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Cow milk consumption (CMC) and downstream alterations of serum metabolites are commonly considered important factors regulating human health status. Foods may lead to metabolic changes directly or indirectly through remodelling gut microbiota (GM). We sought to identify the metabolic alterations in Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women with habitual CMC and explore if the GM mediates the CMC-metabolite associations. 346 Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women participants were recruited in this study. Fixed effects regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to reveal alterations of serum metabolic features in different CMC groups. Spearman correlation coefficient was computed to detect metabolome-metagenome association. 36 CMC-associated metabolites including palmitic acid (FA(16:0)), 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesterin-3-one (7alphaC4), citrulline were identified by both fixed effects regression (FDR < 0.05) and PLS-DA (VIP score > 2). Some significant metabolite-GM associations were observed, including FA(16:0) with gut species Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides sp.D2. These findings would further prompt our understanding of the effect of cow milk on human health.

The implementation of low-dimensional movement control by the central nervous system has been debated for decades. In this study, we investigated the dimensionality of the control signals received by spinal motor neurons when controlling either the ankle or knee joint torque. We first identified the low-dimensional latent factors underlying motor unit activity during torque-matched isometric contractions in male participants. Subsequently, we evaluated the extent to which motor units could be independently controlled. To this aim, we used an online control paradigm in which participants received the corresponding motor unit firing rates as visual feedback. We identified two main latent factors, regardless of the muscle group (vastus lateralis-medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis-medialis). The motor units of the gastrocnemius lateralis could be controlled largely independently from those of the gastrocnemius medialis during ankle plantarflexion. This dissociation of motor unit activity imposed similar behavior to the motor units that were not displayed in the feedback. Conversely, it was not possible to dissociate the activity of the motor units between the vastus lateralis and medialis muscles during the knee extension tasks. These results demonstrate that the number of latent factors estimated from linear dimensionality reduction algorithms does not necessarily reflect the dimensionality of volitional control of motor units. Overall, individual motor units were never controlled independently of all others but rather belonged to synergistic groups. Together, these findings provide evidence for a low-dimensional control of motor units constrained by common inputs, with notable differences between muscle groups., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests., (Copyright © 2024 the authors.)

Unlabelled: Virtual care appointments expanded rapidly during COVID-19 out of necessity and to enable access and continuity of care for many patients. While previous work has explored health care providers' experiences with telehealth usage on small-scale projects, the broad-level adoption of virtual care during the pandemic has expounded opportunities for a better understanding of how to enhance the integration of telehealth as a regular mode of health care services delivery. Training and education for health care providers on the effective use of virtual care technologies are factors that can help facilitate improved adoption and use. We describe our approach to designing and developing an accredited continuing professional development (CPD) program using e-learning technologies to foster better knowledge and comfort among health care providers with the use of virtual care technologies. First, we discuss our approach to undertaking a systematic needs assessment study using a survey questionnaire of providers, key informant interviews, and a patient focus group. Next, we describe our steps in consulting with key stakeholder groups in the health system and arranging committees to inform the design of the program and address accreditation requirements. The instructional design features and aspects of the e-learning module are then described in depth, and our plan for evaluating the program is shared as well. As a CPD modality, e-learning offers the opportunity to enhance access to timely continuing professional education for health care providers who may be geographically dispersed across rural and remote communities., (© Vernon Curran, Robert Glynn, Cindy Whitton, Ann Hollett. Originally published in JMIR Medical Education (https://mededu.jmir.org).)

Background: Virtual reality (VR) modules are commonly used for health care training, such as adult advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), due to immersion and engagement. The metaverse differs from current VR serious gaming by enabling shared social connections, while current VR modules focus on computer-based content without social interaction. Educators in the metaverse can foster communication and collaboration during training sessions., Objective: This study aimed to compare learning outcomes of VR-based, machine-guided training with educator-guided, VR-based training in the metaverse environment., Methods: A total of 62 volunteered students from Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Vocational School for Anesthesiology were randomly divided into 2 groups of 31 participants each: one group received VR-based training with machine guidance (MG), and the other received VR-based training with educator guidance (EG) in the metaverse. The members of both groups undertook VR-based basic training for ACLS. Afterward, the MG group was trained with a VR-based advanced training module, which provides training with full MG, whereas the EG group attended the VR-based, educator-guided training in the metaverse. The primary outcome of the study was determined by the exam score of the VR-based training module. Descriptive statistics defined continuous variables such as VR exam scores and time spent on machine- or educator-guided training. The correlation between training time and VR exam scores was assessed with the Spearman rank correlation, and nonnormally distributed variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at P<.05, with analyses executed by MedCalc Statistical Software (version 12.7.7)., Results: Comparing the VR test scores between the MG and EG groups revealed no statistically significant difference. The VR test scores for the EG group had a median of 86 (range 11-100). In contrast, the MG group scores had a median of 66 (range 13-100; P=.08). Regarding the correlation between the duration of machine-guided or educator-guided training and VR-based exam scores, for the MG group, =0.569 and P=.005 were obtained. For the EG group, this correlation was found to be =0.298 and P=.10. While this correlation is statistically significant for the MG group, it is not significant for the EG group. The post hoc power analysis (80%), considering the correlation between the time spent on training and exam scores, supported this finding., Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that a well-designed, VR-based serious gaming module with MG could provide comparable learning outcomes to VR training in the metaverse with EG for adult ACLS training. Future research with a larger sample size could explore whether social interaction with educators in a metaverse environment offers added benefits for learners., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06288087; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06288087., (©Dilek Kitapcioglu, Mehmet Emin Aksoy, Arun Ekin Ozkan, Tuba Usseli. Originally published in JMIR Serious Games (https://games.jmir.org), 07.08.2024.)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the necessity for innovative educational methods in nursing. Our study takes a unique approach using a multidisciplinary simulation design, which offers a systematic and comprehensive strategy for developing virtual reality (VR) simulations in nursing education., Objective: The aim of this study is to develop VR simulation content for a pediatric nursing module based on a multidisciplinary simulation design and to evaluate its feasibility for nursing education., Methods: This study used a 1-group, posttest-only design. VR content for pediatric nursing practice was developed by integrating the technological characteristics of a multimodal VR system with the learning elements of traditional nursing simulation, combining various disciplines, including education, engineering, and nursing. A user test was conducted with 12 nursing graduates (preservice nurses) followed by post hoc surveys (assessing presence, VR systems, VR sickness, and simulation satisfaction) and in-depth, one-on-one interviews., Results: User tests showed mean scores of 4.01 (SD 1.43) for presence, 4.91 (SD 0.81) for the VR system, 0.64 (SD 0.35) for VR sickness, and 5.00 (SD 1.00) for simulation satisfaction. In-depth interviews revealed that the main strengths of the immersive VR simulation for pediatric pneumonia nursing were effective visualization and direct experience through hands-on manipulation; the drawback was keyword-based voice interaction. To improve VR simulation quality, participants suggested increasing the number of nursing techniques and refining them in more detail., Conclusions: This VR simulation content for a pediatric nursing practice using a multidisciplinary educational design model was confirmed to have positive educational potential. Further research is needed to confirm the specific learning effects of immersive nursing content based on multidisciplinary design models., (©Ji-Young Yeo, Hyeongil Nam, Jong-Il Park, Soo-Yeon Han. Originally published in JMIR Medical Education (https://mededu.jmir.org), 26.07.2024.)

Salvia miltiorrhiza , known as Danshen, is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with significant cardiovascular benefits, attributed to its secondary metabolites, particularly tanshinones. Despite their medicinal value, tanshinones occur in low natural abundance, necessitating research to increase their content. This study explores the role of the ARF transcription factor (SmARF1) in tanshinone accumulation in Danshen. Overexpressing SmARF1 in hairy roots significantly increased tanshinone levels. EMSA and Dual-LUC assays revealed that SmMYB36, a transcription factor interacting with SmMAPK3, binds to and regulates the SmARF1 promoter. SmMYB36 alone inhibited the expression of SmARF1 gene, while its interaction with SmMAPK3 enhanced SmARF1 promoter activity. This MAPK3-MYB36-ARF1 module elucidates a complex regulatory mechanism for tanshinone biosynthesis, offering insights for targeted enhancement of tanshinone content through advanced biotechnological approaches.

A new analysis is presented of the retrograde tracer measurements of connections between anatomical areas of the marmoset cortex. The original normalisation of raw data yields the fractional link weight measure, FLNe. That is re-examined to consider other possible measures that reveal the underlying in link weights. Predictions arising from both are used to examine network modules and hubs. With inclusion of the in weights the InfoMap algorithm identifies eight structural modules in marmoset cortex. In and out hubs and major connector nodes are identified using module assignment and participation coefficients. Time evolving network tracing around the major hubs reveals medium sized clusters in pFC, temporal, auditory and visual areas; the most tightly coupled and significant of which is in the pFC. A complementary viewpoint is provided by examining the highest traffic links in the cortical network, and reveals parallel sensory flows to pFC and via association areas to frontal areas., Competing Interests: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Pailthorpe.)

As the photovoltaic field endeavors to transition perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to industrial applications, inverted PSCs, which incorporate fullerene as electron transport layers, have emerged as a compelling choice due to their augmented stability and cost-effectiveness. However, these attributes suffer from performance issues stemming from suboptimal electrical characteristics at the perovskite/fullerene interface. To surmount these hurdles, an interface bridging strategy (IBS) is proposed to attenuate the interface energy loss and enhance the interfacial stability by designing a series of A-D-A type perylene monoimide (PMI) derivatives with multifaceted advantages. In addition to passivating defects, the IBS plays a crucial role in facilitating the binding between perovskite and fullerene, thereby enhancing interface coupling and importantly, improving the formation of fullerene films. The PMI derivatives, functioning as bridges, serve as a protective barrier to enhance the device stability. Consequently, the IBS enables a remarkable efficiency of 24.62% for lab-scale PSCs and an efficiency of 18.73% for perovskite solar modules craft on 156 × 156 mm 2 substrates. The obtained efficiencies represent some of the highest recorded for fullerene-based devices, showcasing significant progress in designing interfacial molecules at the perovskite/fullerene interface and offering a promising path to enhance the commercial viability of PSCs., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a glucose intolerance that shows its first onset during pregnancy. In India, GDM affects as many as 5 million women annually. The interprofessional collaborative educational intervention is crucial for GDM management. This study illustrates the collaborative effort in developing and validating an interprofessional health education module designed for healthcare professionals during consultation sessions with GDM patients., Materials and Methods: The investigation involved three stages: 1) needs assessment for module contents and objectives, 2) health education module development by an interprofessional team, and 3) module validation. We received ethics approval from the institution's ethics committee., Results: The interprofessional team developed and validated the evidence-based English-printed module. The module had 27 units and covered six topics: an introduction to GDM and its management, dietary recommendations for GDM, exercise, yoga recommendations for GDM, weight control, and postpartum care., Conclusion: The interprofessional team developed the educational module, wherein there is an integration of the domains of exercise and yoga along with medicines and nutrition therapy. The module was developed based on local requirements and evidence-based practices. Healthcare professionals can use the interprofessional health education module when advising diabetic pregnant patients., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

The existent algebraic models of the genetic code contribute to the understanding of the physio-chemical characteristics of the amino acids. However, the process of translating a gene into a phenotype is highly complex. Moreover, the intricacy of gene expression gets further multiplied due to the biases in the codon usage. This paper explores an algebraic structure called module on the set of codons as well as on that of RNA sequences. We study the potential implications of these structures on gene expression and the GC content of an RNA sequence. The base order {C,U,G,A} appears to possess greater biological significance than many of the orders previously studied. We have developed a novel algorithm to generate RNA sequences with high GC content, aiming to enhance the thermostability of biomolecules. The insights gained from this investigation may have applications in biomolecular modeling and docking, protein engineering, drug development, and related fields., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

While automated modules for F-18 and C-11 radiosyntheses are standardized with features such as multiple reactors, vacuum connection and semi-preparative HPLC, labeling and processing of compounds with radiometals such as Zr-89, Lu-177 and Ac-225 often do not require complex manipulations and are frequently performed manually by a radiochemist. These procedures typically involve transferring solutions to and from vials using pipettes followed by heating of the reaction mixture, and do not require all the features found in most commercial automated synthesis units marketed as F-18 or C-11 modules. Here we present an efficient automated method for performing radiosyntheses involving radiometals by adapting a commercially available robotic pipettor originally developed for high-throughput processing of biological samples. While a robotic pipettor is less costly than a radiosynthesis module, it holds many similar advantages over manual radiosynthesis such as minimization of operator error, lower operator exposure rates, and abbreviated synthesis times, among others. To demonstrate the feasibility of using the OpenTrons OT-2 robotic pipettor to perform automated radiosyntheses, we radiolabeled and formulated 177 Lu-PSMA-617 and 225 Ac-PSMA-617 on the system. The OT-2 was then used to help streamline the quality control process for both products, further minimizing manual handling by and exposure to the radiochemist., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Vaccine Benefit-Risk (B-R) assessment consists of evaluating the benefits and risks of a vaccine and making a judgment whether the expected key benefits outweigh the potential key risks associated with its expected use. B-R supports regulatory and public health decision-making throughout the vaccine's lifecycle. In August 2021, the Brighton Collaboration's Benefit-Risk Assessment of VAccines by TechnolOgy (BRAVATO) Benefit-Risk Assessment Module working group was established to develop a standard module to support the planning, conduct and evaluation of structured B-R assessments for vaccines from different platforms, based on data from clinical trials, post-marketing studies and real-world evidence. It enables sharing of relevant information via value trees, effects tables and graphical depictions of B-R trade-offs. It is intended to support vaccine developers, funders, regulators and policy makers in high-, middle- or low-income countries to help inform decision-making and facilitate transparent communication concerning development, licensure, deployment and other lifecycle decisions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: B.L. is an employee of Janssen Research and Development, LLC, is a stockholder in Johnson & Johnson, and possesses a portfolio that at times includes other pharmaceutical, vaccine and health care-related companies. V.B. is an employee, and own shares options, of GSK. N.L.B. is an employee of and stockholder of Novavax, Inc., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Benefit-risk assessment (BRA) is critical for decision-making throughout the vaccine life cycle. It requires scientific assessment of evidence to make an informed judgment on whether the vaccine has a favourable benefit-risk profile i.e. the benefits of the vaccine outweigh its risks for use in its intended indication. The assessment must also consider data gaps and uncertainties, using sensitivity analyses to show the impact of these uncertainties in the assessment. The BRA field has advanced considerably over the past years, including the use of structured BRA frameworks, quantitative BRA models and use of the patient experience data. Analytical tools and procedures to standardize BRA implementation have become increasingly important. A Benefit-Risk Assessment Module has been prepared to enable the planning, assessment, and communication of relevant BRA information via a structured B-R framework. The module can help facilitate the conduct and communication of defensible BRAs by vaccine developers, funders, regulators and policy makers in high, middle or low-income countries, both for regulatory submissions and in public health responses to infectious diseases, including for epidemics., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: BL is an employee of Janssen Research and Development, LLC, is a stockholder in Johnson & Johnson and has a portfolio that at times includes other pharmaceutical, vaccine and health care-related companies. The remaining authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Diabetes prevalence is rising worldwide, calling for public health concerns and interventions to improve prevention and management. Self-care is an important component in reducing the incidence of complications from diabetes, but it must be taught. This systematic review aims to synthesise the evidence for education videos for people with diabetes. Electronic databases, including Ovid (Medline, Embase, EmCare), PsychInfo, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus, were searched for studies on educational videos for patients with diabetes that met the inclusion criteria. A total of 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data extracted were synthesised through narrative synthesis. Studies examined outcomes including biological (i.e., glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), weight, BMI), non-biological (health literacy, self-efficacy) and subjective feedback (i.e., acceptability, cultural appropriateness). The most common length of video was ≤10 min. Online dissemination was the most common method of video distribution. A statistically significant decrease (ranging from -0.1% to -2.1%) in HbA1C was noted in 7 of 12 studies examining this outcome. Other studies also found evidence of improvement in health literacy, self-efficacy, physical activity, medication adherence and other outcomes. Feedback from participants was generally positive, and emphasis was placed on the need for cultural appropriateness and representation in the educational videos., (© 2023 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background:  In the United States, Latino caregivers of individuals with dementia face unique challenges and an elevated risk of adverse health outcomes. Despite the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer disease and related dementias among Latino adults, few evidence-based interventions are tailored to their cultural context. To address this gap, we examined the cultural adaptations required for the STAR caregivers (STAR-C) virtual intervention, an evidence-based intervention that educates family caregivers to manage behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. While STAR-C has shown effectiveness, neither the original in-person nor the virtual intervention considered the distinct experiences of Latino caregivers, who often bring culturally significant values into caregiving interactions., Objective: This study's objective was to test and refine the preliminary cultural adaptations of the STAR-C web-based training modules for Latino caregivers of people living with dementia., Methods: Through qualitative interviews with 15 Latino caregivers in Washington State, we identified key adaptations to enhance the cultural relevance of the web-based training modules., Results: The interviews highlighted 4 main themes for adaptation: the delivery of the STAR-C web-based training modules, comprehensive dementia education, simplified problem-solving strategies, and prioritizing caregiver well-being., Conclusions: This study's findings informed the development of culturally adapted STAR-C web-based training modules that aim to provide tailored support to Latino caregivers. While further research is needed to assess the efficacy of these adaptations, our work contributes to bridging the gap in dementia caregiving for Latino families, potentially reducing health disparities and enhancing health care services for this population., (©Celeste N Garcia, Miriana C Duran, Magaly Ramirez. Originally published in JMIR Aging (https://aging.jmir.org), 11.01.2024.)

Large areas and simple processing methods are necessary for the commercialization of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). However, the efficiency drop due to the variation in thickness of OPVs limits their large-scale applications. Regioregular polymers with good crystallinity and packing properties that exhibit high charge mobility and extraction ability can help overcome these limitations. In this study, a regioregular polymer named PDBD-2FBT was synthesized. The crystallinity and packing properties of PDBD-2FBT were enhanced by a simple thermal treatment. Using PDBD-2FBT material as a donor and Y6-HU as an acceptor, we fabricated binary blend OPV devices. The devices with optimized active layer thickness achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.14%. A PCE of 13.18% was maintained even in thick-film conditions (400 nm), and thickness tolerance was observed. Based on the thickness tolerance, a 5-line module measuring 36 cm 2 was fabricated via the bar-coating method, and a PCE of approximately 10% was achieved.

Background: Alzheimer's dementia (AD) pathogenesis involves complex mechanisms, including microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation. Integrative network and machine learning analysis of miRNA can provide insights into AD pathology and prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers., Methods: We performed co-expression network analysis to identify network modules associated with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition using brain tissue miRNA profiles from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP) (N = 702) as a discovery dataset. We performed association analysis of hub miRNAs with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition. After selecting target genes of the hub miRNAs, we performed association analysis of the hub miRNAs with their target genes and then performed pathway-based enrichment analysis. For replication, we performed a consensus miRNA co-expression network analysis using the ROS/MAP dataset and an independent dataset (N = 16) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Furthermore, we performed a machine learning approach to assess the performance of hub miRNAs for AD classification., Results: Network analysis identified a glucose metabolism pathway-enriched module (M3) as significantly associated with AD and cognition. Five hub miRNAs (miR-129-5p, miR-433, miR-1260, miR-200a, and miR-221) of M3 had significant associations with AD clinical and/or pathologic traits, with miR129-5p by far the strongest across all phenotypes. Gene-set enrichment analysis of target genes associated with their corresponding hub miRNAs identified significantly enriched biological pathways including ErbB, AMPK, MAPK, and mTOR signaling pathways. Consensus network analysis identified two AD-associated consensus network modules and two hub miRNAs (miR-129-5p and miR-221). Machine learning analysis showed that the AD classification performance (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.807) of age, sex, and APOE ε4 carrier status was significantly improved by 6.3% with inclusion of five AD-associated hub miRNAs., Conclusions: Integrative network and machine learning analysis identified miRNA signatures, especially miR-129-5p, as associated with AD, its neuropathology markers, and cognition, enhancing our understanding of AD pathogenesis and leading to better performance of AD classification as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Modular architecture of traits in complex organisms can be important for morphological evolution at micro- and sometimes macroevolutionary scales as it may influence the tempo and direction of changes to groups of traits that are essential for particular functions, including food acquisition and processing. We tested several distinct hypotheses about craniofacial modularity in the hominine skull in relation to feeding biomechanics., Materials and Methods: First, we formulated hypothesized functional modules for craniofacial traits reflecting specific demands of feeding biomechanics (e.g., masseter leverage/gape or tooth crown mechanics) in Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla. Then, the pattern and strength of modular signal was quantified by the covariance ratio coefficient and compared across groups using covariance ratio effect size. Hierarchical clustering analysis was then conducted to examine whether a priori-defined functional modules correspond to empirically recovered clusters., Results: There was statistical support for most a priori-defined functional modules in the cranium and half of the functional modules in the mandible. Modularity signal was similar in the cranium and mandible, and across the three taxa. Despite a similar strength of modularity, the empirically recovered clusters do not map perfectly onto our priori functional modules, indicating that further work is needed to refine our hypothesized functional modules., Conclusion: The results suggest that modular structure of traits in association with feeding biomechanics were mostly shared with humans and the two African apes. Thus, conserved patterns of functional modularity may have facilitated evolutionary changes to the skull during human evolution., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The 3D structures of many ribonucleic acid (RNA) loops are characterized by highly organized networks of non-canonical interactions. Multiple computational methods have been developed to annotate structures with those interactions or automatically identify recurrent interaction networks. By contrast, the reverse problem that aims to retrieve the geometry of a look from its sequence or ensemble of interactions remains much less explored. In this chapter, we will describe how to retrieve and build families of conserved structural motifs using their underlying network of non-canonical interactions. Then, we will show how to assign sequence alignments to those families and use the software BayesPairing to build statistical models of structural motifs with their associated sequence alignments. From this model, we will apply BayesPairing to identify in new sequences regions where those loop geometries can occur., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, with highly tunable light-response ranges, offer significant potential for use in driving low-power consumption off-grid electronics in multi-scenarios. However, development of photoactive layer materials that can meet simultaneously the requirements of diverse irradiation conditions is a still challenging task. Herein, a low-cost fully non-fused acceptor (denoted as GS60) featuring well-matched absorption spectra with solar, scattered light and artificial light radiation was designed and synthesized. Systematic characterizations revealed that GS60 possessed outstanding photoelectron properties and ideal morphology, which resulted in reduced voltage loss and suppressed charge recombination. By blending with a non-fused ring polymer PTVT-T, the as-obtained GS60 based OPV cells achieved a good power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.1 %, a high value for the cells based on non-fused ring bulk heterojunction. Besides, manufactured large-area OPV modules based on PTVT-T:GS60 yielded PCEs of 11.2 %, 11.8 %, 12.1 %, 23.1 %, and 20.3 % under irradiation of AM 1.5G, natural light of cloudy weather, natural light in shadow, laser and indoor, respectively. The PTVT-T:GS60 devices exhibited considerable potential in terms of improving photostability and reducing material cost. Overall, this work provides novel insight into the molecular design of low-cost non-fused ring acceptors, and extended potential of medium band gap acceptors based OPV cells used in various application scenarios., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Introduction: Oral histopathology is a bridge course connecting oral basic medicine and clinical dentistry. However, the application of outcomes-based education via flipped classroom (FC) in oral histopathology has not been well explored. This study has assessed the efficacy of outcomes-based education via FC in undergraduate oral histopathology module learning in Nanjing Medical University of China., Materials and Methods: A total of 214 third-year students were enrolled and assigned to the FC group of the batch 2022-23 (n = 110) and the traditional classroom (TC) group of the batch 2021-22 (n = 104) to participate the oral histopathology sessions respectively in the study. The FC group were required to preview the online course materials pre-class, followed by in-class quizz, in-class interactive group discussion, and slides microscopic observation. The outcomes-based formative and summative assessments for FC were designed. The TC group attended traditional laboratory class for the same glass slides microscopic observation. In addition, a questionnaire was performed to investigate the satisfaction of learning. Along with this, the performances of FC group in written theory tests and oral histopathology slide tests were compared with TC group., Results: Students in the FC group gained significantly final higher scores of the course than those in the TC group (score: 83.79 ± 11 vs. 76.73 ± 10.93, P<0.0001). Data from the student questionnaires indicated a preference for outcomes-based module education via FC. In the questionnaires, most students considered outcomes-based module education via FC to be beneficial to learning motivation, knowledge comprehension, critical thinking and teamwork. FC group had a higher level of satisfaction with oral histopathology teaching than TC group (satisfaction score: 4.599 ± 0.1027 vs. 4.423 ± 0.01366, P<0.01)., Conclusion: An outcomes-based module education via FC has a promising effect on undergraduate oral histopathology education., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: COVID-19's high transmissibility led to gathering restrictions where dental schools experienced disruptions due to restrictions on attending in-person lectures and limitations placed on applied preclinical and clinical activities. Students not only had to rapidly switch to digital technology-based learning (TB-learning) modules but also experienced high levels of social isolation and anxiety around virus transmission., Objective: This study aims to evaluate the preclinical students' perception of switching TB-learning modules amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying which module parameters were associated with strong student outcomes., Methods: A web-based survey of 39 Likert scale questions was delivered to preclinical dental students (Western University) to evaluate students' perceptions concerning TB-learning, fear amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact on their preclinical training. A Spearman rank correlation coefficient was determined to estimate the relationship between 2 variables in isolation (P=.01). An ordinal regression analysis was performed on variables of interest to determine how module variables (typically within the instructor's control) influenced the student outcomes (P=.05)., Results: The response rate was 30% (n=39). TB-learning was considered vital (34/39, 87.2%) as the students' education improved (18/39, 46.2%). However, 53.8% (n=21) of students showed increased difficulties in retaining, visualizing, or understanding the materials using TB-learning, and 64.1% (n=25) found it more difficult to concentrate than in in-person classes. In total, 79.5% (n=31) of students showed different levels of agreement about feeling fatigued from TB-learning. Through Spearman ρ correlation analysis, the quality of questions in quizzes (ρ=0.514; P<.001), relevant handouts (ρ=0.729; P<.001), and high-quality audiovisuals (ρ=0.585; P<.001) were positively correlated with students responding that the modules were useful to preclinical training. Similarly, good organization (ρ=0.512; P<.001), high-quality questions in quizzes (ρ=0.431; P=.01), and relevant handouts (ρ=0.551; P<.001) were positively correlated with web-based classes as an effective way to learn. In total, 91.6% (n=36) of the students agreed that COVID-19 was a dangerous disease, whereas 53.8% (n=21) showed different levels of agreement that they were afraid to be infected personally, and 69.2% (n=27) feared passing COVID-19 along to family and friends. A total of 82.1% (n=32) of the students showed that COVID-19 impacted their overall learning process and had a negative impact on their practical preclinical training (31/39, 79.5%)., Conclusions: The students found a difference between TB-learning and face-to-face learning methods, where the students perceived fatigue toward the web-based method with difficulty concentrating and visualizing the subject. Moreover, there was a consensus that COVID-19 itself affected the students' overall learning process and preclinical training. As dental schools continue implementing TB-learning into their curriculum, this investigation identifies the students' struggles with the paradigm shift. In an effort to improve TB-learning, this work highlights 4 variables (organization, quizzes, quality handouts, and quality audiovisuals) within the control of instructors that can help improve content deliverance, improving the students' experience., (©Xi Yue Zhang, Anelyse Arata Found, Sheila Butler. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 08.11.2023.)

Objectives: To explore how virtual, asynchronous modules can be used in interprofessional health education curricula and to identify any advantages and shortcomings of asynchronous interprofessional education., Methods: A sample of 27 health professional students who attended in-person interprofessional education workshops at the McMaster Centre for Simulation-Based Learning from 2019-2020 were recruited through email discourse. Participants were asked to complete an asynchronous interprofessional education module and take part in a semi-structured interview that was recorded and transcribed verbatim. Techniques of direct content analysis were used to analyze the qualitative data from recorded transcripts., Results: The following emergent themes from participants' responses were identified: 1) the modules, as well as the features interspersed throughout, taught strategies for conflict resolution and interprofessional communication, 2) the modules have utility in preparing students for future interprofessional learning, 3) the convenience of virtual asynchronous modules introduces a sense of learner safety, and 4) a sense of isolation and fatigue was identified as a consequence of the lack of face-to-face interaction in these modules., Conclusion: Asynchronous interprofessional education modules may be best suited to prepare students for future interprofessional learning in a synchronous setting. Asynchronous modules effectively provide an introduction to interprofessional objectives such as conflict resolution and role clarification, yet the competency of team functioning is more difficult to achieve in an asynchronous environment. Future studies may focus on establishing a sequence of completing asynchronous modules for ideal development of interprofessional competencies in health professions learners.

Despite achievements in the remarkable photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of photoelectrodes based on organometal halide perovskites (OHPs), the scaling up of small-scale OHP-based PEC systems to large-scale systems remains a great challenge for their practical application in solar water splitting. Significant resistive losses and intrinsic defects are major obstacles to the scaling up of OHP-based PEC systems, leading to the PEC performance degradation of large-scale OHP photoelectrodes. Herein, a scalable design of the OHP-based PEC systems by modularization of the optimized OHP photoelectrodes exhibiting a high solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 10.4% is suggested. As a proof-of-concept, the OHP-based PEC module achieves an optimal PEC performance by avoiding major obstacles in the scaling up of the OHP photoelectrodes. The constructed OHP module is composed of a total of 16 OHP photoelectrodes, and a photocurrent of 11.52 mA is achieved under natural sunlight without external bias. The successful operation of unassisted solar water splitting using the OHP module without external bias can provide insights into the design of scalable OHP-based PEC systems for future practical application and commercialization., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Introduction: The objective of this study is to investigate the interaction between Candida albicans and human proteins during oral candidiasis, with the aim of identifying pathways through which the pathogen subverts host cells. Methods: A comprehensive list of interactions between human proteins and C. albicans was obtained from the Human Protein Interaction Database using specific screening criteria. Then, the genes that exhibit differential expression during oral candidiasis in C. albicans were mapped with the list of human- Candida interactions to identify the corresponding host proteins. The identified host proteins were further compared with proteins specific to the tongue, resulting in a final list of 99 host proteins implicated in oral candidiasis. The interactions between host proteins and C. albicans proteins were analyzed using the STRING database, enabling the construction of protein-protein interaction networks. Similarly, the gene regulatory network of Candida proteins was reconstructed using data from the PathoYeastract and STRING databases. Core module proteins within the targeted host protein-protein interaction network were identified using ModuLand, a Cytoscape plugin. The expression levels of the core module proteins under diseased conditions were assessed using data from the GSE169278 dataset. To gain insights into the functional characteristics of both host and pathogen proteins, ontology analysis was conducted using Enrichr and YeastEnrichr, respectively. Result: The analysis revealed that three Candida proteins, HHT21, CYP5, and KAR2, interact with three core host proteins, namely, ING4 (in the DNMT1 module), SGTA, and TOR1A. These interactions potentially impair the immediate immune response of the host against the pathogen. Additionally, differential expression analysis of fungal proteins and their transcription factors in Candida -infected oral cell lines indicated that Rob1p, Tye7p, and Ume6p could be considered candidate transcription factors involved in instigating the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis during host infection. Conclusion: Our study provides a molecular map of the host-pathogen interaction during oral candidiasis, along with potential targets for designing regimens to overcome oral candidiasis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Kabir, Chaudhary, Aladwani and Podder.)

Mild traumatic brain injury can cause different degrees of cognitive impairment and abnormal brain structure and functional connectivity, but there is still a lack of research on the functional connectivity and topological organization of cerebral blood flow fluctuations. This study explored the cerebral blood flow, functional connectivity and topological organization of the cerebral blood flow network in acute mild traumatic brain injury patients. In total, 48 mild traumatic brain injury patients and 46 well-matched healthy controls underwent resting-state arterial spin labelling perfusion MRI and neuropsychological assessments. The functional connectivity and topological organization of the cerebral blood flow network were analysed. Then, the correlation between the changes in cerebral blood flow network characteristics and cognitive function was explored. Acute mild traumatic brain injury patients showed decreased cerebral blood flow in the right insula and increased cerebral blood flow in the right inferior temporal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus. Abnormal cerebral blood flow network connection patterns mainly occur in sensorimotor network, default mode network, cingulo-opercular network and occipital network-related regions. Furthermore, mild traumatic brain injury disrupted the topological organization of the whole brain, which manifested as (i) reduced global efficiency; (ii) abnormal degree centrality, betweenness centrality, nodal clustering coefficient and nodal efficiency; and (iii) decreased intermodular connectivity between the occipital network and sensorimotor network. Finally, the change in network topology was correlated with the cognitive score of the mild traumatic brain injury. This study provided evidence of abnormal functional connectivity and network topology based on cerebral blood flow in acute mild traumatic brain injury patients, revealing their potential use as early markers for mild traumatic brain injury, which may contribute to both disease diagnosis and assessment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no potential conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.)

Physicians must be able to integrate knowledge across disciplines. Therefore, educators need to provide opportunities for students to cognitively integrate information across the medical school curriculum. Literature has shown that specifically pointing out these connections helps students create cause and effect models and ultimately improve their performance. The gross anatomy laboratory provides an excellent environment for students to integrate information by establishing structure and function relationships. This article presents simple steps to create modules which help students cognitively integrate physiology and anatomy at the session level in the gross anatomy laboratory. Driven by backward design, these steps include establishing objectives, creating assessments, and developing activities that can be implemented in a specific learning environment. An example of a flexible module which could be implemented in a number of gross anatomy lab settings (e.g., prosection, dissection, models, virtual) is presented along with a template for the design of future modules. This is followed by a discussion of challenges encountered by educators attempting to integrate structure and function in the gross anatomy lab. Each of these considerations will be addressed with potential solutions for educators seeking to implement these types of integrated activities., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Allison, Mueller and Lackey-Cornelison.)

Background: In the United States, patients with limited English proficiency face significant barriers to comprehending and acting upon health-related information, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ability of health professionals to communicate COVID-19-related information to Mandarin-speaking patients has proved critical in discussions about vaccine efficacy, side effects, and post-vaccine protection., Methods: The authors created a one-hour educational module to help Mandarin-speaking medical students better convey COVID-19 vaccine information to Mandarin-only speakers. The module is composed of an educational guide, which introduced key terminology and addressed commonly asked questions, and pre- and post-surveys. The authors recruited 59 Mandarin-speaking medical students all of whom had previously completed a medical Mandarin elective. The module and surveys were distributed and completed in August 2021. Data analysis measured the change in aggregate mean for subjective five-point Likert-scale questions and change in percent accuracy for objective knowledge-based questions., Results: 86.4% of participants were primary English speakers with variable levels of Mandarin proficiency. The educational module significantly improved participants' subjective comfort level in discussing the COVID-19 vaccine in English and Mandarin. The largest improvement in both English and Mandarin was demonstrated in participants' ability to explain differences between the COVID-19 vaccines, with an aggregate mean improvement of 0.39 for English and 1.48 for Mandarin. Survey respondents also demonstrated increased percent accuracy in knowledge-based objective questions in Mandarin., Conclusions: This module provides Mandarin-learning medical students with skills to deliver reliable information to the general population and acts as a model for the continued development of educational modules for multilingual medical professionals., (Copyright: © 2023 Wang J et al.)

Anatomical network analysis (AnNA) is a systems biological framework based on network theory that enables anatomical structural analysis by incorporating modularity to model structural complexity. The human brain and facial structures exhibit close structural and functional relationships, suggestive of a co-evolved anatomical network. The present study aimed to analyze the human head as a modular entity that comprises the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and craniofacial skeleton. An AnNA model was built using 39 anatomical nodes from the brain, spinal cord, and craniofacial skeleton. The linkages were identified using peripheral nerve supply and direct contact between structures. The Spinglass algorithm in the igraph software was applied to construct a network and identify the modules of the central nervous system-craniofacial skeleton anatomical network. Two modules were identified. These comprised an anterior module, which included the forebrain, anterior cranial base, and upper-middle face, and a posterior module, which included the midbrain, hindbrain, mandible, and posterior cranium. These findings may reflect the genetic and signaling networks that drive the mosaic central nervous system and craniofacial development and offer important systems biology perspectives for developmental disorders of craniofacial structures., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Qing, Jia, Liu and Jiang.)

Background: Since 2019, the United States (US) has witnessed an unprecedented increase in drug overdose and alcohol-related deaths. Despite this rise in morbidity and mortality, treatment rates for substance use disorder remain inadequate. Insufficient training in addiction along with a dearth of addiction providers are key barriers to addressing the current addiction epidemic. Addiction-related clinical experiences can improve trainee knowledge, yet they remain dependent on practice sites and residency training environments. Asynchronous learning, in the form of video-based modules, may serve as a complement to formal, scheduled lectures and clinical experiences., Objectives: To evaluate the educational impact of a video-based addiction curriculum in 2 residency programs at a large safety net academic medical center with a high volume of patients with substance use disorders., Methods: Family Medicine (FM) and Internal Medicine (IM) residency interns (PGY1s) (n = 60) had access to 28 minutes of video content related to opioid use disorder (OUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) during the first 2 months of their residency training. Interns were asked to complete voluntary and anonymized pre- and post-surveys in Qualtrics that included knowledge and confidence-based questions about the management of OUD and AUD, in addition to questions about prior exposure to and future interests in addiction training and practice. Data were analyzed with non-parametric sign tests., Results: Twenty-eight interns completed both OUD pre- and post-surveys, and 24 interns completed all AUD survey questions. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of interns who reported increased knowledge of and confidence around diagnosis, management, and ability to provide evidence-based treatment recommendations for both OUD and AUD., Conclusions: Brief addiction focused video-modules can improve confidence and knowledge in managing OUD and AUD among medical trainees., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Energy shortage has become a global issue in the twenty-firt century, as energy consumption grows at an alarming rate as the fossil fuel supply exhausts. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology that has grown quickly in recent years. Its power conversion efficiency (PCE) is comparable to that of traditional silicon-based solar cells, and scale-up costs can be substantially reduced due to its utilization of solution-processable fabrication. Nevertheless, most PSCs research uses hazardous solvents, such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and chlorobenzene (CB), which are not suitable for large-scale ambient operations and industrial production. In this study, we have successfully deposited all of the layers of PSCs, except the top metal electrode, under ambient conditions using a slot-die coating process and nontoxic solvents. The fully slot-die coated PSCs exhibited PCEs of 13.86% and 13.54% in a single device (0.09 cm 2 ) and mini-module (0.75 cm 2 ), respectively.

Background: Competency-based medical education (CBME) curriculum in India has introduced many new concepts like a foundation course, early clinical exposure, and self-directed learning (SDL). Sometimes SDL simply means self-study. Self-directed learning as defined by Knowles is a process in which individuals take the initiative with or without the help of others in diagnosing their learning needs, setting their own learning goals, identifying appropriate learning resources, and selecting appropriate learning strategies. SDL is seen as a prerequisite for life-long learners, especially medical graduates. We found poor uptake of SDL sessions in terms of learning and attendance by students. To develop and assess the effect of the SDL module in Community Medicine for Phase -3 MBBS students., Materials and Methods: The study design was a program development and evaluation design. The program development consists of free listing and Nominal Group Technique (NGT). The evaluation design consists of a formative assessment, an end-of-module assessment, and feedback from undergraduate students, postgraduates, and faculties. Data collection procedure: SDL module was developed, agreed and implemented among undergraduates of Phase - 3 MBBS students., Results: Free listing was conducted among undergraduate students who had completed the phase 3 MBBS examination and Nominal Group Technique was conducted among the faculties (n = 7) and Postgraduates of the Department of Community Medicine (n = 2) to explore the appropriate topics for SDL in Community Medicine. The topic with the highest ranking and which was finalized for preparation of the SDL module was "National Health Programme". Three fourth 118 (75%) of the students scored ≥50% at the end of the module assessment. Manual content analysis for the feedback was categorized into three themes such as facilitating factors, challenges, and solutions., Conclusions: Effective implementation and assessment of SDL sessions are one of the new concepts in the CBME curriculum., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Indian Journal of Community Medicine.)

In mid-2022, as the wave of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases escalated in South Korea, a public-private partnership was made to establish a Pediatric COVID-19 Module Clinic (PMC). We describe the utilization of the first prototype children's modular clinic in Korea University Anam Hospital functioning as the COVID-19 PMC. Between August 1 and September 30, 2022, a total of 766 children visited COVID-19 PMC. Daily number of patient visits to the COVID-19 PMC ranged between 10 and 47 in August; and less than 13 patients per day in September 2022. Not only the model provided timely care for the COVID-19 pediatric patients, but it also enabled safe and efficacious care for the non-COVID-19 patients in the main hospital building while minimizing exposure risk to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission. Current description highlights the importance of spatial measures for mitigating in-hospital transmission of COVID-19, in specifically on pediatric care., Competing Interests: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (© 2023 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.)

Pearl millet is a significant crop that is tolerant to abiotic stresses and is a staple food of arid regions. However, its underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance are not fully understood. Plant survival is regulated by the ability to perceive a stress signal and induce appropriate physiological changes. Here, we screened for genes regulating physiological changes such as chlorophyll content (CC) and relative water content (RWC) in response to abiotic stress by using "weighted gene coexpression network analysis" (WGCNA) and clustering changes in physiological traits, i.e., CC and RWC associated with gene expression. Genes' correlations with traits were defined in the form of modules, and different color names were used to denote a particular module. Modules are groups of genes with similar patterns of expression, which also tend to be functionally related and co-regulated. In WGCNA, the dark green module (7082 genes) showed a significant positive correlation with CC, and the black (1393 genes) module was negatively correlated with CC and RWC. Analysis of the module positively correlated with CC highlighted ribosome synthesis and plant hormone signaling as the most significant pathways. Potassium transporter 8 and monothiol glutaredoxin were reported as the topmost hub genes in the dark green module. In Clust analysis, 2987 genes were found to display a correlation with increasing CC and RWC. Furthermore, the pathway analysis of these clusters identified the ribosome and thermogenesis as positive regulators of RWC and CC, respectively. Our study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating CC and RWC in pearl millet.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects reproductive-age women. This condition causes infertility, insulin resistance, obesity, and heart difficulties. The molecular basis and mechanism of PCOS might potentially generate effective treatments. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) show control over multifactorial disorders' growth and incidence. Numerous studies have emphasized its significance and alterations in PCOS. We used bioinformatic methods to find novel dysregulated lncRNAs in PCOS. To achieve this objective, the gene expression profile of GSE48301, comprising PCOS patients and normal control tissue samples, was evaluated using the R limma package with the following cut-off criterion: p -value < 0.05. Firstly, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to determine the co-expression genes of lncRNAs; subsequently, hub gene identification and pathway enrichment analysis were used. With the defined criteria, nine novel dysregulated lncRNAs were identified. In WGCNA, different colors represent different modules. In the current study, WGCNA resulted in turquoise, gray, blue, and black co-expression modules with dysregulated lncRNAs. The pathway enrichment analysis of these co-expressed modules revealed enrichment in PCOS-associated pathways, including gene expression, signal transduction, metabolism, and apoptosis. In addition, CCT7 , EFTUD2 , ESR1 , JUN , NDUFAB1 , CTTNB1 , GRB2 , and CTNNB1 were identified as hub genes, and some of them have been investigated in PCOS. This study uncovered nine novel PCOS-related lncRNAs. To confirm how these lncRNAs control translational modification in PCOS, functional studies are required.

Background: Healthy aging is usually accompanied by alterations in brain network architecture, influencing information processing and cognitive performance. However, age-associated coordination patterns of morphological networks and cognitive variation are not well understood., Purpose: To investigate the age-related differences of cortical topology in morphological brain networks from multiple perspectives., Study Type: Prospective, observational multisite study., Population: A total of 1427 healthy participants (59.1% female, 51.75 ± 19.82 years old) from public datasets., Field Strength/sequence: 1.5 T/3 T, T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE) sequence., Assessment: The multimodal parcellation atlas was used to define regions of interest (ROIs). The Jensen-Shannon divergence-based individual morphological networks were constructed by estimating the interregional similarity of cortical thickness distribution. Graph-theory based global network properties were then calculated, followed by ROI analysis (including global/nodal topological analysis and hub analysis) with statistical tests., Statistical Tests: Chi-square test, Jensen-Shannon divergence-based similarity measurement, general linear model with false discovery rate correction. Significance was set at P < 0.05., Results: The clustering coefficient (q = 0.016), global efficiency (q = 0.007), and small-worldness (q = 0.006) were significantly negatively quadratic correlated with age. The group-level hubs of seven age groups were found mainly distributed in default mode network, visual network, salient network, and somatosensory motor network (the sum of these hubs' distribution in each group exceeds 55%). Further ROI-wise analysis showed significant nodal trajectories of intramodular connectivities., Data Conclusion: These results demonstrated the age-associated reconfiguration of morphological networks. Specifically, network segregation/integration had an inverted U-shaped relationship with age, which indicated age-related differences in transmission efficiency., Evidence Level: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1., (© 2022 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Ovarian cancer is the eighth-most common cancer in women and has the highest rate of death among all gynecological malignancies in the Western world. Increasing evidence shows that miRNAs are connected to the progression of ovarian cancer. In the current study, we focus on the identification of miRNA and its associated genes that are responsible for the early prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. The microarray dataset GSE119055 used in this study was retrieved via the publicly available GEO database by NCBI for the analysis of DEGs. The miRNA GSE119055 dataset includes six ovarian carcinoma samples along with three healthy/primary samples. In our study, DEM analysis of ovarian carcinoma and healthy subjects was performed using R Software to transform and normalize all transcriptomic data along with packages from Bioconductor. Results: We identified miRNA and its associated hub genes from the samples of ovarian cancer. We discovered the top five upregulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-130b-3p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-182-5p, hsa-miR-187-3p, and hsa-miR-378a-3p) and the top five downregulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-501-3p, hsa-miR-4324, hsa-miR-500a-3p, hsa-miR-1271-5p, and hsa-miR-660-5p) from the network and their associated genes, which include seven common genes (SCN2A, BCL2, MAF, ZNF532, CADM1, ELAVL2, and ESRRG) that were considered hub genes for the downregulated network. Similarly, for upregulated miRNAs we found two hub genes (PRKACB and TAOK1).

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. In the last 10 years, PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO 2 footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization. Here, we want to present the upscaling routes of carbon-counter-electrode-based module devices in terms of materials formulation, architectures, and manufacturing processes in order to give a clear vision of the scaling route and encourage the research in this green and sustainable direction.

Maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) occurs when maternal transcripts decay and zygotic genome is activated gradually at the early stage of embryo development. Previously, single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has helped us to uncover the MZT-associated mRNA dynamics of in vitro-produced pig early embryos. Here, to further investigate functional modules and hub genes associated with MZT process, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed on our previously generated 45 scRNA-seq datasets. For the in vitro fertilized embryo (IVF) group, 5 significant modules were identified (midnight blue/black/red and blue/brown modules, positively correlated with 1-cell (IVF1) and 8-cell (IVF8), respectively), containing genes mainly enriched in signalling pathways such as Wnt, regulation of RNA transcription, fatty acid metabolic process, poly(A) RNA binding and lysosome. For the parthenogenetically activated embryo (PA) group, 9 significant modules were identified (black/purple/red, brown/turquoise/yellow, and magenta/blue/green modules, positively correlated with MII oocytes, 1-cell (PA1) and 8-cell (PA8), respectively), mainly enriched in extracellular exosome, poly(A) RNA binding, mitochondrion and transcription factor activity. Moreover, some of identified hub genes within 3 IVF and 9 PA significant modules, including ADCY2, DHX34, KDM4A, GDF10, ABCC10, PAFAH2, HEXIM2, COQ9, DCAF11, SGK1 and ESRRB, have been reported to play vital roles in different biological processes. Our findings provide information and resources for subsequent in-depth study on the regulation and function of MZT in pig embryos., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Indoor photovoltaics (IPVs) are expected to power the Internet of Things ecosystem, which is attracting ever-increasing attention as part of the rapidly developing distributed communications and electronics technology. The power conversion efficiency of IPVs strongly depends on the match between typical indoor light spectra and the band gap of the light absorbing layer. Therefore, band-gap tunable materials, such as metal-halide perovskites, are specifically promising candidates for approaching the indoor illumination efficiency limit of ∼56%. However, perovskite materials with ideal band gap for indoor application generally contain high bromine (Br) contents, causing inferior open-circuit voltage (V OC ). By fabricating a series of wide-bandgap perovskites (Cs 0.17 FA 0.83 PbI 3- x Br x , 0.6 ≤ x ≤ 1.6) with varying Br contents and related band gaps, it is found that, the high Br vacancy (V Br ) defect density is a significant reason that leading to large V OC deficits apart from the well-accepted halide segregation. The introduction of I-rich alkali metal small-molecule compounds is demonstrated to suppress the V Br and increase the V OC of perovskite IPVs up to 1.05 V under 1000 lux light-emitting diode illumination, one of the highest V OC values reported so far. More importantly, the modules are sent for independent certification and have gained a record efficiency of 36.36%., (© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Toxic substance usage remains one of the major concerns that must be addressed toward the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. Herein, we report a highly efficient perovskite solar module (>13%) fabricated via a wet process that uses a unique aqueous Pb(NO3)2 precursor, eliminating the use of toxic organic solvents during perovskite film preparation. In addition, we demonstrate a unique pattern in a monolithically interconnected module structure to check the uniformity of perovskite film and the quality of laser scribing. Finally, we highlight that this aqueous Pb(NO3)2 precursor protocol could achieve an enormous cost reduction over conventional PbI2 organic solutions whether in the laboratory research stage or at mass production scale, strengthening the core competitiveness of perovskite solar cells in the Darwinian ocean of photovoltaic technologies.

The typical life cycle of the moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) includes the planula, polyp, strobila, ephyra, and medusa developmental stages. These stages exhibit huge differences in both external morphology and internal physiological functions. However, the gene co-expression network involved in these post-embryonic developmental processes has not been studied yet. Here, based on 15 RNA sequencing samples covering all five stages of the A. aurita life cycle, we systematically analyzed the gene co-expression network and obtained 35 relevant modules. Furthermore, we identified the highly correlated modules and hub genes for each stage. These hub genes are implicated to play important roles in the developmental processes of A. aurita, which should help improve our understanding of the jellyfish life cycle., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: Our study aimed to reveal the roles of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and immune-relevant genes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)., Methods: Expression profiling dataset GSE65391 consisted of 72 healthy blood samples and 924 SLE blood samples was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed RNAs (DERs) in SLE samples were identified using the Limma package. Immune-relevant DERs were uncovered after assessing the immune cell infiltration types of different samples. Modules significantly related to the disease were extracted via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), followed by module-trait analysis. LncRNA-mRNA co-expression network was constructed for DERs in immune-relevant modules. Genes related to SLE were further revealed via the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Validation assay was conducted by another independent expression profiling dataset, GSE46907 (consisted of 5 healthy blood samples and 5 SLE blood samples) and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of 15 healthy blood samples and 15 SLE blood samples., Results: A total of 606 DERs, including 19 lncRNAs and 587 mRNAs, were identified. Obvious differences were observed in the proportions of 20 immune cell types, and 378 immune-relevant DERs were revealed. Genes in the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network were significantly enriched in primary immunodeficiency, hematopoietic cell lineage, B cell receptor signaling pathway, SLE (up-regulated FCGR3A, down-regulated CD40LG, up-regulated HIST1H2BE, down-regulated human leukocyte antigen [HLA]-DOA, down-regulated HLA-DOB, up-regulated HIST1H3D, and up-regulated HIST1H2BC), and intestinal immune network for IgA production. SLE-related gene, CD40LG, retrieved from CTD has co-expression interactions with seven differentially expressed lncRNAs (HCG27, LINC02555, LINC02210, DHRS4-AS1, MIR600HG, DANCR, and LINC01278). CD40LG and HLA-DOA, were observed down-regulated, and FCGR3A, and HIST1H2BE were up-regulated in validation dataset GES46907. Moreover, CD40LG was validated to be down-regulated using qRT-PCR., Conclusions: Our results provide new insight in understanding the pathogenesis of SLE and might be helpful for developing new therapeutic approaches of SLE by modulating immune response., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the past decades, more than fifty different yoga styles have been implemented in the therapeutic context to manage various diseases. Yet, not all of these yoga styles have been validated or standardized as a program. The aim of this article is to review the different methodologies used for yoga module development and to assess their quality. Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched using the following keywords and Boolean operators: (validation OR development OR design) AND (yoga OR mind-body) AND (module OR protocol OR program). Three thousand six hundred and seventy-one articles were enlisted, and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 37 articles were narrowed down for review. Since no checklist exists to assess the quality of yoga modules, the authors designed a 23-item checklist to categorize each having low, medium, or high quality. As per the yoga module quality checklist, only 21.6% of the studies had high quality, while 75.3% of the articles had medium quality and 8.11% had low quality. A commonly used development method was literature review, while for validation, experts' scoring of the Likert scale was the preferred means. The feasibility of the module was carried out only by half of the studies. Few diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, Parkinson's disease, and obesity had more than one yoga module developed. The findings of this systematic review have shed some light on the growing need for standardized methods of yoga module development. The 23-item checklist can guide researchers in the homogeneous development strategies when designing yoga interventions in the future., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 International Journal of Yoga.)

Epigenetics may play a central, yet unexplored, role in the profound changes that the maternal immune system undergoes during pregnancy and could be involved in the pregnancy-induced modulation of several autoimmune diseases. We investigated changes in the methylome in isolated circulating CD4 +  T-cells in non-pregnant and pregnant women, during the 1 st  and 2 nd  trimester, using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K array, and explored how these changes were related to autoimmune diseases that are known to be affected during pregnancy. Pregnancy was associated with several hundreds of methylation differences, particularly during the 2 nd  trimester. A network-based modular approach identified several genes,  e.g., CD28, FYN, VAV1  and pathways related to T-cell signalling and activation, highlighting T-cell regulation as a central component of the observed methylation alterations. The identified pregnancy module was significantly enriched for disease-associated methylation changes related to multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A negative correlation between pregnancy-associated methylation changes and disease-associated changes was found for multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, diseases that are known to improve during pregnancy whereas a positive correlation was found for systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease that instead worsens during pregnancy. Thus, the directionality of the observed changes is in line with the previously observed effect of pregnancy on disease activity. Our systems medicine approach supports the importance of the methylome in immune regulation of T-cells during pregnancy. Our findings highlight the relevance of using pregnancy as a model for understanding and identifying disease-related mechanisms involved in the modulation of autoimmune diseases. Abbreviations : BMIQ: beta-mixture quantile dilation; DMGs: differentially methylated genes; DMPs: differentially methylated probes; FE: fold enrichment; FDR: false discovery rate; GO: gene ontology; GWAS: genome-wide association studies; MDS: multidimensional scaling; MS: multiple sclerosis; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PPI; protein-protein interaction; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; SD: standard deviation; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; T H : CD4 + T helper cell; VIStA: diVIsive Shuffling Approach.

The notion of information and complexity are important concepts in many scientific fields such as molecular biology, evolutionary theory and exobiology. Many measures of these quantities are either difficult to compute, rely on the statistical notion of information, or can only be applied to strings. Based on assembly theory, we propose the notion of a ladderpath , which describes how an object can be decomposed into hierarchical structures using repetitive elements. From the ladderpath, two measures naturally emerge: the ladderpath-index and the order-index, which represent two axes of complexity. We show how the ladderpath approach can be applied to both strings and spatial patterns and argue that all systems that undergo evolution can be described as ladderpaths. Further, we discuss possible applications to human language and the origin of life. The ladderpath approach provides an alternative characterization of the information that is contained in a single object (or a system) and could aid in our understanding of evolving systems and the origin of life in particular.

Background: Overall child health depends on nutrition and its related practices. At the family level, responsibility of child feeding lies with both parents. There is no uniform and systematic way to determine and assess the practices of fathers in infant and young child feeding (IYCF). Also, there is a paucity of evidence related to interventions for fathers in improving their practices and involvement in the feeding of their infant or young child (aged less than two years). Methods : This was a community-based randomized control trial, conducted among 120 fathers with infants and/or young children in Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka. Fathers with poor level of involvement and practices towards IYCF, during the initial assessment, were included as the study participants. For the intervention, a module in the flipchart format was developed. Simple randomization technique was used to allot the participants into two groups - intervention and control. Participants in the intervention group received module intervention, in addition to the care which they received routinely, and the control group received only routine care. The participants in the intervention group were paid a monthly visit to implement the module, for six months. The post-intervention assessment was done at the end of 6 months. Results : A total of 117 participants provided post-intervention data. The mean age was 34.7 (+/- 5.48) years in the intervention group and 34.36 years (+/- 5.26) in the control group. The intervention group showed significantly higher improvement in knowledge, attitude, and practice components at 6 months (p<0.05), in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions : The extent of increase in practice and involvement in child feeding was clearly higher among the intervention group. The module developed was successful in improving the practices of fathers in feeding their infants and young children. Clinical Trials Registry India: CTRI/2017/06/008936 (29/06/2017)., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Mithra P et al.)

Background: Overall child health depends on nutrition and its related practices. At the family level, responsibility of child feeding lies with both parents. There is no uniform and systematic way to determine and assess the practices of fathers in infant and young child feeding (IYCF). Also, there is a paucity of evidence related to interventions for fathers in improving their practices and involvement in the feeding of their infant or young child (aged less than two years). Methods : This was a community-based randomized control trial, conducted among 120 fathers with infants and/or young children in Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka. Fathers with poor level of involvement and practices towards IYCF, during the initial assessment, were included as the study participants. For the intervention, a module in the flipchart format was developed. Simple randomization technique was used to allot the participants into two groups - intervention and control. Participants in the intervention group received module intervention, in addition to the care which they received routinely, and the control group received only routine care. The participants in the intervention group were paid a monthly visit to implement the module, for six months. The post-intervention assessment was done at the end of 6 months. Results : A total of 117 participants provided post-intervention data. The mean age was 34.7 (+/- 5.48) years in the intervention group and 34.36 years (+/- 5.26) in the control group. The intervention group had a significant improvement in knowledge, attitude, and practice components at 6 months. We noted higher change scores for the intervention group (p<0.05). Conclusions : The extent of increase in practice and involvement in child feeding was clearly higher among the intervention group. The module developed was successful in improving the practices of fathers in feeding their infants and young children. Clinical Trials Registry India: CTRI/2017/06/008936 (29/06/2017)., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Mithra P et al.)

To calculate the equivalent system mass of mushrooms, a conceptual configuration of a mushroom farm as part of a bioregenerative life support system on an inhabited lunar base was designed. The mushroom farm consists of two connected modules. Each module is a double-shell rigid pipe-in-pipe aluminum structure. The first module is used to prepare and sterilize the substrate, while the mushrooms are sown and grown in the second module. Planned productivity of the mushroom farm is 28 kg of fresh mushrooms per one process cycle lasting 66 days for 14 consumers. Mushroom production can be increased using additional modules. The calculated equivalent system masses of the mushroom farm and the mushrooms produced therein is 88,432 kg and 31,550 kg per 1 kg of dry mushrooms in one process cycle, respectively. At that, the biggest contributor to the equivalent system mass of mushrooms is the total pressurized volume of the farm - 68%. The results obtained may be a prerequisite for performing trade-off studies between different configurations of mushroom farm and calculating a space diet using the equivalent system mass of mushrooms., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)