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Background: The childbirth experience has significant effects on the life of the mother and family. However, there are no Iranian studies which evaluate and measure women's childbirth experiences to provide accurate data on this important matter. The aim of this study is to develop a new guideline to improve women's childbirth experiences by meeting their needs and expectations., Methods/design: The present study will use the mixed method with the explanatory sequential approach. Phase one is a cross-sectional survey with random cluster sampling of the health centers in Tabriz. Eight hundred primiparous women will be selected to measure their childbirth experiences and predictors factors. Phase two is a qualitative study to explore women's perceptions of the aspects and determinants of the childbirth experience. Phase two participants will be selected using purposive sampling from the women who participated in phase one. Phase three involves developing a new guideline to improve women's childbirth experiences. The new guideline will be developed based on the following elements: a) the results of the qualitative and quantitative data from phase one and two, b) a review of the related literature, and c) expert opinions that have been collected using the Delphi technique., Discussion: By exploring women's childbirth experiences and the influencing factors, a culturally sensitive evidence-based guideline can be developed. The provision of the evidence-based guideline resulting from this study might be effective in improving the quality care of the services for pregnant women., Ethical Code: IR.TBZMED.REC.1396.786.

Background: Reproductive health problems are a leading cause of women's ill health and mortality worldwide. There is a need to investigate sexual and reproductive health care needs in different societies and cultural contexts. Despite the success in health care promotion in the Iranian health care system, women still need to receive sexual health care and appropriate HIV/AIDS services. However, studies on the sexual and reproductive health care needs of Iranian women are lacking., Aims: This study aimed to investigate the sexual and reproductive health care needs of women referred to health care centres in an urban area of the Islamic Republic of Iran., Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study in 2013 on 514 women living in an urban area in the north of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Taking into consideration ethical principles, data were collected using the Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Needs Assessment Questionnaire., Results: The findings showed a greater need for the provision of care by practitioners in the sexual history and activities domain (73%) compared with other domains. Also, the woman's age and the location where she sought treatment and care for sexually transmitted infections were predictors of sexual activities needs., Conclusions: Owing to the high prevalence of women's referral to health care centres seeking treatment of sexual disorders, there is a need for the provision of sexual counseling centres and services promoting women's reproductive health care., (Copyright © World Health Organization (WHO) 2018. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).)

Bachground: The aim of this study is to evaluate the menstrual pattern, sexual function, and anxiety, and depression in women with poststerilization regret, and potential influencing factors for regret following tubal ligation (TL) in Iranian women., Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 166 women with TL were subdivided into two groups including women with poststerilization regret (n=41) and women without poststerilization regret (n=125). They were selected from a health care center in Guilan province (Iran) during 2015-2016. Menstrual blood loss was measured using the Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBLAC) and through a self-administered questionnaire. In addition, sexual function was assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and psychological distress was measured by employing the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Student's t test and Chi-square test were used to reveal the statistical differences between the two groups. We used logistic regression to determine the influencing factors associated with regretting sterilization., Results: Women with poststerilization regret had more menorrhagia (78 vs. 57.6%, P=0.03) than those who did not regret sterilization. A significant difference was found in sexual dysfunction in orgasm (P=0.02), satisfaction (P=0.004), pain (P=0.02), and total FSFI scores (P=0.007) between the two groups. Also, there was a significant difference between the two groups in anxiety, depression and total scores HADS (P=0.01). In the logistic regression model, age of sterilization [odds ratio (OR=2.67), confidence interval (CI): 1.03-7.81, P=0.04)], pre-sterilization counseling (OR=19.92, CI: 6.61-59.99, P<0.001), score of PBLAC (OR=1.01, CI: 1.004-1.01, P=0.001), the number of days of bleeding (OR=1.37, CI: 1.01-1.99, P=0.04), and the length of menstrual cycles (OR=0.91, CI: 0.84-0.99, P=0.03) were significantly associated with regretting sterilization., Conclusion: Complications due to sterilization are the main causes of regret; therefore, it is necessary to pay due attention to mentioning the probable complications of the procedures such as menstruation disorders, sexual dysfunction, and anxiety and depression in women during pre-sterilization counseling., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright© by Royan Institute. All rights reserved.)

Background: Approximately one-third of people suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) need long-term care by their families, however, we know little of their experiences. Exploring these experiences can be a guideline to improve the quality of care for MS patients. The goal of this study is to explore informal caregivers' experiences regarding care of MS patients., Materials and Methods: A qualitative content analysis method was used to conduct this study in 2014. The study participants were 23 informal caregivers of MS patients who were chosen by purposeful sampling from the MS association of Iran. Data was analyzed by content analysis., Results: The analysis resulted in the emergence of six themes and seventeen subthemes. The main themes were being plagued, mental health damage, being captive among obstacles, perception of the affected family, being an emotional supporter, and need to maintain the functional independence of the patient., Conclusions: The findings represent the mean of long-term care by informal caregivers of MS patients, as well as the needs and challenges of this relationship. The findings can serve to create a framework for developing nursing care processes and planning educational sessions and support programs for MS patients and their informal caregivers., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: Tubal ligation (TL) is recommended for women who have completed their family planning. The existence of the menstrual disorders following this procedure has been the subject of debate for decades. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between tubal ligation and menstrual disorders., Materials and Methods: A historical cohort study was carried out on 140 women undergoing tubal ligation (TL group) and on 140 women using condom as the main contraceptive method (Non-TL group). They aged between 20 and 40 years and were selected from a health care center in Rudsar, Guilan Province, Iran, during 2013-2014. The two groups were comparable in demographic characteristics, obstetrical features and menstrual bleeding pattern using a routine questionnaire. A validated pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC) was also used to measure the menstrual blood loss., Results: Women with TL had more menstrual irregularity than those without TL (24.3 vs. 10%, P=0.002). Women with TL had more polymenorrhea (9.3 vs. 1.4%, P=0.006), hypermenorrhea (12.1 vs. 2.1%, P=0.002), menorrhagia (62.9 vs. 22.1%, P<0.0001) and menometrorrhagia (15.7 vs. 3.6%, P=0.001) than those without TL. There is a significant difference in the PBLAC score between women with and without TL (P<0.0001). According to logistic regression, age odds ratio [(OR=1.08, con- fidence interval (CI):1.07-1.17, P=0.03)], TL (OR=5.95, CI:3.45-10.26, P<0.0001) and cesarean section (OR=2.72, CI:1.49-4.97, P=0.001) were significantly associated with menorrhagia., Conclusion: We found significant differences in menstrual disorders between women with and without TL. Therefore, women should be informed by the health providers regarding the advantages and disadvantages of TL before the procedures.

This qualitative study describes ethical challenges faced by Iranian nurses in the process of pain management in surgical units. To address this issue, semistructured interviews were conducted with 26 nurses working in surgery units in three large university hospitals in Tehran. An analysis of the transcripts revealed three main categories: institutional limitations; nurses' proximity to and involvement with pain and suffering; and nurses' fallibility. Specific themes identified within the categories were: insufficient resources, medical hierarchy; difficulties with believing patients' complaints regarding pain and suffering; and experiencing the consequences of poor judgments. Our findings lead us to conclude that, as nurses are much closer to patients' pain and suffering than other health professionals, being aware of their ethical problems, and being able to reflect on them and discuss and learn from them, will reduce the burden of the ethical challenges faced. The findings will help nurses in other countries to devise suitable ways to reduce the ethical burdens they bear in their daily practice.

Aim: This paper is a report of a study to investigate the effect of three positioning protocols on back pain, heart rate, blood pressure and vascular complications after cardiac catheterization., Background: After cardiac catheterization, bed rest is prescribed in order to minimize vascular complications, but this often leads to back pain and other complications, such as hemodynamic instability., Methods: A three-group quasi-experimental design was used in this study, which was conducted in 2006. A convenience sample of 105 patients was randomly assigned to either the control or the two experimental groups (A and B). The control group received routine care. Group B was treated only with modified positioning and group A with modified positioning and a pillow under their body. Back pain, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, haematoma formation and bleeding were measured at regular time intervals., Findings: The control group experienced higher levels of pain after 3, 6, 8 hours and the morning after catheterization. The level of pain in group B was also higher than in group A at 3 hours after the procedure. Mean heart rate and blood pressure were lower in the experimental groups compared with the control group at 6 and 8 hours after catheterization. No statistically significant difference between the three groups regarding the amounts of overall bleeding and overall haematoma formation was observed., Conclusion: Changing position in bed and using a supportive pillow during the early hours after cardiac catheterization can effectively minimize pain and hemodynamic instability without increasing vascular complications.