On the other hand, for the square waveform, the increase in velocity occurs during the rises and falls of the voltage, because of the strengthening of the electric field due to the ions remaining from the previous half-cycle at the wall of the dielectric material., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents is often overlooked by healthcare providers and difficult to diagnose. As childhood TB cases rise, finding a diagnostic high in sensitivity and specificity is critical. In this study 91 urine samples from children aged 1-10 years were analyzed for tuberculostearic acid (TBSA) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and capture ELISA (C-ELISA). In C-ELISA the CS35/A194-01 antibody performed very poorly with both curve-based and model-based cutoffs. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the CS35 OD450 values was only 0.60. Replacing the capture antibody with BJ76 gave a better performance in both sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.95). When these samples were analyzed by GC/MS, 41 classified as 'probable/possible' for TB were distinctly TBSA positive with ten samples having <3 ng/mL LAM. However, from the 50 samples with 'unlikely' TB classification, 36 were negative but 7 had >3 ng/mL and were designated as LAM positive. This experimental assay assessment study signifies that i) the antibody pair CS35/A194-01 that has been successful for adult active TB diagnosis is not adequate when LAM level is low as in pediatric TB; ii) no one mAb appears to recognize all TB-specific LAM epitopes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cell wall, is detectable in the urine of MTB infected patients with active tuberculosis (TB). LAM-specific antibodies (Igs) have been developed by a variety of traditional and recombinant methods for potential use in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). We evaluated the analytical performance of the TB LAM Igs to identify pairs that offer superior performance over existing urine LAM tests. We assessed 25 new and 4 existing Igs in a matrixed format using a multiplex electrochemiluminescence-based liquid immunoassay. A total of 841 paired Ig combinations were challenged with in vitro cultured LAM (cLAM) derived from MTB strains representing diverse phylogenetic lineages, alongside urinary LAM (uLAM) from the urine of adults with active pulmonary TB. Analytical sensitivity of down-selected Ig pairs was determined using MTB Aoyama-B cLAM, while diagnostic accuracy was determined using clinical samples. When testing cLAM, the reactivity of Ig pairs was similar across MTB lineages 1-4 but lineage 5:6 had significantly more reactivity among Ig pairs. Overall, 41 Ig pairs had a strong binding affinity to cLAM, as compared to the reference pair of S4-20/A194-01, and 28 Ig pairs therein exhibited a strong affinity for both cLAM and uLAM. Retrospective testing on clinical urine specimens demonstrated varying sensitivities (12-80%) and specificities (14-100%). The five top pairs had a similar analytical limit of detection to the reference pair but in four instances, the sensitivity and specificity with clinical uLAM samples was poor. Overall, epitopes presented by uLAM are different from cLAM, which may affect antibody performance when testing uLAM in patient samples. Several new Ig pairs had similar ranges of high sensitivity to cLAM but overall, there were no new candidate Ig pairs identified in this round of screening with increased performance with uLAM as compared to an existing optimal pair., Competing Interests: James Schouten and Paul Davis are both employees of Mologic Ltd (UK), a commercial developer of rapid immunologic tests. Masanori Kawasaki is an employee of Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

The New York State (NYS) Office of Mental Health created the NYS COVID-19 Emotional Support Helpline and enlisted graduate students to provide phone-based emotional support initially to the NYS community. This NYS-funded initiative transformed into providing psychosocial support for callers across the United States. Four NYS doctoral students acted as the helpline agents and received 251 individual calls from May-August 2020. The agents documented the calls with clinical notes which cannot be traced back to specific callers. The purpose of this retrospective qualitative study was to explore the themes that emerged from the calls to give voice to the trauma that callers were reporting during the early phases of the pandemic, and the resilience they demonstrated as they engaged with the Helpline. The agents' clinical transcripts were converted into codes using a critical-constructivist grounded theory approach (Levitt, 2021) with the NVIVO qualitative data analysis software. A second research team audited the initial codes for construct clarity. Emergent themes detailed the unique traumas that helpline callers divulged, how the agents provided support, and the callers' capacities for resilience. Recommendations are suggested to inform clinicians working with pandemic survivors, to offer guidance on providing distance or virtual interventions as well as to enhance policymakers' understanding of addressing mental health needs across populations served via the NYS COVID-19 Emotional Support Helpline.

Very humanlike artificial agents can induce feelings of uneasiness in human perceivers. Stimuli that generate this response are said to occupy "the uncanny valley". Given inconsistent findings in the literature, whether or not nonhuman animals experience the uncanny valley is unclear. Here, we recorded the visual attention of eleven male rhesus monkeys as they viewed faces varying in realness across five levels, with visual attention measured by both number and duration of visual fixations on faces as a whole and on areas of interest within the faces (e.g., eyes, mouth). Face stimuli varied in terms of the realism of the image and behavior depicted by the face (lipsmack, threat, bared teeth, and neutral). We largely found no support that rhesus monkeys perceive an uncanny valley when viewing our stimuli; however, monkeys did generally pay more attention to eyes and less attention to mouths in real images compared to less realistic images. Across all stimuli, monkeys' visual attention was drawn to the mouths of images when teeth were visible. These findings suggest that rhesus monkeys in our study did not display an uncanny valley effect when viewing realistic stimuli but did percieve affective information depicted by faces regardless of how real those faces appear., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Pandemics caused by pathogens that originate in wildlife highlight the importance of understanding the behavioral ecology of disease outbreaks at human-wildlife interfaces. Specifically, the relative effects of human-wildlife and wildlife-wildlife interactions on disease outbreaks among wildlife populations in urban and peri-urban environments remain unclear. We used social network analysis and epidemiological Susceptible-Infected-Recovered models to simulate zooanthroponotic outbreaks, through wild animals' joint propensities to co-interact with humans, and their social grooming of conspecifics. On 10 groups of macaques (Macaca spp.) in peri-urban environments in Asia, we collected behavioral data using event sampling of human-macaque interactions within the same time and space, and focal sampling of macaques' social interactions with conspecifics and overall anthropogenic exposure. Model-predicted outbreak sizes were related to structural features of macaques' networks. For all three species, and for both anthropogenic (co-interactions) and social (grooming) contexts, outbreak sizes were positively correlated to the network centrality of first-infected macaques. Across host species and contexts, the above effects were stronger through macaques' human co-interaction networks than through their grooming networks, particularly for rhesus and bonnet macaques. Long-tailed macaques appeared to show intraspecific variation in these effects. Our findings suggest that among wildlife in anthropogenically-impacted environments, the structure of their aggregations around anthropogenic factors makes them more vulnerable to zooanthroponotic outbreaks than their social structure. The global features of these networks that influence disease outbreaks, and their underlying socio-ecological covariates, need further investigation. Animals that consistently interact with both humans and their conspecifics are important targets for disease control., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Despite the tremendous interest for nanoparticles (NPs) in the biomedical field, their transfer to the clinics is still hampered, in particular due to the lack of knowledge of their behaviour in a biological environment. Indeed, the protein corona formed as soon as NPs enter the bloodstream can drastically affect their properties. The use of Taylor dispersion analysis-ICP-MS as an efficient technique dedicated to metal-containing NPs was proposed to examine these NP-protein interactions and determine protein corona thicknesses in biological fluids. This method was applied on core-shell gold/silica NPs in the presence of proteins at high concentrations and serum. Protein corona around 4 nm were measured. Moreover, the versatility of the method allowed assessing the reversible/irreversible character of the interactions., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Translational neuroscience is committed to generating discoveries in the laboratory that ultimately can improve human lives. Optogenetics has received considerable attention because of its demonstrated promise in rodent brains to manipulate cells and circuits. In a recent report, Tremblay et al. [28] introduce an open resource detailing optogenetic studies of the nonhuman primate (NHP) brain and make robust claims about the translatability of the technology. We propose that their quantitative (e.g. a 91% success rate) and theoretical claims are questionable because the data were analyzed at a level relevant to the rodent but not NHP brain. Injections were clustered within a few monkeys in a few studies in a few brain regions, and their definitions of success were not clearly relevant to human neuropsychiatric disease. A reanalysis of the data with a modified definition of success that included a behavioral and biological effect revealed a 62.5% success rate that was lower when considering only strong outcomes (53.1%). This calls into question the current efficacy of optogenetic techniques in the NHP brain and suggests that we are a long way from being able to leverage them in 'the service of patients with neurological or psychiatric conditions' as the Tremblay report claims., Competing Interests: None declared., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press.)