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Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

The patient was a 32-year-old woman, gravida three, para one with one prior cesarean section. She became pregnant spontaneously, but the pregnancy implanted in the isthmus of the right fallopian tube, and therefore, she underwent laparoscopic right salpingectomy. Eight months later, another spontaneous pregnancy occurred. the patient experienced abdominal pain and an ultrasound examination revealed a hematoma around the right cornual region. A wedge-shaped incision was made in the cornual pregnancy using monopolar cauterization, and the myometrium was sutured with a single nodule suture. We report a case of spontaneous cornual pregnancy after ipsilateral salpingectomy for an isthmic pregnancy., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Gynecology and Minimally Invasive Therapy.)

Approximately 1.6% of tumors metastatic to the ovary of nongynecologic origin are from a small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA). However, the incidence of SBA is extremely rare (0.23 cases/100,000 people), which suggests a high frequency of ovarian metastasis, although the reason is unknown. To identify the characteristics of ovarian tumor metastasis from SBA, we reviewed 72 cases reported in the English literature, including the case presented in this report. The mean age of the patients was 46.7 yr. Solitary ovarian metastasis was observed in 67% of the cases, and ovarian metastasis was accompanied by peritoneal dissemination in 33% of the cases. Although duodenal adenocarcinoma has the highest incidence among the SBAs, jejunal adenocarcinoma, particularly that at the proximal end, is the type of SBA that most frequently metastasizes to the ovary. Among the cases of ovarian metastasis from SBA, 51% were bilateral, 33% were unilateral to the right ovary, and 16% were unilateral to the left ovary.

Oxidative stress is associated with some forms of both male and female infertility. However, there is insufficient knowledge of the influence of oxidative stress on the maintenance of a viable pregnancy, including pregnancy complications and fetal development. There are a number of animal models for understanding age-dependent decrease of reproductive ability and diabetic embryopathy, especially abnormal spermatogenesis, oogenesis and embryogenesis with mitochondrial dysfunctions. Several important processes occur in mitochondria, including ATP synthesis, calcium ion storage, induction of apoptosis and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These events have different effects on the several aspects of reproductive function. Tet-mev-1 conditional transgenic mice, developed after studies with the mev-1 mutant of the nematode C. elegans, offer the ability to carefully regulate expression of doxycycline-induced mutated SDHC(V69E) levels and hence modulate endogenous oxidative stress. The mev-1 models have served to illuminate the effects of complex II deficiency-dependent mitochondrial ROS production, although interestingly they maintain normal mitochondrial and intracellular ATP levels. In this review, the reproductive dysfunctions are presented focusing on fertility potentials in each gamete, early embryogenesis, maternal conditions with placental function and neonatal development., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.)

Primary umbilical endometriosis is extremely rare, although cases secondary to previous surgery have occasionally been reported. Here, we report three cases of umbilical endometriosis: two cases with previous cesarean section and one case of primary umbilical endometriosis. The treatment of choice for umbilical endometriosis is the excision of the lesions, and we believe laparoscopic pelvic observation is a beneficial addition, as 13%-15% of umbilical endometriosis cases are accompanied by pelvic endometriosis., (© 2014 Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery, Asia Endosurgery Task Force and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)

Historical data in the 1950s suggests that 7%, 11%, 33%, and 87% of couples were infertile by ages 30, 35, 40 and 45, respectively. Up to 22.3% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility. Oxidative stress is associated with male and female infertility. However, there is insufficient evidence relating to the influence of oxidative stress on the maintenance of a viable pregnancy, including pregnancy complications and fetal development. Recently, we have established Tet-mev-1 conditional transgenic mice, which can express the doxycycline-induced mutant SDHC(V69E) transgene and experience mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction leading to intracellular oxidative stress. In this report, we demonstrate that this kind of abnormal mitochondrial respiratory chain-induced chronic oxidative stress affects fertility, pregnancy and delivery rates as well as causes recurrent abortions, occasionally resulting in maternal death. Despite this, spermatogenesis and early embryogenesis are completely normal, indicating the mutation's effects to be rather subtle. Female Tet-mev-1 mice exhibit thrombocytosis and splenomegaly in both non-pregnant and pregnant mice as well as placental angiodysplasia with reduced Flt-1 protein leading to hypoxic conditions, which could contribute to placental inflammation and fetal abnormal angiogenesis. Collectively these data strongly suggest that chronic oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial mutations provokes spontaneous abortions and recurrent miscarriage resulting in age-related female infertility.

Persistent infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause for developing cervical cancer. Now cervical cancer is getting attention as not only early-detectable but also preventable cancer by developing vaccine for HPV. In Japan, the first HPV vaccine, "Cervarix, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)" was licensed on October 2009 and vaccination was started on December 2009. This is the bivalent vaccine specifically targeting HPV-16 and -18 types. Domestic clinical trial is also about to demonstrate the efficacy, safety, and possibility to keep enough antibody levels. The widespread use of this vaccine will help cervical cancer eliminated.

A mediating role of the reactive oxygen species-generating enzyme Nox1 has been suggested for Ras oncogene transformation phenotypes including anchorage-independent cell growth, augmented angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. However, little is known about whether Nox1 signaling regulates cell invasiveness. Here, we report that the cell invasion activity was augmented in K-Ras-transformed normal rat kidney cells and attenuated by transfection of Nox1 small interference RNAs (siRNAs) into the cells. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) or Nox1 siRNAs blocked up-regulation of matrix metalloprotease-9 at both protein and mRNA levels in K-Ras-transformed normal rat kidney cells. Furthermore, DPI and Nox1 siRNAs inhibited the activation of IKKalpha kinase and the degradation of IkappaB alpha, suppressing the NFkappaB-dependent matrix metalloprotease-9 promoter activity. Additionally, epidermal growth factor-stimulated migration of CaCO-2 cells was abolished by DPI and Nox1 siRNAs, indicating the requirement of Nox1 activity for the motogenic effect of epidermal growth factor. This Nox1 action was mediated by down-regulation of the Rho activity through the low molecular weight protein-tyrosine phosphatase-p190RhoGAP-dependent mechanism. Taken together, our findings define a mediating role of Nox1-generated reactive oxygen species in cell invasion processes, most notably metalloprotease production and cell motile activity.

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in carcinogenic development of melanoma, but the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We studied the expression and function of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox)4 in human melanoma cells. Nox4 was up-regulated in 13 of 20 melanoma cell lines tested. Silencing of Nox4 expression in melanoma MM-BP cells by small interfering RNAs decreased ROS production and thereby inhibited anchorage-independent cell growth and tumorigenecity in nude mice. Consistently, a general Nox inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, and antioxidants vitamine E and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate blocked cell proliferation of MM-BP cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that Nox4 small interfering RNAs and diphenylene iodonium induced G(2)-M cell cycle arrest, which was also observed with another melanoma cell line, 928mel. This was accompanied by induction of the Tyr-15 phosphorylated, inactive form of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (a hallmark of G(2)-M checkpoint) and hyperphosphorylation of cdc25c leading to its increased binding to 14-3-3 proteins. Ectopic expression of catalase, a scavenger of ROS, also caused accumulation of cells in G(2)-M phase. Immunohistochemistry revealed that expression of Nox4 was detected in 31.0% of 13 melanoma patients samples, suggesting the association of Nox4 expression with some steps of melanoma development. The findings suggest that Nox4-generated ROS are required for transformation phenotype of melanoma cells and contribute to melanoma growth through regulation of G(2)-M cell cycle progression.

Despite its clinical importance, the mechanism of preeclampsia is unclear; however, many believe placental pathology might be related to maternal systemic disease. If this is true, a factor which mediates information from the placenta to the maternal circulation can be hypothesized. Among a variety of such reported factors, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1) will be the focus of this review. The hypoxic placenta, which is commonly found in preeclampsia, produces sFlt1; furthermore, animal experiments suggest its over-expression leads to preeclampsia-like symptoms.

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Ras oncogene-induced NADPH oxidase (Nox) 1 is required for Ras transformation phenotypes including anchorage-independent growth, morphological transformation, and tumorigenesity, but the signaling mechanism downstream of Nox1 remains elusive. Rho is known to be a critical regulator of actin stress fiber formation. Nonetheless, Rho was reported to no longer couple to loss of actin stress fibers in Ras-transformed Swiss3T3 cells despite the elevation of Rho activity. In this study, however, we demonstrate that Rho is inactivated in K-Ras-transformed normal rat kidney cells, and that abrogation of Nox1-generated ROS by Nox1 small interference RNAs or diphenyleneiodonium restores Rho activation, suggesting that Nox1-generated oxidants mediate down-regulation of the Rho activity. This down-regulation involves oxidative inactivation of the low molecular weight protein-tyrosine phosphatase by Nox1-generated ROS and a subsequent elevation in the tyrosine-phosphorylated active form of p190RhoGAP, the direct target of the phosphatase. Furthermore, the decreased Rho activity leads to disruption of both actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in Ras-transformed cells. As for Rac1, Rac1 also appears to participate in the down-regulation of Rho via Nox1. Our discovery defines a mediating role of Nox1-redox signaling for Ras oncogene-induced actin cytoskeletal changes.

The activated Ras oncogene can transform various mammalian cells and has been implicated in development of a high population of malignant human tumors. Recent studies suggest that generation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and H(2)O(2) is involved in cell transformation by the activated Ras. However, the nature of an oxidase participating in Ras-transformation is presently unknown. Here, we report that Ras oncogene up-regulates the expression of Nox1, a homologue of the catalytic subunit of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase, via the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and that small interfering RNAs designed to target Nox1 mRNA effectively blocks the Ras transformed phenotypes including anchorage-independent growth, morphological changes, and production of tumors in athymic mice. Therefore, we propose that increased reactive oxygen species generation by Ras-induced Nox1 is required for oncogenic Ras transformation.

To investigate the role of a recently cloned cell proliferation-related gene, mig-2 (mitogen-inducible gene-2), in the growth of uterine leiomyomas, this gene's expression at mRNA and protein levels was examined in normal myometrium, leiomyomas, and leiomyosarcomas of the uterus. Northern blotting, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that mig-2 expression was increased in leiomyomas compared with normal myometrium, especially during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. In contrast, the mig-2 expression was greatly decreased in leiomyosarcomas. Direct sequencing of the whole coding region of mig-2 cDNA and Southern blotting revealed that mig-2 alterations, such as mutations, rearrangement, and amplification, were not present in either leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas. These findings suggest that mig-2 expression is transcriptionally elevated in leiomyomas and could be involved in its hormone-mediated growth of leiomyomas of the uterus.