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Background: Intercostal artery bleeding often occurs in a single vessel; in rare cases, it can occur in numerous vessels, making it more difficult to manage., Case Presentation: A 63-year-old Japanese man was admitted to the emergency department owing to sudden chest and back pain, dizziness, and nausea. Emergency coronary angiography revealed myocardial infarction secondary to right coronary artery occlusion. After intra-aortic balloon pumping, percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in the right coronary artery. At 12 hours following percutaneous coronary intervention, the patient developed new-onset left anterior chest pain and hypotension. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed 15 sites of contrast extravasation within a massive left extrapleural hematoma. Emergency angiography revealed contrast leakage in the left 6th to 11th intercostal arteries; hence, transcatheter arterial embolization was performed. At 2 days after transcatheter arterial embolization, his blood pressure subsequently decreased, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed the re-enlargement of extrapleural hematoma with multiple sites of contrast extravasation. Emergency surgery was performed owing to persistent bleeding. No active arterial hemorrhage was observed intraoperatively. Bleeding was observed in various areas of the chest wall, and an oxidized cellulose membrane was applied following ablation and hemostasis. The postoperative course was uneventful., Conclusion: We report a case of spontaneous intercostal artery bleeding occurring simultaneously in numerous vessels during antithrombotic therapy with mechanical circulatory support that was difficult to manage. As bleeding from numerous vessels may occur during antithrombotic therapy, even without trauma, appropriate treatments, such as transcatheter arterial embolization and surgery, should be selected in patients with such cases., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely poor prognostic disease. Even though multidisciplinary treatment for PDAC has developed, supportive therapies, such as nutritional therapy or perioperative rehabilitation to sustain and complete aggressive treatment, have not yet been well-established in PDAC. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the combined index using psoas muscle mass index (PMI) values and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and prognosis., Methods: We included 101 patients diagnosed with PDAC who underwent radical pancreatectomy with regional lymphadenectomy. The cut-off value was set at the first quartile (male, 6.3 cm 2 /m 2 ; female 4.4 cm 2 /m 2 ), and patients were classified into high PMI and low PMI groups. A CONUT score of 0 to 1 was classified as the normal nutritional status group, and 2 or more points as the malnutritional status group. Patients were further divided into three groups: high PMI and normal nutrition (good general condition group), low PMI and low nutrition (poor general condition group), and none of the above (moderate general condition group). We performed a prognostic analysis of overall survival (OS), stratified according to PMI values and CONUT scores., Results: In the poor general condition group, the proportion of elderly people over 70 years of age was significantly higher than that in the other groups (p < 0.001). The poor general condition group had a significantly worse prognosis than the good and moderate general condition groups (p = 0.012 and p = 0.037). The 5-year survival rates were 10.9%, 22.3%, and 36.1% in the poor, moderate, and good general condition groups, respectively. In multivariate analysis, poor general condition, with both low PMI and malnutrition status, was an independent poor prognostic factor for postoperative OS (hazard ratio 2.161, p = 0.031)., Conclusions: The combination of PMI and CONUT scores may be useful for predicting the prognosis of patients with PDAC after radical surgery., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Metastatic lung tumor with a tumor thrombus in the peripheral pulmonary vein is very rare. We present a case of a metastatic lung tumor from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombus invasion in the pulmonary vein that was diagnosed preoperatively and underwent complete resection by segmentectomy., Case Presentation: A 77-year-old man underwent laparoscopic lateral segment hepatectomy for HCC eight years ago. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II remained elevated from two years ago. Contrast-enhanced chest computed-tomography (CT) showed a 27 mm nodule in the right apical segment (S1). He was pathologically diagnosed with a metastatic lung tumor from HCC via transbronchoscopic biopsy. We planned to perform right S1 segmentectomy. Before surgery, contrast-enhanced CT in the pulmonary vessels phase for three-dimensional reconstruction showed that the tumor extended into the adjusting peripheral pulmonary vein, and we diagnosed tumor thrombus invasion in V1a. The surgery was conducted under 3-port video-assisted thoracic surgery. First, V1 was ligated and cut. A1 and B1 were cut. The intersegmental plane was cut with mechanical staplers. Pathological examination revealed moderately-differentiated metastatic HCC with tumor thrombus invasions in many pulmonary veins, including V1a. No additional postoperative treatments were performed., Conclusions: As malignant tumors tend to develop a tumor thrombus in the primary tumor, it might be necessary to perform contrast-enhanced CT in the pulmonary vessel phase to check for a tumor thrombus before the operation for metastatic lung tumors., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Sarcoid-like reaction (SLR) is a histological pattern of granulomatous inflammation that is clinically differentiated from sarcoidosis. Since SLR is known to occur in several neoplasias and occasionally causes lymphadenopathy and mimics metastatic malignancy, it needs to be considered whether lymphadenopathy is due to metastasis or SLR for the choice of cancer treatment. Few cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with SLR have been reported. Here, a case of HCC with lymphadenopathy diagnosed as SLR without metastasis is presented., Case Presentation: A 69-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of upper abdominal pain. She tested positive for hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid. Imaging modalities showed an 81 × 65-mm-sized tumor with multiple nodules in segment 3 and a 17 × 12-mm-sized tumor in segment 5 with a common HCC enhancement pattern. In addition, a lymph node in the hepatoduodenal ligament was enlarged at 13 mm in size, suggesting the metastasis of HCC. Hepatectomy of the lateral segment and segment 5 and lymph node dissection in the hepatoduodenal ligament were performed. Both tumors in segments 3 and 5 were pathologically diagnosed as HCC without vessel invasion. The tumors contained necrotic cells and epithelioid cell granulomas with multinucleated giant cells, which is typically observed in sarcoidosis. The dissected lymph nodes also contained epithelioid cell granulomas, as well as giant cells with asteroid bodies. There was no malignancy in the lymph nodes. The pathological findings suggested the coexistence of malignancy and sarcoidosis. However, since the patient did not show any typical findings of pulmonary or cardiac sarcoidosis, the case was diagnosed as HCC with SLR in the primary lesion and regional lymph nodes., Conclusions: SLR needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis when a cancer patient develops lymphadenopathy. However, lymphadenopathy due to SLR is indistinguishable from that due to metastasis even when using multiple imaging modalities. Pathological examinations may be helpful for the diagnosis.

Background: Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery (FES) has become a board certification requirement for general surgery residents. While the FES program provides a robust didactic curriculum, an endoscopic skills curriculum is lacking for this high stakes assessment. The aims of this study were to develop a proficiency-based endoscopic skills curriculum and assess its effectiveness on success in the FES exam., Methods: Endoscopy experts developed a multiple-choice questionnaire based on the FES online didactics. Five training cases from the GI Mentor II simulator were selected, and expert performance defined proficiency levels for each case. Participating surgery residents were required to review online didactics and achieve proficiency twice on selected simulator cases. The multiple-choice questionnaire, simulator-generated metrics of two endoscopy cases, Global Assessment of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Skills (GAGES), NASA-Task Load Index (TLX), and the manual portion of the FES exam were used for assessment before and after training. The curriculum was implemented either alongside a clinical endoscopy rotation or independent of the rotation. Clinical endoscopic skills of participants with a dedicated rotation were assessed using GAGES., Results: Twenty-eight general surgery residents (PGY 2-5) participated in the study, of which 25 (89%) completed the curriculum. Scores of the multiple-choice questionnaire and all simulator-generated metrics improved in the post-training assessment, with the exception of the percentage of mucosal surface examined, which was slightly decreased. Simulated and clinical GAGES scores and the NASA-TLX score improved after training. Performance scores on four of five FES exam tasks were significantly improved., Conclusions: The proficiency-based endoscopic skills curriculum was successfully implemented both alongside the clinical endoscopy rotation and independent of the rotation. Participating residents acquired skills to pass the FES exam. This curriculum will be valuable to general surgery residency programs.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify (1) the type of skill evaluation methods and (2) how the effect of training was evaluated in simulation-based training (SBT) in pediatric surgery., Methods: Databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for articles published from January 2000 to January 2017. Search concepts of Medical Subject Heading terms were "surgery," "pediatrics," "simulation," and "training, evaluation.", Results: Of 5858 publications identified, 43 were included. Twenty papers described simulators as assessment tools used to evaluate technical skills. Reviewers differentiated between experts and trainees using a scoring system (45%) and/or a checklist (25%). Simulators as training tools were described in 23 papers. While the training's effectiveness was measured using performance assessment scales (52%) and/or surveys (43%), no study investigated the improvement of the clinical outcomes after SBT., Conclusion: Scoring, time, and motion analysis methods were used for the evaluation of basic techniques of laparoscopic skills. Only a few SBT in pediatric surgery have definite goals with clinical effect. Future research needs to demonstrate the educational effect of simulators as assessment or training tools on SBT in pediatric surgery.

Objective: Effective teamwork and communication are critical to patient outcomes, and subjective assessment tools have been studied in predicting team performances. However, inherent biases remain while using subjective assessment tools. This study hypothesizes that objective communication features can assess and predict clinical performance., Design: Forty 3rd-year medical students participated in the Acute Care Trauma Simulation as the role of doctor, teaming up with a nurse confederate and a simulated patient. Participants conducted postoperative patient management, patient care diagnoses, and treatment. Audio from all team members were recorded, speech variables (e.g., speech duration, number of conversations, etc.) were extracted, and statistical analyses were performed to associate communication with clinical performance., Setting: This study was performed at the simulation center located at Fairbanks Hall, Indiana University School of Medicine., Participants: Data from forty 3rd-year medical students were collected and analyzed., Results: Majority (67%) of the communications were initiated by student. Speech ratio, intensity, and frequency of communications differed when students communicate with nurse than with patient (e.g., student communication to patient had higher intensity than nurse). Increasing frequency of check-backs between student and nurse (p < 0.05) and speech duration from student to patient (p = 0.001) positively associated with student's clinical performance score., Conclusion: Objective communication features can predict medical trainee's clinical performance and provide an objective approach for simulation-based trauma care training., (Copyright © 2019 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Overwhelming stress in the operating room can lead to decay in operative performance, particularly for residents who lack experience. Mental skills training can minimize deterioration in performance during challenging situations. We hypothesized that residents trained on mental skills would outperform controls under increased stress conditions in the simulated operating room., Methods: Residents from Indiana University enrolled voluntarily in this institutional review board-approved study. Residents were stratified according to baseline characteristics and randomized into a mental skills and control group. Both groups trained to proficiency in laparoscopic suturing, but only the mental skills group received mental skills training. After training, technical skill transfer was assessed under regular and stressful conditions on a porcine model. Performance was assessed using an objective suturing score. The Test of Performance Strategies was used to assess the use of mental skills. Data were combined and compared with data that had been collected at Carolinas Healthcare System because residents underwent the same protocol., Results: A total of 38 residents completed all study elements. There were no differences in the effects observed between sites. We observed no group differences at baseline. The groups achieved similar technical performance at baseline, posttest, and transfer test under low-stress conditions, but the mental skills group outperformed the control group during the transfer test under high-stress conditions., Conclusion: Our comprehensive mental skills curriculum implemented with surgery residents at two institutions was effective at minimizing the deterioration of resident technical performance under stressful conditions compared with controls. These results provide further evidence for the effectiveness of mental skills training to optimize surgery trainees' technical performance during challenging clinical situations., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Since a displaced bronchus related to the left upper lobe is an uncommon anatomical anomaly, it has a risk of being accidentally resected during left upper lobe resection unless they are identified preoperatively. A case of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy that was safely performed under preoperative identification of a displaced subsegmental bronchus and anomalous pulmonary vessels is presented., Case Presentation: A 48-year-old woman visited our hospital because of an abnormal shadow on a radiograph on a health check. The chest computed tomography (CT) showed a multicystic mass with a diameter of 35 mm on dorsal interlobar parenchyma between the S 1+2 and S 6 segments in the left lung. The three-dimensional (3D) CT with multiplanar reconstruction showed that B 1+2 b+c passed to the dorsal side of the left main pulmonary artery (PA), which was considered a displaced bronchus. The branch of A 6 arose from the left main PA at the level of the branches of A 3 and A 1+2 , more proximal than the normal anatomy, and passed to the dorsal side of a displaced B 1+2 b+c. The branch of V 1+2 passed between B 6 and the bronchus to the basal segment and joined V 6 at the dorsal side of the pulmonary hilum. Intraoperative findings of the anatomy of the bronchi and pulmonary vessels were exactly the same as the preoperative 3D CT findings, so segmentectomy of S 1+2 b+c and S 6 by VATS was performed safely. Then there were accessory fissures between S 1+2 and S 3 and between S 6 and the basal segment. The pathological diagnosis was a left lung abscess., Conclusions: A preoperative 3D CT may be helpful for identifying anatomical anomalies. An anatomical anomaly should be suspected if accessory fissure is found during surgery.

Background: Though the importance of physician non-technical (NT) skills for safe patient care is recognized, NT skills of medical students, our future physicians, has received little attention. This study aims to investigate the relationship of medical student NT skills and clinical performance during acute care team simulation (ACTS)., Methods: Forty-one medical students participated in ACTS. A nurse confederate facilitated and evaluated clinical performance. Two raters assessed participants' NT skills using an adapted NT assessment tool and overall NT skills score was calculated. Regressions predicting clinical performance using NT constructs were conducted., Results: Overall NT skills score significantly predicted students' clinical performance (r 2  = 0.178, p = 0.006). Four of the five individual NT constructs also significantly predicted performance: communication (r 2  = 0.120, p = 0.027), situation awareness (r 2  = 0.323, p < 0.001), leadership (r 2  = 0.133, p = 0.019), and decision making (r 2  = 0.163, p = 0.009)., Conclusions: Medical student NT skills can predict clinical performance during ACTS. NT skills assessments can be used for targeted education for better feedback to students., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Several studies demonstrated that simulator-acquired skill transfer to the operating room is incomplete. Our objective was to identify trainee characteristics that predict the transfer of simulator-acquired skill to the operating room., Methods: Trainees completed baseline assessments including intracorporeal suturing (IS) performance, attentional selectivity, self-reported use of mental skills, and self-reported prior clinical and simulated laparoscopic experience and confidence. Residents then followed proficiency-based laparoscopic skills training, and their skill transfer was assessed on a live-anesthetized porcine model. Predictive characteristics for transfer test performance were assessed using multiple linear regression., Results: Thirty-eight residents completed the study. Automaticity, attentional selectivity, resident perceived ability with laparoscopy and simulators, and post-training IS performance were predictive of IS performance during the transfer test., Conclusions: Promoting automaticity, self-efficacy, and attention selectivity may help improve the transfer of simulator-acquired skill. Mental skills training and training to automaticity may therefore be valuable interventions to achieve this goal., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study aimed to identify differences in pattern recognition skill among individuals with varying surgical experience., Methods: Participants reviewed laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos of various difficulty, and paused them when the cystic duct or artery was identified to outline each structure on the monitor. Time taken to identify each structure, accuracy and work load, which was assessed using the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX), were compared among the three groups., Results: Ten students, ten residents and eight attendings participated in the study. Attendings identified the cystic duct and artery significantly faster and more accurately than students, and identified the cystic artery faster than residents. The NASA-TLX score of attendings was significantly lower than that of students and residents., Conclusions: Attendings identified anatomical structures faster, more accurately, and with less effort than students or residents. This platform may be valuable for the assessment and teaching of pattern recognition skill to novice surgeons., Short Summary: Accurate anatomical recognition is paramount to proceeding safely in surgery. The assessment platform used in this study differentiated recognition skill among individuals with varing surgical experience., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Despite its advantages, few trainees outside of North America have access to simulation training. We hypothesized that a stepwise training method using tele-mentoring system would be an efficient technique for training in basic laparoscopic skills., Methods: Residents were randomized into two groups and trained to proficiency in intracorporeal suturing. The stepwise group (SG) practiced the task step-by-step, while the other group practiced comprehensively (CG). Each participant received weekly coaching via two-way web conferencing software. The duration of the coaching sessions and self-practice time were compared between the two groups., Results: Twenty residents from 15 institutions participated, and all achieved proficiency. Coaching sessions using tele-mentoring system were completed without difficulties. The SG required significantly shorter coaching time per session than the CG (p = .002). There was no significant difference in self-practice time., Conclusions: The stepwise training method with the tele-mentoring system appears to make efficient use of surgical trainees' and trainers' time., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The creation of an adequate peritoneal flap during laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) inguinal hernia repair, while avoiding injuring surrounding structures can be technically challenging. Liquid infiltration of the preperitoneal space can help facilitate dissection and avoid inadvertent injuries. We describe a novel technique for TAPP inguinal hernia repair using liquid-injection for preperitoneal [corrected] dissection and report our initial experience., Methods: TAPP inguinal hernia repair using a liquid-injection technique during preperitoneal dissection was performed by a single surgical resident without prior TAPP repair experience from July 2013 to January 2014. After trocar placement, 60 mL of 0.3 % lidocaine with 1:300,000 dilution of epinephrine was injected percutaneously using a blunt needle under laparoscopic visualization into the preperitoneal space to assist with the dissection and parietalization of the vas deferens, spermatic vessels, and epigastric vessels. The initial peritoneal incision is performed at the lateral side of the inguinal canal, followed by blunt dissection of the preperitoneal space., Results: Eleven patients (median age: 69; 8 male) with a total of 12 inguinal hernias underwent a TAPP repair using a liquid-injection preperitoneal dissection technique. Ten patients had unilateral hernias (4 indirect, 6 direct), and one patient had bilateral direct hernias. The median operative time, median injection time, and median dissection time were 116, 3.5, and 42 min, respectively. Estimated blood loss was less than 10 mL for all cases. No intraoperative injuries, conversions to open repair, or 30-day postoperative complications occurred. There were no hernia recurrences after a median follow-up of 143 days., Conclusion: Our preliminary experience suggests that liquid-injection to assist preperitoneal dissection during TAPP inguinal hernia repair appears to be safe and feasible. This novel method facilitates the dissection of spermatic cord structures, and can be used to minimize trauma to surrounding structures, especially when performed by trainees with limited operative experience.

Background: Various chemotherapies have been used as best practice to treat recurrent biliary malignancies. Conversely, relatively few surgeries have been described for recurrent extrahepatic biliary carcinoma (RExBC), so whether surgery for RExBC is feasible has remained unclear. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of surgery for RExBC., Methods: From February 2000 to January 2014, a total of 27 patients, comprising 18 patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and 9 patients with gallbladder carcinoma, met our criteria for radical resection of RExBC (resection group). Sites of recurrence consisted of liver metastases (ten patients), local/percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage (PTCD) fistula recurrence (eight patients), bile duct recurrence (six patients), and lymph node recurrence (one patient). To evaluate the survival impact of resection, we compared 123 RExBC patients (resection group) with patients who received palliative care (palliative group)., Results: Morbidity and mortality rates in the resection group were 6.6% and 0%, respectively. Overall cumulative 5-year survival rates were 23.5% in the resection group and 0% in the palliative group. Median survival time was 21.6 months in the resection group and 9.5 months in the palliative group, showing a significant difference (p < 0.01). No significant differences in cumulative survival were seen between extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma in the resection group. In addition, no significant differences were seen between liver metastases, bile duct recurrence, and local/percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) fistula recurrence in the resection group., Conclusions: Surgery appears feasible for RExBC and offers longer survival for selected patients.