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In this study, innovative nanoscale devices are developed to investigate the charge transport in organic semiconductor nanoparticles. Using different steps of lithography techniques and dielectrophoresis, planar organic nano-junctions are fabricated from which hole mobilities are extracted in a space charge-limited current regime. Subsequently, these devices are used to investigate the impact of the composition and morphology of organic semiconductor nanoparticles on the charge mobilities. Pure donor nanoparticles and composite donor:acceptor nanoparticles with different donor compositions in their shell are inserted in the nanogap electrode to form the nano-junctions. The results highlight that the hole mobilities in the composite nanoparticles decrease by two-fold compared to pure donor nanoparticles. However, no significant change between the two kinds of composite nanoparticle morphologies is observed, indicating that conduction pathways for the holes are as efficient for donor proportion in the shell from 40% to 60%. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are fabricated from water-based colloidal inks containing the two composite nanoparticles (P3HT:eh-IDTBR and P3HT:o-IDTBR) and no significant change in the performances is observed in accordance with the mobility results. Through this study, the performance of OPV devices have been succesfully correlated to the transport properties of nanoparticles having different morphology via innovative nanoscale devices., (© 2024 The Author(s). Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Substance use disorders are defined by persistent drug consumption despite adverse consequences. Accordingly, we developed two fentanyl-vs-shock avoidance/escape choice procedures in which male and female rats responded under a fixed-ratio (FR)1:FR1 concurrent schedule of shock avoidance/escape and IV fentanyl under either mutually exclusive or non-exclusive choice conditions. Initial experiments using a discrete-trial procedure determined behavioral allocation between mutually exclusive shock avoidance/escape and different fentanyl doses (0.32-18 μg/kg/infusion; Experiment 1). Shock intensity (0.1-0.7 mA) and shock avoidance/escape response requirement (FR1-16) were also manipulated (Experiment 2). Next, we used a free-operant procedure in which shock avoidance/escape and fentanyl were continuously available under non-exclusive conditions, and response-shock (R-S) interval (30-1000 s) was manipulated (Experiment 3). Finally, we tested the hypothesis that extended-access fentanyl self-administration would produce fentanyl dependence, establish fentanyl withdrawal as an endogenous negative reinforcer, and increase fentanyl choice in both procedures (Experiments 4 and 5). The shock avoidance/escape contingency decreased fentanyl self-administration, and rats consistently chose shock avoidance/escape over fentanyl in both choice conditions. Decreasing shock intensity or increasing shock avoidance/escape response requirement failed to increase fentanyl choice, suggesting that fentanyl and shock avoidance/escape are independent economic commodities. Increasing the R-S interval increased fentanyl choice but failed to increase shock delivery. Extended fentanyl access engendered high fentanyl intake and opioid withdrawal signs but failed to increase fentanyl choice under either choice condition. These results suggest that neither positive fentanyl reinforcement nor negative reinforcement by fentanyl withdrawal is sufficient to reduce shock avoidance/escape-maintained responding and increase foot shock as an adverse consequence., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The current medical and nursing curricula place little emphasis on palliative and end-of-life care. Consequently, students are less comfortable in communicating about topics related to death and dying when providing palliative and end-of-life care. Death cafés utilizes a facilitator-led small group to encourage conversations about death and dying to take place alongside food and beverages in a safe environment. In light of the presence of death taboos, there is a need to understand how medical and nursing students perceive the incorporation of a death café within the undergraduate program., Objectives: This study aimed to explore the perceptions of medical and nursing students regarding the utility and feasibility of incorporating death cafés into their undergraduate education., Design: A qualitative study was conducted., Methods: This study was conducted in one medical school in a university in Singapore. Participants above the ages of 18 years, pursuing a full time undergraduate medical or nursing program were invited. A purposive sampling approach using the maximum variation sampling technique to enhance representativeness was used to select the participants based on their sociodemographic and academic variables. A total of 32 medical and nursing students were included in the study. Online individual interviews were conducted. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis., Results: Three main categories were developed from the content analysis: (1) Perceptions of death cafés, (2) Features of a death café, and (3) Contents of a death café conversation. Participants viewed the death café as a platform for conversations surrounding death and dying. Several features such as the presence of a facilitator and discussions to be held in small groups were surfaced. The proposed topics to be discussed ranged from communication skills, coping with death encounters, and understanding more about the concepts of palliative care., Conclusion: Medical and nursing students view death cafes as a feasible and potential approach in learning pallative and end-of-life care. The use of a faciliator-guided small group discussion on topics such as coping with death, communication techniques and concepts of palliative care are proposed. Further work is needed to examine how the death café method can potentially impact students' confidence and skills in managing palliative and end-of-life care., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This study aims to describe and examine the factors associated with registered nurses' intent-to-stay and subsequently identify predictors of nurses' intent-to-stay., Design: A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design was used., Methods: A convenience sample of 270 registered nurses completed the questionnaire and was included in this study. Descriptive statistics were used to present the sociodemographic characteristics and scores of outcome measures. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression with backward selection were conducted to examine how nurses' characteristics and workplace factors influence nurses' intent-to-stay., Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.2 years. The mean scores for the outcomes were intent-to-stay (mean = 2.96), resilience (mean = 3.34), occupational self-efficacy (mean = 4.34), sleep quality (mean = 9.73) and workplace environment scores (mean = 3.15). The correlation analysis showed that resilience, occupational self-efficacy, self-realisation and workload were positively correlated to intent-to-stay while sleep quality was negatively correlated to intent-to-stay. Multiple linear regression analysis found occupational self-efficacy, sleep quality, workload, nervousness, nurses' designation and specialisation status to be significant factors associated with intent-to-stay., Conclusion: Intent-to-stay is a complex and multidimensional construct influenced by a variety of personal and workplace factors. Hospital administrators should endeavour to develop measures to improve occupational self-efficacy, workload, nervousness and push for specialisation training to bolster nurses' intent-to-stay., Impact: Against an everchanging healthcare landscape following the COVID-19 pandemic, the findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors of registered nurses' intent-to-stay. The findings of this study alluded to the importance of professional development and workload as factors that can influence registered nurses' intent-to-stay. Hospital administrators can prioritise workforce retention policies by introducing strategies such as opportunities for upskilling, flexible working hours and streamlining work processes to promote nurses' intent-to-stay., Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Adolescence is a critical period in cognitive and emotional development, characterized by high levels of social interaction and increases in risk-taking behavior including binge drinking. Adolescent exposure to social stress and binge ethanol have individually been associated with the development of social, emotional, and cognitive deficits, as well as increased risk for alcohol use disorder. Disruption of cortical development by early life social stress and/or binge drinking may partly underlie these enduring emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects. The study goal is to implement a novel neighbor housing environment to identify the effects of adolescent neighbor housing and/or binge ethanol drinking on (1) a battery of emotional and cognitive tasks (2) adult ethanol drinking behavior, and (3) the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex transcriptome., Methods: Adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice were single or neighbor housed with or without access to intermittent ethanol. One cohort underwent behavioral testing during adulthood to determine social preference, expression of anxiety-like behavior, cognitive performance, and patterns of ethanol intake. The second cohort was sacrificed in late adolescence and brain tissue was used for transcriptomics analysis., Results: As adults, single housed mice displayed decreased social interaction, deficits in the novel object recognition task, and increased anxiety-like behavior, relative to neighbor-housed mice. There was no effect of housing condition on adolescent or adult ethanol consumption. Adolescent ethanol exposure did not alter adult ethanol intake. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that adolescent housing condition and ethanol exposure resulted in differential expression of genes related to synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens and genes related to methylation, the extracellular matrix and inflammation in the prefrontal cortex., Discussion: The behavioral results indicate that social interaction during adolescence via the neighbor housing model may protect against emotional, social, and cognitive deficits. In addition, the transcriptomics results suggest that these behavioral alterations may be mediated in part by dysregulation of transcription in the frontal cortex or the nucleus accumbens., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Lodha, Brocato, Nash, Marcus, Pais, Pais, Miles and Wolstenholme.)

Rationale: The adverse consequences of human addictive drug use could be the result of either addictive drug consumption resulting in punishment (e.g., incarceration) or failure to engage in negative-reinforced behaviors that might compete with drug-maintained behaviors (e.g., contingency management strategies that reset payment amounts for drug free urines)., Objective: The goal of the present study was to establish a discrete-trial cocaine-vs-negative reinforcer (S NR ) choice procedure where rats were presented with a simplified model of this conflict: choose negative reinforcement (i.e., escape or avoid foot shock) or choose an intravenous (IV) cocaine infusion followed by an inescapable shock., Methods: Responding was maintained in male and female rats by IV cocaine infusions (0.32-1.8 mg/kg/inf) and a S NR (0.1-0.7 mA shock) under a discrete-trial concurrent "choice" schedule during daily sessions. Following parametric reinforcer magnitude and response requirement experiments, the effects of 12 h extended access cocaine self-administration and acute diazepam (0.32-10 mg/kg, IP) pretreatment were determined on cocaine-vs-S NR choice., Results: Negative reinforcement was chosen over all cocaine doses. Lowering shock magnitude or increasing S NR response requirement failed to promote behavioral reallocation towards cocaine. Extended access cocaine self-administration sessions resulted in high daily cocaine intakes but failed to significantly increase cocaine choice in all (19) but one rat. Acute diazepam pretreatment also did not alter choice behavior up to doses that produced behavioral depression., Conclusions: These results suggest that S NR s may be a source of reinforcement that effectively compete with and mitigate maladaptive addictive drug-maintained behaviors in the general population., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Mu opioid receptor (MOR) selective antagonists and partial agonists have clinical utility for the treatment of opioid use disorders (OUDs). However, the development of many has suffered due to their poor pharmacokinetic properties and/or rapid metabolism. Our recent efforts to identify MOR modulators have provided 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3-carboxamido)morphinan (NAQ), a low-efficacy partial agonist, that showed sub-nanomolar binding affinity to the MOR ( K i 0.6 nM) with selectivity over the delta opioid receptor (δ/μ 241) and the kappa opioid receptor (κ/μ 48). Its potent inhibition of the analgesic effect of morphine (AD 50 0.46 mg/kg) and precipitation of significantly less withdrawal symptoms even at 100-fold greater dose than naloxone represents a promising molecule for further development as a novel OUD therapeutic agent. Therefore, further in vitro and in vivo characterization of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties was conducted to fully understand its pharmaceutical profile. NAQ showed favorable in vitro ADMET properties and no off-target binding to several classes of GPCRs, enzymes, and ion channels. Following intravenous administration, 1 mg/kg dose of NAQ showed a similar in vivo pharmacokinetic profile to naloxone; however, orally administered 10 mg/kg NAQ demonstrated significantly improved oral bioavailability over both naloxone and naltrexone. Abuse liability assessment of NAQ in rats demonstrated that NAQ functioned as a less potent reinforcer than heroin. Chronic 5 day NAQ pretreatment decreased heroin self-administration in a heroin-vs-food choice procedure similar to the clinically used MOR partial agonist buprenorphine. Taken together, these studies provide evidence supporting NAQ as a promising lead to develop novel OUD therapeutics., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 American Chemical Society.)

Recent studies have shown that social interaction can serve as an alternative reinforcer to opioid self-administration under a choice context in rats. However, additional parametric studies are needed to evaluate the sensitivity of opioid-vs.-social interaction procedures relative to more established opioid-vs.-food procedures. The current study evaluated the sensitivity of a novel fentanyl-vs.-social interaction choice procedure to environmental and pharmacological manipulations previously shown to affect fentanyl-vs.-food choice. Male and female rats (responder rats; n = 6/sex) were trained to respond in a discrete-trial choice procedure for either 30-s access to a same-sex "partner" rat or an intravenous fentanyl infusion. Once trained, the effects of fentanyl unit dose (0, 0.32-10 μg/kg/inf), partner rat presence, opioid-dependence status, chronic naltrexone administration (0.032, 0.1 mg/kg/h), and response requirement for fentanyl self-administration (fixed ratio 1-320) were determined across weeks. The fentanyl-vs.-social interaction choice procedure was sensitive to the unit dose of fentanyl, chronic naltrexone treatment, and fentanyl response requirement. However, the magnitude of these effects on fentanyl choice was smaller than those reported in published fentanyl-vs.-food choice studies. Furthermore, fentanyl-vs.-social interaction choice was not sensitive to removal of the partner rat or opioid-dependence status. Minimal sex differences were detected. These results suggest that this fentanyl-vs.-social interaction choice procedure is less sensitive to environmental and pharmacological interventions than previously established opioid-vs.-food choice procedures. The observed discrepancy in sensitivity between the procedures suggests that social interaction may have qualitatively different reinforcing properties compared to more commonly assessed alternative reinforcers such as food (preclinical) or money (human laboratory)., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Cocaine use disorder occurs in an environment where cocaine and other nondrug commodities are concurrently available. Preclinical drug-vs-nondrug choice procedures are one simplified method of modeling this complex clinical environment. The present study established a discrete-trial cocaine-vs-social interaction choice procedure in male and female rats and determined sensitivity of choice behavior to manipulations of reinforcer magnitude and non-contingent "sample" reinforcer presentation. Rats could make up to nine discrete choices between an intravenous cocaine infusion (0.1-1.0 mg/kg/inf) and social interaction with a same-sex social "Partner" rat. Cocaine infusions were available under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement, and social interaction was available under a fixed-ratio (FR) 3 schedule. Social interaction was chosen over no or small cocaine doses (saline, 0.01 mg/kg/inf) and behavior was reallocated away from social and towards cocaine at larger cocaine doses (1.0 mg/kg/inf). Manipulating social interaction time as one method to alter social reinforcer magnitude did not significantly alter cocaine-vs-social choice. Removing the non-contingent reinforcer presentations before the discrete choice trials also failed to affect cocaine-vs-social choice, suggesting the time interval was sufficient to minimize any potential influence of the non-contingent cocaine infusions on subsequent choice behavior. Overall, the present results were consistent with previous drug-vs-social choice studies and extend our knowledge of environmental factors impacting drug-vs-social choice. Future studies determining the pharmacological sensitivity of cocaine-vs-social choice will be important in expanding the preclinical utility of these procedures for candidate medication drug development., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Lumateperone is a novel drug approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults and depressive episodes associated with bipolar depression in adults, as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate treatment in the United States. Lumateperone simultaneously modulates key neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, implicated in serious mental illness. In patients with schizophrenia, lumateperone was shown to improve positive symptoms along with negative and depressive symptoms, while also enhancing prosocial behavior. Moreover, in patients with bipolar I or II disorder, lumateperone improved depressive symptoms as well. To further understand the mechanisms related to lumateperone's clinical response, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lumateperone on dopaminergic- and glutamatergic signaling in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We used the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test to determine the antipsychotic-like effect of lumateperone, electrophysiology in vitro to study lumateperone's effects on NMDA- and AMPA-induced currents in the mPFC, and the neurochemical techniques microdialysis and amperometry to measure dopamine- and glutamate release in the rat mPFC. Our results demonstrate that lumateperone; i) significantly suppressed CAR in rats, indicating an antipsychotic-like effect, ii) facilitated NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated currents in the mPFC, in a dopamine D 1 -dependent manner, and iii) significantly increased dopamine and glutamate release in the rat mPFC. To the extent that these findings can be translated to humans, the ability of lumateperone to activate these pathways may contribute to its demonstrated effectiveness in safely improving symptoms related to neuropsychiatric disorder including mood alterations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest SD, GLS, and RD are employees of Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc. but received no direct compensation related to the development of this manuscript. JT, OR, ÅKG, KD, ME, KJ and MMM have no conflicts of interest to report., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Effective containment of the COVID-19 pandemic requires rapid and accurate detection of the pathogen. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains the gold standard for COVID-19 confirmation. In this article, we report the performance of a cost-effective modular microfluidic reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and RT-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) platform, Epidax®, for the point-of-care testing and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2. This platform is versatile and can be reconfigured either for screening using endpoint RT-PCR or RT-LAMP tests or for confirmatory tests using real-time RT-PCR. Epidax® is highly sensitive and detects as little as 1 RNA copy per µL for real-time and endpoint RT-PCR, while using only half of the reagents. We achieved comparable results with those of a commercial platform when detecting SARS-CoV-2 viruses from 81 clinical RNA extracts. Epidax® can also detect SARS-CoV-2 from 44 nasopharyngeal samples without RNA extraction by using a direct RT-PCR assay, which shortens the sample-to-answer time to an hour with minimal user steps. Furthermore, we validated the technology using an RT-LAMP assay on 54 clinical RNA extracts. Overall, our platform provides a sensitive, cost-effective, and accurate diagnostic solution for low-resource settings., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestC.T.L., P.Q.M.N., M.W., A.Y.L., G.M.X., and A.A.S.B., along with others, have filed a patent application on the technology described here., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Several important drug targets, e.g., ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors, are extremely difficult to approach with current antibody technologies. To address these targets classes, we explored kinetically controlled proteases as structural dynamics-sensitive druggability probes in native-state and disease-relevant proteins. By using low-Reynolds number flows, such that a single or a few protease incisions are made, we could identify antibody binding sites (epitopes) that were translated into short-sequence antigens for antibody production. We obtained molecular-level information of the epitope-paratope region and could produce high-affinity antibodies with programmed pharmacological function against difficult-to-drug targets. We demonstrate the first stimulus-selective monoclonal antibodies targeting the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, a clinically validated pain target widely considered undruggable with antibodies, and apoptosis-inducing antibodies selectively mediating cytotoxicity in KRAS-mutated cells. It is our hope that this platform will widen the scope of antibody therapeutics for the benefit of patients., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).)

Rationale: Heroin intake decreases during the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle in female rats. Circulating concentrations of both estradiol and progesterone peak during proestrus, and it is not known which of these hormones, or their combination, are responsible for these effects., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of estradiol, progesterone, and their combination on heroin self-administration in female rats., Methods: In Experiment 1, the estrous cycle of intact female rats was tracked daily. If a rat was in proestrus, either the estrogen receptor antagonist, raloxifene, the progesterone receptor antagonist, mifepristone, or their combination was administered 30 min prior to a heroin self-administration session. In Experiment 2, separate groups of ovariectomized female rats were treated chronically with exogenous estradiol, progesterone, estradiol + progesterone, or vehicle, and heroin intake was examined over a 100-fold dose range., Results: In Experiment 1, raloxifene, but not mifepristone, significantly blocked proestrus-associated decreases in heroin intake. In Experiment 2, estrogentreated rats self-administered less heroin than any other group and significantly less heroin than rats treated with progesterone., Conclusions: These data suggest that (1) estradiol but not progesterone is responsible for proestrus-associated decreases in heroin intake and (2) estradiol decreases heroin intake relative to progesterone. These data differ from those reported previously with stimulants and suggest that estrogen-based pharmacotherapies may be of value to women with opioid use disorder.

Alcohol use disorder is highly comorbid with other neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Importantly, women and men are affected differentially by heavy drinking, with women experiencing longer negative affective states after intoxication and increased likelihood to present with comorbid mood or anxiety disorders. In rodents, several studies using different alcohol administration models have shown the development of depressive-like or anxiety-like phenotypes that emerge during abstinence. In this study, we compared the emergence of negative affective behaviors during abstinence from 7 weeks of two-bottle choice intermittent access to 20% alcohol in male and female C57BL/6J mice, a drinking paradigm little studied in this context. Half of the mice were tested 24 hours into abstinence on the elevated zero maze and 19-20 days into abstinence in a novel object in the home cage encounter test. The other half of the mice were tested 27-28 days into abstinence with the novelty-suppressed feeding test. As expected, females drank more than males across the 7 weeks of access to alcohol. Drinking history did not affect performance on these tasks, with the exception of increasing the number of open arm entries on the elevated zero maze. Interestingly, in alcohol-naïve mice, females showed fewer anxiety-like behaviors than males in the elevated zero maze and the novelty-suppressed feeding test. Our results suggest that the intermittent access model does not reliably induce negative affective behaviors on these tasks, and that behavior in female and male mice differs across these tests. Rather, intermittent alcohol drinking may induce a mild form of behavioral disinhibition. Thus, the model of alcohol access is a critical factor in determining the appearance of behavioral disturbances that emerge during abstinence., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Recently, a single injection of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was found to induce a rapid and sustained antipsychotic effect in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Moreover, a single i.p. injection of SNP in rats was found to generate both rapid and persisting changes in brain synaptic plasticity, including enhanced excitatory postsynaptic current responses and spine morphology in layer V pyramidal cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) brain slices. Here we used the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test in rats to investigate the antipsychotic-like efficacy of SNP in combination with low-dose risperidone. In addition, we performed microdialysis experiments in freely moving rats to measure neurotransmitter efflux in the mPFC and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Risperidone caused only 20% suppression of CAR, which is far below the degree of CAR suppression required to predict a significant clinical antipsychotic effect. Addition of a low dose of SNP to risperidone dramatically enhanced the antipsychotic-like effect to a clinically relevant level. SNP significantly enhanced the risperidone-induced dopamine output in the mPFC but not in the NAc. The increased prefrontal dopamine release induced by the drug combination may also improve cognition as indicated by previous preclinical and clinical studies and, furthermore, via enhanced synaptic spine function and morphology in mPFC generate a both rapid and prolonged antipsychotic and pro-cognitive effect. Our results delineate SNP as a promising new treatment option for schizophrenia, including TRS, when added to currently available antipsychotic medication in order to improve efficacy at maintained or even reduced dosage., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The effect of epitaxial strain on structural, magnetic and electronic properties of BaFeO 3 perovskite oxide are investigated from first principles calculations, using the density functional theory (DFT) plus the Hubbard approach (DFT+U) within the generalized gradient approximation. Hybrid functional calculations, based on mixed exact Hartree-Fock and DFT exchange energy functionals, are also performed. For the ground state calculations, the DFT+U is found more suitable to describe the half metallic and ferromagnetic state of cubic BaFeO 3 . Jahn-Teller distortions, oxygen octahedra rotations and charge orderings in BaFeO 3 under biaxial strain are explored. The obtained results reveal that structural changes associated with Jahn-Teller distortions are induced under tensile biaxial strain while the oxygen octahedra rotations and breathing are unusually not observed. Then, the strained BaFeO 3 is considered as a particular Jahn-Teller distorted perovskite with exceptional properties when compared to CaFeO 3 and SrFeO 3 . These findings lead to a strain engineering of the JT distortions in BaFeO 3 , and thus for high fundamental and technological interests.

The 5-HT 5A receptor is arguably the least understood 5-HT receptor. Despite widespread expression in human and rodent brains it lacks specific ligands. Our previous results suggest that 5-HT 5A receptor antagonists may be effective against cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. In this study, using behavioral, immunohistochemical, electrophysiological and microdialysis techniques, we examined the mechanism by which ASP5736, a novel and selective 5-HT 5A receptor antagonist, exerts a positive effect in animal models of cognitive impairment. We first confirmed the effect of ASP5736 on cognitive deficits in rats treated subchronically with phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) using an attentional set shifting task. Subsequently, we identified 5-HT 5A receptors in dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and in PV-positive interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Burst firing of the DAergic cells in the parabrachial pigmental nucleus (PBP) in the VTA, which predominantly project to the mPFC, was significantly enhanced by treatment with ASP5736. In contrast, ASP5736 exerted no significant effect on either the firing rate or burst firing in the DA cells in the paranigral nucleus (PN), that project to the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc.). ASP5736 increased the release of DA and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the mPFC of subchronically PCP-treated rats. These results support our hypothesis that ASP5736 might block the inhibitory 5-HT 5A receptors on DAergic neurons in the VTA that project to the mPFC, and interneurons in the mPFC, and thereby improve cognitive impairment by preferentially enhancing DAergic and GABAergic neurons in the mPFC., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Brexpiprazole (Rexulti ® ), a novel D2/3 receptor (R) partial agonist, was recently approved as monotherapy for schizophrenia, demonstrating effectiveness against both positive and negative symptoms, and also approved as add-on treatment to antidepressant drugs, inducing a potent antidepressant effect with a faster onset compared to an antidepressant given alone. Moreover, brexpiprazole has demonstrated pro-cognitive effects in preclinical studies. To explore whether the observed effects may be mediated via modulation of prefrontal glutamatergic transmission, we investigated the effect of brexpiprazole, alone and in combination with the SSRI escitalopram, on prefrontal glutamatergic transmission using in vitro electrophysiological intracellular recordings of deep layer pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Nanomolar concentrations of brexpiprazole potentiated NMDAR-induced currents and electrically evoked EPSPs via activation of dopamine D1Rs, in similarity with the effect of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine. The effect of an ineffective concentration of brexpiprazole was significantly potentiated by the addition of escitalopram. When combined with escitalopram, brexpiprazole also potentiated AMPAR-mediated transmission, in similarity with the clinically rapid acting antidepressant drug ketamine. The effect on the AMPAR-mediated currents was also D1R dependent. In conclusion, our data propose that brexpiprazole exerts a clozapine-like potentiation of NMDAR-mediated currents in the mPFC, which can explain its efficacy on negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the pro-cognitive effects observed preclinically. Moreover, add-on brexpiprazole to escitalopram also potentiated AMPAR-mediated transmission, which may provide a neurobiological explanation to the faster antidepressant effect of add-on brexpiprazole in major depression., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.)

The solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene encodes for a membrane-bound organic anion transporter protein involved in active cellular influx of many endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. SLCO1B1 genetic variation is associated, for example, with highly variable rifampicin exposure, thus influencing the cornerstone antituberculosis therapy, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where it is a key therapeutic modality. Yet, there is no SLCO1B1-guided pharmacogenetic dosing recommendation for rifampicin to reduce the risk of adverse events or therapy failure. Accordingly, comparative characterization of SLCO1B1, particularly within understudied African populations, is crucial and timely for global precision medicine, given the importance of antituberculosis therapy worldwide. Therefore, we report here the allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies for common SLCO1B1 gene polymorphisms among Europeans (N = 57), Tanzanians (N = 361), and Ethiopians (N = 632). Our results show that the allele frequencies of rs4149032T, rs2306283G, rs11045819A, and rs4149056C differ significantly among Ethiopians (48.1%, 60.3%, 2.8%, 19.1%). Tanzanians (51.9%, 86.8%, 4.7%, 3.2%), and Europeans (19.8%, 34.2%, 7.9%, 22.8%) (p < 0.001). Notably, the most common haplotypes in Tanzanians (TGCT; g.38664T + c.388G + c.463C + c.521T = 61.1%) and Europeans (CGCT, all wild-type SLCO1B*1A = 59.8%) occurred at a much lower frequency in Ethiopians (TGCT = 38.8% and CGCT = 31.6%) (p < 0.0001). Additionally, the nonfunctional SLCO1B1 haplotypes CGCC (*15) and CACC (*5) are relatively common or detectable in Ethiopians (14.1%, 3.2%, respectively) and Europeans (18.1%, 2.8%) but rare in Tanzanians (1.9% and 0%, respectively) (p < 0.001). These new observations collectively underscore that precision medicine for rifampicin and other cornerstone therapeutics will require a comparative study of each and every population in the African continent as well as globally. SLCO1B1 and its extensive within- and between-population variations have to be carefully borne in mind for global precision medicine.

Nicotine has been found to improve cognition and reduce negative symptoms in schizophrenia and a genetic and pathophysiological link between the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and schizophrenia has been demonstrated. Therefore, there has been a large interest in developing drugs affecting the α7 nAChRs for schizophrenia. In the present study we investigated, in rats, the effects of a selective α7 agonist (PNU282987) and a α7 positive allosteric modulator (PAM; NS1738) alone and in combination with the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone for their utility as adjunct treatment in schizophrenia. Moreover we also investigated their utility as adjunct treatment in depression in combination with the SSRI citalopram. We found that NS1738 and to some extent also PNU282987, potentiated a subeffective dose of risperidone in the conditioned avoidance response test. Both drugs also potentiated the effect of a sub-effective concentration of risperidone on NMDA-induced currents in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, NS1738 and PNU282987 enhanced recognition memory in the novel object recognition test, when given separately. Both drugs also potentiated accumbal but not prefrontal risperidone-induced dopamine release. Finally, PNU282987 reduced immobility in the forced swim test, indicating an antidepressant-like effect. Taken together, our data support the utility of drugs targeting the α7 nAChRs, perhaps especially α7 PAMs, to potentiate the effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Moreover, our data suggest that α7 agonists and PAMs can be used to ameliorate cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia and depression., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To study the impact of soluble IL2 receptor (sIL2R), chest x-ray (CxR), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as markers for sarcoidosis in uveitis patients., Design: Retrospective study., Methods: Serum concentrations of sIL2R and ACE were measured in patients with active uveitis. Those with elevated sIL2R and /or ACE values were examined for suspected systemic sarcoidosis., Main Outcome Measure: Our main outcome parameters were the specificity and sensitivity of sIL2R, CxR and ACE in screening for ocular sarcoidosis., Results: We measured 261 patients with uveitis for sarcoidosis using sIL2R and ACE between January 2008 and November 2011; sarcoidosis was been diagnosed using other tests (e.g. computer tomography, brochoalveolar lavage, biopsy) in 41 of 53 patients with elevated sIL2R values (>639 U/ml) and in one patient with normal sIL2R (582 U/ml). Their mean sIL2R value was 1310 U/ml, extending from 582 to 8659 U/ml. Only 9 patients, however, presented elevated ACE (>82 U/l). Their mean ACE value was 116.4 U/l, ranging from 84.1 to 175.5 U/l. IL2R specificity was 94% with 98% sensitivity. In contrast, ACE had a specificity of 99.5%, but a sensitivity of only 22%; the chest x-ray had a specificity of 100% with 50% sensitivity in detecting sarcoidosis. We observed the entire spectrum of uveitis: sixteen patients suffered from anterior, 8 from intermediate, 16 from posterior, and 2 from panuveitis., Conclusions: An elevated level of soluble IL2R suggests sarcoidosis with uveitis more convincingly than ACE, making sIL2R a more effective marker parameter for sarcoidosis than ACE or chest x-ray in uveitis patients.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the industrialized world and accounts for much of the excess mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Approximately 45% of U.S. patients with incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) have DKD. Independent of glycemic control, DKD aggregates in families and has higher incidence rates in African, Mexican, and American Indian ancestral groups relative to European populations. The Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND) performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) contrasting 6,197 unrelated individuals with advanced DKD with healthy and diabetic individuals lacking nephropathy of European American, African American, Mexican American, or American Indian ancestry. A large-scale replication and trans-ethnic meta-analysis included 7,539 additional European American, African American and American Indian DKD cases and non-nephropathy controls. Within ethnic group meta-analysis of discovery GWAS and replication set results identified genome-wide significant evidence for association between DKD and rs12523822 on chromosome 6q25.2 in American Indians (P = 5.74x10-9). The strongest signal of association in the trans-ethnic meta-analysis was with a SNP in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs12523822 (rs955333; P = 1.31x10-8), with directionally consistent results across ethnic groups. These 6q25.2 SNPs are located between the SCAF8 and CNKSR3 genes, a region with DKD relevant changes in gene expression and an eQTL with IPCEF1, a gene co-translated with CNKSR3. Several other SNPs demonstrated suggestive evidence of association with DKD, within and across populations. These data identify a novel DKD susceptibility locus with consistent directions of effect across diverse ancestral groups and provide insight into the genetic architecture of DKD.

To evaluate the impact of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on ambrisentan exposure and to assess its modification by St. John's wort (SJW), 20 healthy volunteers (10 CYP2C19 extensive, four poor and six ultrarapid metabolizers) received therapeutic doses of ambrisentan (5 mg qd po) for 20 days and concomitantly SJW (300 mg tid po) for the last 10 days. To quantify changes of CYP3A4 activity, midazolam (3 mg po) as a probe drug was used. Ambrisentan pharmacokinetics was assessed on days 1, 10 and 20, and midazolam pharmacokinetics before and on days 1, 10, 17 and 20. At steady state, ambrisentan exposure was similar in extensive and ultrarapid metabolizers but 43% larger in poor metabolizers (p < 0.01). In all volunteers, SJW reduced ambrisentan exposure and the relative change (17-26%) was similar in all genotype groups. The extent of this interaction did not correlate with the changes in CYP3A activity (midazolam clearance) (rs = 0.23, p = 0.34). Ambrisentan had no effect on midazolam pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, SJW significantly reduced exposure with ambrisentan irrespective of the CYP2C19 genotype. The extent of this interaction was small and thus likely without clinical relevance., (© 2014 Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society).)

Background: Substantial clinical data support the addition of low doses of atypical antipsychotic drugs to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to rapidly enhance the antidepressant effect in treatment-resistant depression. Preclinical studies suggest that this effect is at least partly explained by an increased catecholamine outflow in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)., Methods: In the present study we used in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats and in vitro intracellular recordings of pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC to investigate the effects of adding the novel atypical antipsychotic drug asenapine to the SSRI escitalopram with regards to monoamine outflow in the mPFC and dopamine outflow in nucleus accumbens as well as glutamatergic transmission in the mPFC., Results: The present study shows that addition of low doses (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) of asenapine to escitalopram (5 mg/kg) markedly enhances dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin release in the rat mPFC as well as dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Moreover, this drug combination facilitated both N-methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA)- and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-induced currents as well as electrically evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials in pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC., Conclusions: Our results support the notion that the augmentation of SSRIs by atypical antipsychotic drugs in treatment-resistant depression may, at least in part, be related to enhanced catecholamine output in the prefrontal cortex and that asenapine may be clinically used to achieve this end. In particular, the subsequent activation of the D1 receptor may be of importance for the augmented antidepressant effect, as this mechanism facilitated both NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated transmission in the mPFC. Our novel observation that the drug combination, like ketamine, facilitates glutamatergic transmission in the mPFC may contribute to explain the rapid and potent antidepressant effect obtained when atypical antipsychotic drugs are added to SSRIs., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.)

Purpose: We assessed the effect of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and the OATP1B1 inhibitor clarithromycin on ambrisentan steady-state kinetics and its relationship to the SLCO1B1 15 haplotype in healthy volunteers., Methods: In this open-label, monocenter, one-sequence crossover clinical trial ten male healthy participants were stratified according to CYP2C19 and SLCO1B1 (encoding for OATP1B1) genotype into two groups: group 1 (n = 6), with CYP2C19 1/1 (extensive metabolizer, EM) and SLCO1B1 wild-type; group 2 (n = 4), with CYP2C19 EM and homozygous (n = 3) or heterozygous for SLCO1B1 15 (n = 1). The participants were administered a once-daily oral dose of 5 mg ambrisentan on study days 1 and days 3-14 and twice-daily oral doses of 500 mg clarithromycin on study days 11-14. To monitor CYP3A activity 3 mg midazolam was given orally 1 day before the first ambrisentan administration and on days 1, 10, and 14 of ambrisentan treatment. Ambrisentan plasma kinetics was assessed on days 1 (single dose), 10 (steady-state), and 14 (CYP3A4/OATP1B1 inhibition by clarithromycin)., Results: Consistent with the expectation that ambrisentan does not induce its own metabolism, ambrisentan exposure and peak concentration (Cmax) were similar after the first dose and at steady-state. Clarithromycin increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of ambrisentan by 41 % and Cmax by 27 % (n = 10, both p < 0.05). No contribution of SLCO1B1*15 to the extent of this interaction was observed., Conclusions: Clarithromycin increased ambrisentan exposure to a similar extent to ketoconazole, namely, clinically minor and likely irrelevant.

Quetiapine alleviates both positive and negative symptoms as well as certain cognitive impairments in schizophrenia despite a low D2 receptor occupancy and may also be used as monotherapy in bipolar and major depressive disorder. The mechanisms underlying the broad clinical utility of quetiapine remain to be clarified, but may be related to the potent inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) by norquetiapine, the major metabolite of quetiapine in humans. Since norquetiapine is not formed in rodents we here investigated in rats whether NET-inhibition may, in principle, contribute to the clinical effectiveness of quetiapine and allow for its low D2 receptor occupancy, by combining quetiapine with the selective NET-inhibitor reboxetine. Antipsychotic-like activity was assessed using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, dopamine output in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the nucleus accumbens was measured using in vivo microdialysis, and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission was measured using intracellular electrophysiological recordings in pyramidal cells of the mPFC in vitro. Adjunct reboxetine potentiated the suppression of CAR by quetiapine. Moreover, concomitant administration of quetiapine and reboxetine resulted in a synergistic increase in cortical, but not accumbal, dopamine output. The combination of low, clinically relevant concentrations of quetiapine (60 nM) and reboxetine (20 nM) markedly facilitated cortical NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in contrast to either drug alone, an effect that could be inhibited by the D₁ receptor antagonist SCH23390. We conclude that concomitant NET-inhibition by norquetiapine may contribute to the overall antipsychotic effectiveness of quetiapine in spite of its relatively low level of D₂ occupancy., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.)

A substantial number of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not respond adequately to current antidepressant pharmacological treatments, which are all more or less based on a gradually increased enhancement of monoaminergic neurotransmission. Although a functional deficiency in monoaminergic neurotransmission may contribute to MDD, the etiology and pathophysiology are far from clarified. Recent studies suggest that inflammatory processes may contribute, since increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) have repeatedly been observed in a subset of patients suffering from MDD. Interestingly, adjunct treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib, a cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor which blocks the PGE(2)-production, has shown to enhance the efficacy of both reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, as well as fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in treatment-resistant depression. To examine the neurobiological underpinnings to the clinical observations, we here studied the acute effects of a combined treatment with celecoxib and reboxetine on noradrenaline and dopamine output, as well as celecoxib and fluoxetine on 5-HT output in the medial prefrontal cortex, using in vivo microdialysis in awake freely moving rats. Celecoxib significantly potentiated the effects of reboxetine and fluoxetine on cortical noradrenaline and 5-HT output, respectively, but not the reboxetine-induced dopamine output. Moreover, celecoxib, when given alone, enhanced 5-HT output. These findings provide, in principle, novel experimental support for the clinical utility of combined treatment with antidepressant and anti-inflammatory drugs, such as COX-2 inhibitors, in MDD., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The psychotropic drug asenapine is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. Asenapine exhibits higher affinity for several 5-HT receptors and α(2)-adrenoceptors than for D(2) receptors. Noteworthy, blockage of both the 5-HT(2A) and α(2)-adrenergic receptors has been shown to enhance prefrontal dopamine release induced by D(2) receptor antagonists. Previous results show that asenapine, both systemically and locally, increases dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and that the increased dopamine release largely depends on an intracortical action. Using reverse microdialysis in freely moving rats, we here assessed the potency of low concentrations of asenapine to cause a pharmacologically significant blockage in vivo of 5-HT(2A) receptors and α(2)-adrenoceptors within the mPFC, and thus its ability to affect cortical monoamine release by these receptors. Intracortical administration of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI), a 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist, increased cortical monoamine release, effects that were antagonized both by asenapine and the selective 5-HT(2A) antagonist M100907. Application of clonidine, an α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, significantly reduced monoamine release in the mPFC. The selective α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan blocked, whereas asenapine partially blocked clonidine-induced cortical dopamine and noradrenaline decrease. The effects of asenapine and idazoxan on clonidine-induced serotonin decrease were less pronounced. Our results propose that low concentrations of asenapine in the mPFC exhibit a pharmacologically significant 5-HT(2A) and α(2) receptor antagonistic activity, which may contribute to enhance prefrontal monoamine release in vivo and, secondarily, its clinical effects in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder., (Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Rationale: The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor positive allosteric modulators (AMPA-PAMs), Org 24448 and Org 26576, and the glycine transporter-1 (GlyT-1) inhibitor Org 25935 are developed for treatment of schizophrenia., Objectives: Here we examined experimentally the ability of co-administration of these AMPA-PAMs or the GlyT-1 inhibitor to augment the antipsychotic activity and effect on cortical N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated transmission of risperidone, olanzapine, or haloperidol., Methods: We examined antipsychotic efficacy using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, extrapyramidal side effect liability using a catalepsy test, and cortical NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission using intracellular electrophysiological recording technique in vitro., Results: Both AMPA-PAMs enhanced the suppression of CAR induced by risperidone or olanzapine, and Org 24448 also enhanced the effect of haloperidol. In contrast, the GlyT-1 inhibitor did not cause any behaviorally significant effect in the CAR test. However, the GlyT-1 inhibitor, but not the AMPA-PAMs, produced a large facilitation of NMDA-induced currents. All three drugs potentiated the effect of risperidone but not haloperidol on these currents. The GlyT-1 inhibitor also facilitated the effect of olanzapine. All drugs potentiated the effect of risperidone on electrically stimulated excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) in cortical pyramidal cells, whereas only the GlyT inhibitor facilitated the effect of olanzapine., Conclusions: Our results suggest that the AMPA-PAMs, when compared to the GlyT-1 inhibitor, show differential effects in terms of augmentation of antipsychotic efficacy, particularly when combined with risperidone or olanzapine. Both AMPA-PAMs and the GlyT-1 inhibitor may also improve negative symptoms and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, in particular when combined with risperidone.

Antidepressant drugs are frequently used to treat affective symptoms in schizophrenia. We have recently shown that escitalopram, but not citalopram or R-citalopram, increases firing rate and burst firing of midbrain dopamine neurons, potentiates cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated transmission and enhances cognition, effects that might influence the outcome of concomitant antipsychotic medication. Here, we studied, in rats, the behavioral and neurobiological effects of adding escitalopram, citalopram, or R-citalopram to the second-generation antipsychotic drug risperidone. We examined antipsychotic efficacy using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability using a catalepsy test, dopamine outflow in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving animals, and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in the mPFC using intracellular electrophysiological recording in vitro. Only escitalopram (5 mg/kg), but not citalopram (10 mg/kg), or R-citalopram (10 mg/kg), dramatically enhanced the antipsychotic-like effect of a low dose of risperidone (0.25 mg/kg), without increasing catalepsy. Given alone, escitalopram, but not citalopram or R-citalopram, markedly enhanced both cortical dopamine output and NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. Addition of escitalopram and to some extent R-citalopram, but not citalopram, significantly enhanced both cortical dopamine output and cortical NMDA receptor-mediated transmission induced by a suboptimal dose/concentration of risperidone. These results suggest that adjunct treatment with escitalopram, but not citalopram, may enhance the effect of a subtherapeutic dose of risperidone on positive, negative, cognitive, and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia, yet without increased EPS liability., (Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Purpose: The 388A>G and the 521T>C polymorphism of the SLCO1B1 gene affect the activity of the uptake transporter OATP1B1, thus influencing kinetics, safety, and efficacy of substrate drugs. To evaluate the impact of these polymorphisms in populations of different ethnic origins, it is important to know their frequencies and to develop fast and reliable methods for genotyping. We therefore established a new, high-throughput method and determined the genotype and allelic frequencies of these polymorphisms in Tanzanians, for which the frequencies were unknown thus far., Methods: New LightCycler® 480-based methods with hybridization probes were established and used to genotype 366 Tanzanian and 236 European individuals for 388A>G (rs2306283) and 521T>C (rs4149056) in the SLCO1B1 gene. The methods were validated by direct sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of heterozygous individuals and checked for intrarun precision repeatability, interrun precision reproducibility, robustness, and deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium., Results: The new methods allow unambiguous identification of the corresponding genotypes. There was a clear difference in allelic distribution between Tanzanians and Europeans, with the 388A>G (rs2306283) being much more prevalent in Tanzanians (87% vs 41%) and the 521T>C (rs4149056) being very rare in this African population (6% vs 17%)., Conclusions: We developed robust and high-throughput methods to genotype common SLCO1B1 allelic variants with the LightCycler® 480. In Tanzanians, we identified the highest frequency of the 388A>G and 521T>C polymorphisms ever reported from black populations. The clinical relevance of SLCO1B1 genetic variation in the African population remains to be investigated.

Patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia usually present with recurrent abdominal pain, pancreatitis, eruptive xanthomas, lipemia retinalis and hepatosplenomegaly. We describe the diagnosis and treatment of an infant with severe hypertriglyceridemia. The child was found to be heterozygous for two novel mutations in the lipoprotein lipase gene.

Escitalopram, the S-enantiomer of citalopram, possesses superior efficacy compared to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of major depression. Escitalopram binds to an allosteric site on the serotonin transporter, which further enhances the blockade of serotonin reuptake, whereas R-citalopram antagonizes this positive allosteric modulation. Escitalopram's effects on neurotransmitters other than serotonin, for example, dopamine and glutamate, are not well studied. Therefore, we here studied the effects of escitalopram, citalopram, and R-citalopram on dopamine cell firing in the ventral tegmental area, using single-cell recording in vivo and on NMDA receptor-mediated currents in pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex using in vitro electrophysiology in rats. The cognitive effects of escitalopram and citalopram were also compared using the novel object recognition test. Escitalopram (40-640 μg/kg i.v.) increased both firing rate and burst firing of dopaminergic neurons, whereas citalopram (80-1280 μg/kg) had no effect on firing rate and only increased burst firing at high dosage. R-citalopram (40-640 μg/kg) had no significant effects. R-citalopram (320 μg/kg) antagonized the effects of escitalopram (320 μg/kg). A very low concentration of escitalopram (5 nM), but not citalopram (10 nM) or R-citalopram (5 nM), potentiated NMDA-induced currents in pyramidal neurons. Escitalopram's effect was antagonized by R-citalopram and blocked by the dopamine D(1) receptor antagonist SCH23390. Escitalopram, but not citalopram, improved recognition memory. Our data suggest that the excitatory effect of escitalopram on dopaminergic and NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission may have bearing on its cognitive-enhancing effect and superior efficacy compared to other SSRIs in major depression., (Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Asenapine is a novel psychopharmacologic agent being developed for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Like clozapine, asenapine facilitates cortical dopaminergic and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated transmission in rats. The facilitation of NMDA-induced currents in cortical pyramidal cells by clozapine is dependent on dopamine and D(1) receptor activation. Moreover, previous results show that clozapine prevents and reverses the blockade of NMDA-induced currents and firing activity in the pyramidal cells by the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP). Here, we investigated the effects of asenapine in these regards using intracellular electrophysiological recording in vitro. Asenapine (5 nM) significantly facilitated NMDA-induced currents (162 ± 15% of control) in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The asenapine-induced facilitation was blocked by the D(1) receptor antagonist SCH23390 (1 μM). Furthermore, the PCP-induced blockade of cortical NMDA-induced currents was effectively reversed by 5 nM asenapine. Our results demonstrate a clozapine-like facilitation of cortical NMDA-induced currents by asenapine that involves prefrontal dopamine and activation of D(1) receptors. Asenapine and clozapine also share the ability to reverse functional PCP-induced hypoactivity of cortical NMDA receptors. The ability of asenapine to increase both cortical dopaminergic and NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission suggests that this drug may have an advantageous effect not only on positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, but also on negative and cognitive symptoms.

Background: Evidence is sparse about the genetic determinants of major lipids in Pakistanis., Methods and Results: Variants (n=45 000) across 2000 genes were assessed in 3200 Pakistanis and compared with 2450 Germans using the same gene array and similar lipid assays. We also did a meta-analysis of selected lipid-related variants in Europeans. Pakistani genetic architecture was distinct from that of several ethnic groups represented in international reference samples. Forty-one variants at 14 loci were significantly associated with levels of HDL-C, triglyceride, or LDL-C. The most significant lipid-related variants identified among Pakistanis corresponded to genes previously shown to be relevant to Europeans, such as CETP associated with HDL-C levels (rs711752; P<10(-13)), APOA5/ZNF259 (rs651821; P<10(-13)) and GCKR (rs1260326; P<10(-13)) with triglyceride levels; and CELSR2 variants with LDL-C levels (rs646776; P<10(-9)). For Pakistanis, these 41 variants explained 6.2%, 7.1%, and 0.9% of the variation in HDL-C, triglyceride, and LDL-C, respectively. Compared with Europeans, the allele frequency of rs662799 in APOA5 among Pakistanis was higher and its impact on triglyceride concentration was greater (P-value for difference <10(-4))., Conclusions: Several lipid-related genetic variants are common to Pakistanis and Europeans, though they explain only a modest proportion of population variation in lipid concentration. Allelic frequencies and effect sizes of lipid-related variants can differ between Pakistanis and Europeans.

Preclinical data have shown that addition of the selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor reboxetine increases the antipsychotic-like effect of the D(2/3) antagonist raclopride and, in parallel, enhances cortical dopamine output. Subsequent clinical results suggested that adding reboxetine to stable treatments with various antipsychotic drugs (APDs) may improve positive, negative and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated in rats the effects of adding reboxetine to the second-generation APD olanzapine on: (i) antipsychotic efficacy, using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, (ii) extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability, using a catalepsy test, (iii) dopamine efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens, using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving animals and (iv) cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated transmission, using intracellular electrophysiological recording in vitro. Reboxetine (6 mg/kg) enhanced the suppression of CAR induced by a suboptimal dose (1.25 mg/kg), but not an optimal (2.5 mg/kg) dose of olanzapine without any concomitant catalepsy. Addition of reboxetine to the low dose of olanzapine also markedly increased cortical dopamine outflow and facilitated prefrontal NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. Our data suggest that adjunctive treatment with a NET inhibitor may enhance the therapeutic effect of low-dose olanzapine in schizophrenia without increasing EPS liability and add an antidepressant action, thus in principle allowing for a dose reduction of olanzapine with a concomitant reduction of dose-related side effects, such as EPS and weight gain.

Compared to both first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs (APDs), clozapine shows superior efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In contrast to most APDs clozapine possesses high affinity for alpha2-adrenoceptors, and clinical and preclinical studies provide evidence that the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan enhances the antipsychotic efficacy of typical D2 receptor antagonists as well as olanzapine. Risperidone has lower affinity for alpha2-adrenoceptors than clozapine but higher than most other APDs. Here we examined, in rats, the effects of adding idazoxan to risperidone on antipsychotic effect using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, extrapyramidal side-effect (EPS) liability using the catalepsy test, brain dopamine efflux using in-vivo microdialysis in freely moving animals, cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated transmission using intracellular electrophysiological recording in vitro, and ex-vivo autoradiography to assess the in-vivo alpha2A- and alpha2C-adrenoceptor occupancies by risperidone. The dose of risperidone needed for antipsychotic effect in the CAR test was approximately 0.4 mg/kg, which produced 11% and 17% in-vivo receptor occupancy at alpha2A- and alpha2C-adrenoceptors, respectively. Addition of idazoxan (1.5 mg/kg) to a low dose of risperidone (0.25 mg/kg) enhanced the suppression of CAR, but did not enhance catalepsy. Both cortical dopamine release and NMDA receptor-mediated responses were enhanced. These data propose that the therapeutic effect of risperidone in schizophrenia can be enhanced and its EPS liability reduced by adjunctive treatment with an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, and generally support the notion that the potent alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonistic action of clozapine may be highly important for its unique efficacy in schizophrenia.

The aim of the present study was to synthesise and screen a set of novel nicotine hapten immunogens used for the treatment of nicotine dependence. In the screening process we studied the amount of antibodies generated and their selectivity, using ELISA techniques, and their effects on nicotine-induced dopamine release in the NAC(shell) of the rat, assessed by in vivo voltammetry. We conclude that even small changes such as the linker attachment on the nicotine molecule as well as the structure of the linker may greatly influence the selectivity of the antibodies and the central neurobiological effects of nicotine that are considered critical for its dependence producing properties., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Treatment with topiramate may improve negative symptoms in schizophrenia when added to typical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) but not to clozapine. Both dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmissions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are facilitated by atypical, but not typical, APDs, which is thought to improve negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Our previous results show that topiramate increases prefrontal dopamine (DA) outflow when added to the D(2/3) receptorantagonist raclopride. Here, using intracellular recording in vitro, we investigated the effects of topiramate on glutamatergic neurotransmission in the rat mPFC, both when given alone and in combination with raclopride or clozapine. Neither topiramate nor raclopride alone had any effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced currents in pyramidal cells of the mPFC. However, the combination of topiramate and raclopride facilitated the NMDA-induced currents, and this effect was blocked by the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390. Topiramate also facilitated the effect of a submaximal, but inhibited the effect of a maximal, concentration of clozapine on these currents. The effect of combined topiramate and a submaximal concentration of clozapine could be blocked by SCH23390. In addition, combined topiramate and raclopride facilitated excitatory postsynaptic potentials. In contrast, topiramate inhibited clozapine's facilitating effect on these potentials. These data may help explain the improvement of negative symptoms when topiramate is used as adjunctive therapy in schizophrenic patients receiving typical APDs, but they may also shed light on the observed deterioration of symptoms when topiramate is added to full dose clozapine., (Copyright 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Rationale: Asenapine, a psychopharmacologic agent developed for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, has higher affinity for 5-HT(2A/C,6,7) and alpha(2) adrenergic receptors than for D(2) receptors. Asenapine exhibits potent antipsychotic-like effects without inducing catalepsy, increases cortical and subcortical dopamine release, and facilitates cortical glutamatergic transmission in rats. In this study, we further analyzed the effects of asenapine on dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems in the rat brain., Materials and Methods: We studied the effects of asenapine on (1) dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus using in vivo single cell recording, (2) release of dopamine and noradrenaline (medial prefrontal cortex), serotonin (frontal cortex), and dopamine (nucleus accumbens), using in vivo microdialysis., Results: Systemic asenapine increased dopaminergic (0.001-0.2 mg/kg, i.v.) and noradrenergic (0.025-0.05 mg/kg i.v.) neuronal firing, and asenapine (0.1-0.2 mg/kg, s.c) increased cortical noradrenaline and serotonin output. Local asenapine administration increased all three monoamines in the cortex but did not affect accumbal dopamine output. Intra-VTA tetrodotoxin perfusion blocked asenapine-induced accumbal but not cortical dopamine outflow., Conclusion: Asenapine at doses associated with antipsychotic activity enhanced cortical monoamine efflux. Whereas the asenapine-induced dopamine increase in nucleus accumbens is dependent on activation of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA, the increase of cortical dopamine outflow involves largely a local action at nerve terminals. Our data provide further insight on the pharmacologic characteristics of asenapine that may have bearing on its clinical efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

In vitro data on the metabolism of the antifungal voriconazole suggest that its pharmacokinetics might be influenced by the activity of CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP3A. To elucidate the genetic influence of polymorphic enzymes on voriconazole metabolism, the authors pooled the pharmacokinetic data from 2 interaction studies in which 35 participants were enrolled according to their CYP2C19 genotype to receive a single 400-mg oral dose of voriconazole. Nine participants were homozygous for CYP2C19(*)1/(*)1, 8 heterozygous for (*)1/(*)17, 11 heterozygous for (*)1/(*)2, 2 heterozygous for (*)2/(*)17, 4 homozygous for (*)2/(*)2, and 1 with a double mutation CYP2C19(*)2/(*)2(*)17. Nine (heterozygous) individuals were carriers of the CYP2C9(*)2 or (*)3 variant alleles. Twenty-five participants did not express the CYP3A5 isozyme ((*)3/(*)3), whereas in 5 individuals, the (*)1/(*)3 combination was present (active enzyme). In addition, the CYP2D6 genotype and 2 variants of the drug transporter MDR1 (C3435T and G2677T) were determined. Multiple regression analysis of voriconazole apparent oral clearance revealed that 49% of its variance can be explained solely by the CYP2C19 polymorphism (P < .0001). Including the other polymorphisms into the regression model did not show any significant contribution. The number of variant CYP2C19 alleles therefore explains a substantial part of the wide variability of voriconazole pharmacokinetics, whereas the presence of functional CYP3A5 and the CYP2C9 genotype had no significant impact on voriconazole exposure. Some minor contribution results from the MDR1 C3435T genotype.

Rationale: Asenapine is a novel psychopharmacologic agent being developed for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder., Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of asenapine using animal models predictive of antipsychotic efficacy (conditioned avoidance response [CAR]) and extrapyramidal side effects (EPS; catalepsy). In parallel, the effects of asenapine on regional dopamine output using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats, dopamine output in the core and shell subregions of nucleus accumbens (NAc) using in vivo voltammetry in anesthetized rats, and N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA)-induced currents in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using the electrophysiological technique intracellular recording in vitro were assessed., Results: Asenapine (0.05-0.2 mg/kg, subcutaneous [s.c.]) induced a dose-dependent suppression of CAR (no escape failures recorded) and did not induce catalepsy. Asenapine (0.05-0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) increased dopamine efflux in both the mPFC and the NAc. Low-dose asenapine (0.01 mg/kg, intravenous [i.v.]) increased dopamine efflux preferentially in the shell compared to the core of NAc, whereas at a higher dose (0.05 mg/kg, i.v.), the difference disappeared. Finally, like clozapine (100 nM), but at a considerably lower concentration (5 nM), asenapine significantly potentiated the NMDA-induced responses in pyramidal cells of the mPFC., Conclusions: These preclinical data suggest that asenapine may exhibit highly potent antipsychotic activity with very low EPS liability. Its ability to increase both dopaminergic and glutamatergic activity in rat mPFC suggests that asenapine may possess an advantageous effect not only on positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, but also on negative and cognitive symptoms.

The present study describes the pharmacological profile of the putative antipsychotic drug Lu 35-138 ((+)-(S)-3-{1-[2-(1-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridin-4-yl}-6-chloro-1H-indole). The in vitro receptor profile of Lu 35-138 revealed high affinity (K(i)=5 nM) and competitive antagonism (K(b)=8 nM) at dopamine D(4) receptors combined with potent 5-HT uptake inhibition (IC(50)=3.2 nM) and moderate alpha(1)-adrenoceptor affinity (K(i)=45 nM). In vivo, Lu 35-138 selectively counteracted hyperlocomotion induced by d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg; ED(50)=4.0 mg/kg, s.c.) in rats and phencyclidine (PCP; 2.5 mg/kg; ED(50)=13 mg/kg, s.c.) in mice. Lu 35-138 was unable to affect hyperlocomotion induced by a high dose of d-amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg), which indicates a preferential action on limbic versus striatal structures. A similar limbic selectivity of Lu 35-138 was indicated in voltammetric measure of dopamine output in the core and shell subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens in rats. Furthermore, a relatively large dose of Lu 35-138 (18 mg/kg, s.c.) counteracted d-amphetamine-induced disruption of pre-pulse inhibition in rats and repeated administration of Lu 35-138 (0.31 or 1.25 mg/kg, p.o. once daily for 3 weeks) reduced the number of spontaneously active dopamine neurones in the ventral tegmental area, underlining its antipsychotic-like profile. Lu 35-138 failed to induce catalepsy in rats or dystonia in Cebus apella monkeys and did not deteriorate spatial memory in rats as assessed by water maze performance. Collectively, these results suggest that Lu 35-138 possesses antipsychotic activity combined with a low extrapyramidal and cognitive side effect liability.

Clinical studies suggest that the efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic drug (APD) risperidone (but not clozapine) can be augmented by adjunctive treatment with agonists at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. By using intracellular recording, we have investigated the effect of the glycine transporter-1 (GlyT-1) inhibitor N [3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'phenylphenylphenoxy) propyl] sarcosine (NFPS) on NMDA-induced currents in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), both when given alone and in combination with either risperidone or clozapine. Both risperidone and clozapine enhanced the NMDA-induced currents. The concentration-response curves were biphasic, and the maximal effect of clozapine on the NMDA-induced currents was significantly larger than the maximal effect of risperidone. NFPS also significantly potentiated the NMDA-induced currents, when given alone. Moreover, NFPS (1 microM) augmented the effect of both the maximal (20 nM), and a submaximal (10 nM), concentration of risperidone. In contrast, NFPS did not potentiate either the effect of the maximal (100 nM) or a submaximal (80 nM) concentration of clozapine on the NMDA-induced currents. These data may explain the beneficial clinical results of using glycine reuptake antagonists as adjuvant treatment to risperidone. Our findings also suggest that risperidone and clozapine may affect NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission differently in the mPFC.

ATP binding cassette (ABC)-transporters like P-glycoprotein (multidrug resistance (MDR)1/ABCB1), the multidrug resistance associated proteins 1 and 2 (MRP1/ABCC1 and MRP2/ABCC2), and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) have a large impact on the pharmacokinetics of numerous drugs and may also modulate the effectiveness of drug therapy. Prediction of a patient's susceptibility to xenobiotics and individualization of drug therapy would become possible, if a simple test were available for an easy screening of transporter expression. This study quantified the mRNA expression of the four ABC-transporters and of the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a key regulator in drug metabolism and efflux, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and corresponding liver or small intestine samples of humans by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results obtained prove the absence of a correlation between the expression of four major ABC-transporters in PBMCs and in the intestine or liver. For all transporters (except MRP1/ABCC1 in the intestine), mRNA amount of the ABC-transporters was positively correlated with PXR expression in PBMCs and intestine. In conclusion, the study suggests that basal expression levels of the transporters are directly influenced by PXR expression in liver and PBMCs and demonstrates that PBMCs do not qualify as surrogate tissue for the expression of the four ABC-transporters in small intestine and liver. However, the transporter status in PBMCs remains important for drugs, whose primary site of therapeutic action is the lymphocyte and which are known substrates of the transporters.

The alpha(2) adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan enhances antipsychotic efficacy of classical dopamine D(2) antagonists in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The mechanisms are not fully understood, but we have previously shown that the combination of idazoxan with the D(2/3) receptor antagonist raclopride, similarly to clozapine but not classical antipsychotic drugs, augments dopamine efflux in the prefrontal cortex, and also generates an enhanced suppression of the conditioned avoidance response. We have now investigated the effects of clozapine, raclopride, idazoxan and the combination of raclopride and idazoxan on (i) electrically evoked excitatory post-synaptic potentials and currents in pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, using intracellular electrophysiological recording in vitro, (ii) the impaired cognitive function induced by the selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801, using the 8-arm radial maze test, (iii) the in-vivo D2, alpha(2A) and alpha(2C) receptor occupancies of these pharmacological treatments, using ex-vivo autoradiography. Whereas neither idazoxan nor raclopride alone had any effect, the combination exerted the same facilitation of glutamatergic transmission in rat prefrontal pyramidal neurons as clozapine, and this effect was found to be mediated by dopamine acting at D(1) receptors. Similarly to clozapine, the combination of idazoxan and raclopride also completely reversed the working-memory impairment in rats induced by MK-801. Moreover, these effects of the two treatment regimes were obtained at similar occupancies at D(2), alpha(2A) and alpha(2C) receptors respectively. Our results provide novel neurobiological and behavioural support for a pro-cognitive effect of adjunctive use of idazoxan with antipsychotic drugs that lack appreciable alpha(2) adrenoceptor-blocking properties, and define presynaptic alpha(2) adrenoceptors as major targets in antipsychotic drug development.

Clozapine and other atypical, but not typical, antipsychotic drugs (APDs), facilitate both dopaminergic and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is thought to improve cognition. Switching schizophrenic patients from typical APDs to clozapine may reduce their cigarette smoking. Here, we tested whether nicotine, which facilitates dopamine release, also facilitates NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the mPFC, when given alone or in combination with a D(2,3) antagonist, raclopride, or a D4 antagonist, 3-(4-[4-chlorophenyl]piperazin-1-yl)methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3b]pyridine (L-745,870), using intracellular recording in pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC. Neither nicotine nor raclopride or L-745,870 alone altered NMDA-induced currents in these cells. However, combining nicotine with raclopride or L-745,870 facilitated these currents. Similarly to clozapine the combination of nicotine with raclopride or L-745,870 also markedly potentiated evoked excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the mPFC. Our results support the idea that intense smoking in schizophrenia may represent a form of self-medication with nicotine.

One essential factor in the development of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is elevated pulmonary artery pressure, possibly due to a lack of nitric oxide (NO) in pulmonary vessels. NOS3 gene polymorphisms (G894T, T-786C, and CA-repeats > or =38) might be linked to decreased NO synthesis and increased susceptibility to HAPE, while the C242T polymorphism of the CYBA gene [encoding for the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p22phox] may increase NO availability and thus convey resistance to HAPE. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped 51 mountaineers susceptible and 52 mountaineers not susceptible to HAPE. Genotyping revealed similar genotype frequencies of the G894T and the T-786C NOS3 polymorphism in both groups (G894T: susceptibles, 39.2% GG, 47.1% GT, 13.7% TT; nonsusceptibles, 48.0% GG, 44.0% GT, 8.0% TT; p = 0.54. T-786C: susceptibles, 45.1% TT, 39.2% TC, 15.7% CC; nonsusceptibles, 53.8% TT, 40.4% TC, 5.8% CC; p = 0.28). Genotype frequencies of the C242T CYBA polymorphism were 43.1% CC, 47.1 % CT, and 9.8% TT in HAPE susceptibles and 38.0% CC, 52.0 % CT, and 10.0% TT (p = 0.92) in nonsusceptibles. There was also no difference between the two groups in the number of CA repeats (p = 0.57), and individuals with > or =38 CA repeats were not more likely to develop HAPE (p = 1.0). Haplotype analysis for the NOS3 polymorphisms also revealed no association with HAPE. The results of this study suggest that none of these genetic variants plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of HAPE in Caucasians, but does not exclude epistatic effects that might still involve the genetic systems studied here.