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Cyanobacteria in water supplies are considered an emerging threat, as some species produce toxic metabolites, cyanotoxins, of which the most widespread and well-studied are microcystins. Consumption of contaminated water is a common exposure route to cyanotoxins, making the study of cyanobacteria in drinking waters a priority to protect public health. In drinking water treatment plants, pre-oxidation with chlorinated compounds is widely employed to inhibit cyanobacterial growth, although concerns on its efficacy in reducing cyanotoxin content exists. Additionally, the effects of chlorination on abundant but less-studied cyanometabolites (e.g. cyanopeptolins whose toxicity is still unclear) remain poorly investigated. Here, two chlorinated oxidants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), were tested on the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, evaluating their effect on cell viability, toxin profile and content. Intra- and extracellular microcystins and other cyanometabolites, including their degradation products, were identified using an untargeted LC-HRMS approach. Both oxidants were able to inactivate M. aeruginosa cells at a low dose (0.5 mg L -1 ), and greatly reduced intracellular toxins content (>90%), regardless of the treatment time (1-3 h). Conversely, a two-fold increase of extracellular toxins after NaClO treatment emerged, suggesting a cellular damage. A novel metabolite named cyanopeptolin-type peptide-1029, was identified based on LC-HRMS n (n = 2, 3) evidence, and it was differently affected by the two oxidants. NaClO led to increase its extracellular concentration from 2 to 80-100 μg L -1 , and ClO 2 induced the formation of its oxidized derivative, cyanopeptolin-type peptide-1045. In conclusion, pre-oxidation treatments of raw water contaminated by toxic cyanobacteria may lead to increased cyanotoxin concentrations in drinking water and, depending on the chemical agent, its dose and treatment duration, also of oxidized metabolites. Since the effects of such metabolites on human health remain unknown, this issue should be handled with extreme caution by water security agencies involved in drinking water management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The use of multi-wavelength spectrofluorometers for the fast detection of algal taxa, based on chlorophyll a (Chl- a ) emission spectra, has become a common practice in freshwater water management, although concerns about their accuracy have been raised. Here, inter-laboratory comparisons using monoalgal cultures have been performed to assess the reliability of different spectrofluorometer models, alongside Chl- a extraction methods. Higher Chl- a concentrations were obtained when using the spectrofluorometers than extraction methods, likely due to the poor extraction efficiencies of solvents, highlighting that traditional extraction methods could underestimate algal or cyanobacterial biomass. Spectrofluorometers correctly assigned species to the respective taxonomic group, with low and constant percent attribution errors (Chlorophyta and Euglenophyceae 6-8%, Cyanobacteria 0-3%, and Bacillariophyta 10-16%), suggesting that functioning limitations can be overcome by spectrofluorometer re-calibration with fresh cultures. The monitoring of a natural phytoplankton assemblage dominated by Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria gave consistent results among spectrofluorometers and with microscopic observations, especially when cell biovolume rather than cell density was considered. In conclusion, multi-wavelength spectrofluorometers were confirmed as valid tools for freshwater monitoring, whereas a major focus on intercalibration procedures is encouraged to improve their reliability and broaden their use as fast monitoring tools to prevent environmental and public health issues related to the presence of harmful cyanobacteria.

Receiver position sensing is investigated in a dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system for electric vehicle (EV) charging. Exploiting the peculiar behaviour of the resonator arrays input impedance, it is possible to identify the position of the receiver coil by exciting the first array resonator with a signal at a proper frequency and measuring the resulting current. An analytical expression of the input impedance of the resonator array coupled with the EV receiver coil placed in a generic position is provided; its sensitivity to different circuit parameters is also analysed. The outline of a simple and effective algorithm for the localization of the EV is proposed and applied to a test case.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by the cyanobacterium cf. Anabaena sp. was here studied by varying the medium composition and the carbon source used to induce mixotrophic growth conditions. The highest PHB productivity (0.06 g PHB g biomass -1 d -1 ) was observed when cultivating cf. Anabaena sp. in phosphorus-free medium and in the presence of sodium acetate (5.0 g L -1 concentration), after an incubation period of 7 days. A content of 40% of PHB on biomass, a dry weight of 0.1 g L -1 , and a photosynthetic efficiency equal to the control were obtained. The cyanobacterium was then grown on a larger scale (10 L) to evaluate the characteristics of the produced PHB in relation to the main composition of the biomass (the content of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids): after an incubation period of 7 days, a content of 6% of lipids (52% of which as unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms), 12% of polysaccharides, 28% of proteins, and 46% of PHB was reached. The extracted PHB had a molecular weight of 3 MDa and a PDI of 1.7. These promising results demonstrated that cf. Anabaena sp. can be included among the Cyanobacteria species able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) either in photoautotrophic or mixotrophic conditions, especially when it is grown under phosphorus-free conditions., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is considered a promising source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In this study, P. tricornutum cultivation using waste products from anaerobic digestion (i.e. liquid digestate and CO 2 ) was tested and scaled-up in closed and open prototype systems. The chemical composition of algal biomass was evaluated to optimize the lipid content. Algal productivity and composition, especially in terms of PUFAs, were not modified by the use of waste CO 2 . Digestate led to a lower protein (24%) content than medium (36-37%), without affecting lipid amount (about 37%). Algal and EPA productivity were nearly two-fold higher by using photobioreactors (0.075 g biomass L -1  day -1 and 1.62 mg EPA g -1  day -1 ) than open ponds, which are more influenced by environmental conditions. This study highlights that economic and environmental benefits could be achieved by using waste CO 2 and liquid digestate from anaerobic digestion for microalgae cultivation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic immuno-mediated skin disease of the genital region in men and women. The treatment may be pharmacological or surgical, the choice depending on the extension of the involved area, the histological pattern and the level of functional disease complained by the patient. If the biopsy is negative for neoplastic degeneration the treatment may be pharmacological only. In our paper, we describe the case of a patient with vulvar disease and labial fusion, burial of the clitoris and severe introital stenosis. In this case, the treatment was surgical.

OBJECTIVES. To define the incidence rate of urinary tract infections (UTI) and the usefulness of antibiotic prophylaxis in postmenopausal female undergoing invasive urodynamics (IU). METHODS. 262 postmenopausal females underwent IU, being previously double-blindly randomized in 2 homogenous age-matched groups. Group 1 (130 patients) received oral antibiotic prophylaxis with a single 400 mg dose of norfloxacin. Group 2 (132 patients) was given placebo. The statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-Square test, in order to evaluate any difference between groups for UTI incidence rate. RESULTS. 54 patients out of 262 (20.6%) developed a UTI [24 out of 130 subjects who received antibiotic prophylaxis (18.4%), and 30 out of 132 subjects who received placebo (22.7%)]. As per the UTI incidence rate, no statically significant difference (p>.05) was shown between patients receiving and those not receiving the antibiotic prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS. The UTI incidence rate in postmenopausal women undergoing urodynamics is not affected by the administration of antibiotic prophylax.

Objectives: Radical prostatectomy is followed by postoperative pain, that can be linked to potential morbidity. Aim of this study is to compare efficacy of epidural infusion of ropivacaine and fentanyl versus intravenous administration of morphine in terms of reduction of pain and possible complications., Materials and Methods: We have considered 73 consecutive patients who underwent a retropubic radical prostatectomy. For analgesia control we have considered the use of epidural infusion of ropivacaine and fentanyl (Group R) in 48 patients, compared to continuous intravenous administration of morphine (Group M) in 25 patients. Evaluation criteria have been: blood pressure, heart and breath rate, sedation state, nausea and vomit, entity of pain with VRS scale (Verbal Rating Score) at rest and in movement in the first 72 hours, canalization and need of additional analgesia., Results: VRS values were lower in Group R especially during movement, and need of additional analgesia was reported in one patient of Group R, and in three patients of Group M; assumption of morphine was interrupted in three patients. Epidural catheter was removed for malfunction in three patients, and seven patients complained for leg paresthesia., Conclusion: Sedation resulted higher in group M. Mobilization in second day occurred with fewer difficulties for patients of group R, while canalization resulted delayed in group M. Results underlined a good analgesic cover in both groups. Advantages of epidural analgesia are represented by the use of smaller doses of opioids, fewer cardiocirculatory and respiratory side effects, lower incidence of nausea and vomit, early canalization and post-operative mobilization.

A case of severe hemorrhage after TURP leading to hypovolemic shock and its successful management by superselective unilateral arterial embolization is described. The authors conclude that arterial embolization is a safe and effective procedure for severe prostatic hemorrhage that may be performed in selected cases when conservative means or fulguration of the prostatic fossa have failed to achieve the control of the bleeding. Adequate selection of the patients, correction of any underlying coagulation defects and a proper resection technique are surely the most important issues in preventing any postoperative bleeding., (Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel)

The morphological and functional basis of the excellent clinical outcome of ileal orthotopic neobladders are largely unknown. Only long-term follow-up studies will provide an adequate answer to this unsettled question. We have studied a patient who underwent this type of surgery over 27 years ago. Besides an important secretive adaptation we have found, at the ultrastructural level, that the monolayered epithelium does not show signs of true metaplasia and that changes had occurred in the intercellular junctions, namely that desmosomes are significantly increased. Although limited to a single case, these features, if confirmed by further observations, suggest a working hypothesis for the understanding of the definitive phenotypic adaptation of the ileal epithelium to the new aggressive environment., (Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel)

Para-aortic lymphocyst occasionally follows retroperitoneal para-aortic node dissection for neoplastic diseases. We present a case in which the leakage of chylous fluid and then a para-aortic lymphocyst followed right nephrectomy and para-aortic node dissection for kidney cancer. Our method of treatment utilized conservative management of chylous ascites and laparoscopic internal drainage of the retroperitoneal lymphocyst.

We refer herein on a simple program of rehabilitation that may be a first approach the treatment of, U.S.I. In our urodynamic service, we treated 38 female patients, affected by this condition, aged between 37-73 years. The same procedure was applied to all the patients, consisting of 10 seances twice weekly, during which we subjected the patients to biofeedback and vaginal electrostimulation of 50 Hz frequency. The results after 3 months were: 38% restored to normal, 51% improved, 11% unchanged; after 1 year were: 27% restored to normal, 49% improved, the remaining unchanged. As a whole, perineal rehabilitation by this technique can be curative in selected cases and, should it be necessary, can be repeated; its advantages are simplicity, low cost and lack of collateral effects. Motivation and compliance on the part of the patients are, anyhow, the chief factor of success. Moreover, the procedure does not preclude alternative treatments. It is suitable to chose cases where surgery is not so, or else is ill-accepted or has failed.

Objective: For 4 years we have monitored the histological evolution of ileal neobladders in a single cohort of 30 patients in order to systematically describe the histological changes occurring after surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term evolution of many histological parameters with functional relevance as to the metabolic outcome of the reservoirs., Methods: Ileal samples were collected during surgery and by random biopsies during cystoscopy 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months later. At each step qualitative and quantitative assessment of the histological and cytological conditions of the samples was carried out., Results: Morphological changes develop relatively early but the situation tends to level out in about 1 year. The morphological changes are topographically uneven and, although mucosal flattening becomes progressively prevalent, areas with shortened villi persist indefinitely. Goblet cells prevail over enterocytes and the secretive pattern shifts towards sialomucins. The overall replication rate decreases initially but tends to restore in 1 year. Dysplasia or atrophy were never recorded., Conclusions: The 4-year systematic follow-up revealed a typical histological adaptation pattern in the ileal neobladder without signs of dysplasia. The changes seem to be induced by the aggressive environment and develop in the time lag required for functional adaptation of the epithelium., (Copyright 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

We evaluated one-hundred and forty-six women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), mean age 61.5 years, with clinical examination, urodynamics and patient history, grading the subjective degree of SUI according to SEAPI QMM classification. SUI was grade 1 in 73 pts (mean LPP 107, 7 cmH2O, mean maximal urethral closure pressure 59, 13 cmH2O), grade 2 in 36 (mLPP 55, 4 cmH2O, mMUCP 50, 3 cmH2O), grade 3 in 37 (mLPP 32, 29 cmH2O, mMUCP 33, 76 cmH2O). There is statistically significant difference in mLPP (p = 0.001) and mMUCP (p = 0.02) among three groups. The grade of SUI increases as the likelihood that LPP will be < or = 90 cmH2O or < or = 60 cmH2O (72.2% of pts with grade 2 has a LPP < or = 60 cmH2O, 100% of pts with grade 3 has a LPP < or = 60 cmH2O). Women with severe leakage and/or predisposing factor (PF) to intrinsic sphincter deficiency are likely to have a low LPP: all patients with SUI grade 3 and PF have a LPP < or = 60 cmH2O, 77% of pts with SUI grade 3 or PF has a LPP < or = 60 cmH2O. Women with higher grades of leakage and PF are significantly more likely to have a very low LPP and intrinsic sphincter deficiency.

Vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) is still an unpleasant complication of female genital system surgery. We report the case of a 57-years-old woman undergone to neoadjuvant radiotherapy and afterwards abdomino-perineal resection who developed after one months a VVF.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of early enteral nutrition in management of patients operated by major urologic surgery and to demonstrate her advantages versus total parenteral nutrition., Materials and Methods: 20 patients, operated by radical cystectomy and urinary diversion by ureteroileocutaneostomy, Padua ileal bladder or ureterosigmoidostomy are inserted in our study: 12 were treated by early enteral nutrition for 8 days and eight by total parenteral nutrition for the same period: in each group nutritional and immunological parameters at day -1, +3 and +7, the length of postoperatory stay, the incidence of complications, with particular respect for infections have been evaluated and correlated one to each other., Results: We have no death in each group; in the first group no gastroenteric allergy to the nutrient, less incidence of venous catheter and surgical wound infections (respectively p < 0.01 and p < 0.005); we have no significant decrease of postoperatory stay length; the effective problem in this group was the incidence of diarrhea, that in one case have made necessary the suspension of enteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition costs were about half of those of total parenteral nutrition., Conclusions: We believe that early enteral nutrition is an effective and safe nutrition method in patients operated by major urologic surgery: with this is possible a better nutrition, that reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, mainly infections, and maybe the length of postoperatory stay (our champion is too small for statistical evaluation), that may lead to a decrease in management costs of these patients.

No morphological data are so far available about long-term (over 15 years) adaptation and outcome of ileal neobladders. In this single case report we have studied a 72-year-old man who underwent reconstruction of an ileal neobladder 24 years ago. The ileal epithelium shows changes toward a colonic aspect with villous atrophy and increased goblet cell number although, as in normal ileum, sialomucins are the most abundant secretory products. Neuroendocrine cells are reduced to a few elements of a single morphological class. Even in the presence of a low apoptotic rate reduced cell proliferation causes mucosal thinning. These adaptive mechanisms grant an excellent clinical and functional result even beyond 20 years after surgery. It is suggested that ileal neobladder can constitute an important model for the study of epithelial differentiation control.

One-hundred and twenty-two women with USI have been evaluated with clinical examination and urodynamics and divided in two groups: only in 74 patients with urinary loss during the Valsalva manoeuvre, LPP was compared to MUCP by linear regression analysis and its ability (cut-off = 60 cmH2O) to predict a MUCP < or = 20 cmH2O was tested. Weak correlations were observed between MUCP and LPP (r = 0.56). Fifty-two patients presented a LPP < or = 60 cmH2O, in 6 of them MUCP was < or = 20 cmH2O; none with LPP > 60 cmH2O showed a MUCP < or = 20 cmH2O. Median MUCP and intravesical pressures at the instant of leakage of patients with LPP < or = 60 cmH2O were significantly different from those of patients with LPP > 60 cmH2O (p < 0.01). The specificity and positive predictive value of LPP < or = 60 cmH2O for the detection of a "low pressure urethra" were respectively 32% and 11.5%, while sensibility and negative predictive value were 100%. LPP can not be regarded as a specific test for urethral sphincteric deficits. For its sensibility, it can be an useful screening tool for patients at high risk of type III urinary incontinence.

From February 1996 to March 1997, we have performed with the Vesica system the percutaneous bladder neck suspension in 13 pts (group 1) and the vaginal wall sling in 7 pts (group 2). After a mean follow-up of 12 months for group 1, 10 patients (76.9%) were "dry", 1 pt "improved" and 2 "failed"; in the group 2 (mean follow-up of 5 months) 6 pts/7 were "dry". Overall morbidity has been minimal. The percutaneous bladder neck suspension and the vaginal wall sling with Vesica system are minimally invasive surgical procedures for the urinary stress incontinence (hypermobility of bladder outlet and intrinsic sphincter deficiency).

Since the 1993, a series of 22 women with stress urinary incontinence underwent bladder neck suspension, according to Gittes (pubovaginal suspension). No patients had preoperative detrusor instability or intrinsic sphincter dysfunction; 14 pts had a significant cystocele (II-III degree). We followed up 20 pts at 6 months: 9 pts (45%) were cured, 3 were significantly improved and 8 were not improved. Disappearance or marked improvement of moderate or severe cystocele wasn't confirmed in all pts. No serious complications were recognized. We believe that this procedure is quick and easy to perform with low morbidity and is useful where the indication is correct: patients with stress incontinence without significant anterior vaginal wall prolapse.

Twelve patients are submitted to orthotopic ileal neobladder, performed using staplers. The simplicity and speed of automatic stapling devices in the Rouxel-Coadou's surgical technique are reported. All patients underwent clinical and urodynamic evaluation at 3, 6, 12 months, after surgery (mean follow-up 6 months). They preferred complete daytime continence and 2 pts/4 night-time continence too. At one year, postvoid residual volume was absent, mean neobladder capacity was 450 ml and mean pressure at maximum capacity was 30-40 cm H2O. These preliminary results indicate that this technique guarantees a low-pressure reservoir with good capacity and compliance.

Fibroangiomatous polyps and its histological variants most often occur in the ureters of young adult. They may be multiple, and rarely occur in the renal pelvis. Microscopically, normal or hyperplastic urothelium cover loose, vascular, edematous, fibrous stroma that may be inflamed. Etiologic factors are unknown. Intermittent flank pain is the most common symptom; dysuria and hematuria occur less frequently. A case of fibroangiomatous polyps of the left ureter, in a 37-years old woman, is presented. We emphasize the endoscopic conservative treatment of this lesion as a valid alternative to the surgical approach; beside, it's important to obtain pre-operative histological finding, confirming the benign lesion.

Dynamic and static factors cause infravesical obstruction in men with BPH. The dynamic component is determined by alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions of the prostate smooth muscle and bladder neck. Using alpha-receptor-blockers will relieve bladder outlet obstruction, improving urinary flow rates and obstructive and irritative symptoms as well as the physician's global assessment. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alpha 1 blockers (terazosin and alfuzosin) in ambulatory patients (n = 20) with BPH. After 24 weeks of therapy, the peak flow rate increased 54% from a baseline average of 8.5 ml/s to 13.1 ml/s (p < 0.01). The mean flow rate increased 49%, from a baseline of 4.61 ml/s to 6.9 ml/s (p < 0.01); residual volume decreased 74% from 48.3 ml to 12.5 ml (p < 0.001). Mean systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from baseline, but this change wasn't clinically important. The clinical experience with alpha-blockers in BPH indicates that these drugs increase urinary flow rates, decrease obstructive and irritative symptoms, without serious side effects.

Uroflowmetry is the most physiologic and non invasive assessing method of lower urinary tract obstruction: it proves to bring objective evidence of the prostatic blockage degree. We performed 1094 urinary flow tests in 264 patients with BPH, suffering from voiding problems; 188 males had undergone surgical treatment and 86 medical therapy. These patients were examined again about 3 months after prostatectomy and about 3, 6, 9 months during pharmacologic treatment. Symptoms were valued according to international prostatic symptomatologic score (I-PSS). The assessment of residual urine was performed by bladder ultrasound. Among the 264 patients, nocturia was present in 81.8%, weakness of stream in 75% and urgency in 47.7%. The average I-PSS for obstructed patients and postoperative were respectively 26 (21-32) and 5 (0-7). Frequency and weakness of stream were commonly (80% of cases) associated with a reduction in the maximum flow rate (Qmax). Qmax and average flow (Qave) improved after prostatectomy respectively from 7.1 ml/s to 18.9 ml/s and 4.1 ml/s to 8.3 ml/s. 6/264 males with normal Qmax and 132/264 with Qmax < 10 ml/s were shown to have residual urine > 80 ml. Among the uroflowmetry parameters analysed, the best correlation with the degree of prostatic obstruction degree is Qmax. Residual urine is a sign of an abnormality of bladder function rather than the direct result of urethral blockage. Uroflowmetry is a useful clinical tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of males with BPH.

In urology, the use of angiographic wires (glidewires) allows the anterograde, retrograde and "mixed" approach in obstructive and not obstructive uropathies stenting. The Authors reported a case of oligoanuria in a patient with progressing prostatic cancer resolved with endoscopical recanalization and secondary indwelling double-J ureteral stenting.

By real-time ultrasounds through an intra-vesical probe, bladder mucosal features, wall thickness and external profile, as well as their pathological changes, are beautifully imaged; therefore, the role of this echographic technique in the clinical pre-treatment assessment of tumor local staging is expected to be accurate and reliable, accordingly to the first results by Holms and co-w. We have intended to verify the value of the method, by comparing the pre-treatment staging by the more traditional non-invasive clinical procedures plus intra-vesical sonography to the pathological staging (pT) from the removed tumor samples. Our preliminary results are herein presented, from which the overall accuracy of this staging approach seems to be confirmed and a wider experimentation to be justified.

The rules for a diagnostic approach to non-acute prostatitis, as applied during a one-year trial in this Division of Urology, are reviewed and their results on a clinical ground of 150 cases are discussed. In fact, this clinical conditions is apt to present often some problems, as far its cure is concerned, due to its variety of symptoms, and not seldom to un-correct previous therapeutic approach, for defect of a precise diagnostic appraisal.

On the ground of the clinical experience of transurethral resection of the benign hypertrophy of the prostate performed in the Division of Urology during the last ten years, the technical aspects and problems of the procedure are discussed, chiefly the low-pressure irrigation of the operative field for the prevention of vesical damages and of the water-syndrome. The choice of the transurethral technique is dependent chiefly on the weight of the adenoma, on the duration of its removal and the related problems; it is also dependent on the availability of both proper instrumentation and operators. The lesser all-over surgical traumatism and blood loss, the precocious getting out of bed, the shortening of hospitalisation make T.U.R. particularly suitable for high risk patients. To conclude with, the clinical, personal and social advantages of this procedure depend on the correctness of its choice following the criteria which have been referred to.

On the basis of to-day knowledge about metabolism and excretion of oxalic acid, the rationale of therapy of stone pathology is revieved. The problems of both primary and secondary oxaluria and of inhibiting factors of cristalisation are particolarly discussed.

A case is presented of uretero-vaginal fistula following hysterectomy for multiple fibromatosis. Duplicity of the left urinary tract, with caudal ectopy of ureteral opening of the branch draining the upper renal pole, could explain "a posteriori" some singularities of the clinical behaviour, i.e. combination of both controlled micturitions and continuous urinary loss "per vaginam" with seemingly normal urography. Postoperative chromocystoscopy afforded the correct diagnosis and surgical repair was followed by uneventful recovery. Preoperative assessment by urography and cystoscopy is therefore recommended prior to undertaking pelvic surgery, in order to promptly recognise complications to urinary tract, should they occur.

Repetitive surgery on the upper urinary tract calls for extensive and sometimes difficult dissection, therapy exposes to the risk of vascular and nervous injury, as far as tissue trophism is concerned, moreover to secondary severe perivisceral fibrosis. The ureter is particularly liable to such early or late damages. The use of a self-retaining stent, even for a long period of time, and of a pedicle omental graft wrapping ensures a better recovery and the prevention of fistulae or strictures from secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis.