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Purpose: Indonesia is facing an increasing occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) every year. We assessed the modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors of NCDs among the Indonesian population., Methods: Secondary data was analyzed from the 2018 Indonesian basic health research (RISKESDAS). The national survey included participants aged 15-54 years and obtained 514,351 responses. Linear systematic two-stage sampling was conducted by RISKESDAS. Furthermore, chi-square and binary logistic regression were utilized to explore the determinant of NCDs with a significance level of 95%., Results: We found that almost 10% respondents in Indonesia had NCDs. We observed that depression has a higher odd (aOR: 2.343; 95% CI: 2.235-2.456) contributed to NCDs and followed other factors such as no education (aOR: 1.049; 95% CI: 1.007-1.092), passive smoking (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878-0.942), fatty food (aOR: 1.050; 95% CI: 1.029-1.073), burnt food (aOR: 1.033; 95% CI: 1.005-1.062), food with preservatives (aOR: 1.038; 95% CI: 1.002-1.075), seasoned food (aOR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.030-1.084), soft drinks (aOR: 1.112; 95% CI: 1.057-1.169), living in an urban area (aOR: 1.143; 95% CI: 1.119-1.168), living in central Indonesia (1.243; 95% CI: 1.187-1.302), being female (aOR: 1.235; 95% CI: 1.177-1.25), and obese (aOR: 1.787; 95% CI: 1.686-1.893). Conversely, people in Indonesia who undertook vigorous activity (aOR: 0.892; 95% CI: 0.864-0.921), had employment (aOR: 0.814; 95% CI: 0.796-0.834), had access to improved sources of drinking water (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878-0.942), and were aged 35-44 years (aOR: 0.457; 95% CI: 0.446-0.467) were less likely to develop NCDs., Conclusion: Modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors have a significant influence on NCDs in Indonesia. This finding can be valuable information for Indonesian Government to arrange a cross-collaboration between government, healthcare workers, and society through advocacy, partnership, health promotion, early detection, and management of NCDs., Competing Interests: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest in relation to this work., (© 2022 Arifin et al.)

Purpose: To describe the prevalence and the correlation between individual, environmental and household, health behavior, and source of information factors with diarrhea among under-five children in five Southeast Asian countries based on the National Health Survey., Design and Methods: Cross-sectional design conducted in five countries in Southeast Asia. Datasets from Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in five countries were analyzed., Results: A total of 12,447 children under 5 years of age from five countries in Southeast Asia (Indonesia 1807, Cambodia 2650, Myanmar 1717, the Philippines 3669, and Timor-Leste 2614) were included in this study. Binary logistic regression was performed to analyze the data. A total of 12,447 under-five children were included in the study. Overall, in five Southeast Asian countries, the prevalence of diarrhea is known from 8.39% in the Philippines to 18.21% in Indonesia. Several factors related to diarrhea are individual; environmental and household; health behavior such as stool disposal, breastfeeding mothers, and children's food history; and source of information factors., Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that diarrhea is a serious public health problem in the Southeast Asian region that must be addressed using preventive and curative approaches., Practice Implication: The results indicate the need for cross-collaboration among nurses, medical doctor, and sanitarian is needed to tackle the childhood diarrhea and minimize the severity based on those determinants., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The well-being of people living with HIV (PLHIV) remains a concern. In addition to facing discrimination in their communities, many PLHIV have family members who have a discriminatory attitude. This study analyzes the discriminatory attitude toward PLHIV in the family context using socio-economic factors and information sources in Indonesia., Methods: A cross-sectional study design was adopted using secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (IDHS). A total sample of 28,879 respondents was selected using two-stage stratified cluster sampling. The study variables are information sources, sex, age, education, residence, earnings, and familial discriminatory attitude. We used the STATA 16.1 software to analyze Chi-square and binary logistics with a 95% confident interval (CI) with a significance of 5% ( p -value < 0.05)., Results: In Indonesia, familial discriminatory attitude has a prevalence of 72.10%. In the survey, the respondents with access to some information about HIV (AOR: 0.794; 95% CI [0.722-0.873]), women (AOR: 0.768; 95% CI [0.718-0.820]), and those living in rural areas (AOR: 0.880; 95% CI [0.834-0.929]) were the least likely to have a familial discriminatory attitude. Meanwhile, the respondents aged 15-24 years (AOR: 1.329; 95% CI [1.118-1.581]) and those with a secondary level of education (AOR: 1.070; 95% CI [1.004-1.142]) were the most likely to have a familial discriminatory attitude., Conclusion: In the study, we found that, the younger the age and the lower the educational level of the respondent, the more likely they were to have a familial discriminatory attitude. The government may consider these factors when designing policies to tackle familial discrimination faced by PLHIV; in particular, education on HIV and AIDS should be promoted., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2022 Nursalam et al.)