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Adulteration of food products is a serious problem in the current economy. Honey has become the third most counterfeit food product in the world and requires effective authentication methods. This article presents a new approach to the differentiation of bee pollen, which can support the development of a methodology to test honey quality based on the analysis of bee pollen. The proposed method is built on applying the Hjorth descriptors-Activity, Mobility, and Complexity-known from electroencephalography (EEG) analysis, for 2D bee pollen images. The sources for extracting the bee pollen images were the photos of honey samples, which were taken using a digital camera with a resolution of 5 megapixels connected to the tube of an optical microscope. The honey samples used were prepared according to the Polish standard PN-88/A-77626 (related to the European standard CELEX-32001L0110-PL-TXT). The effectiveness of the proposed method was positively verified for three selected groups of bee pollen- Brassica napus , Helianthus , and Phacelia -containing 35 images. Statistical analysis confirms the ability of the Hjorth descriptors to differentiate the indicated bee pollen groups. Based on the results obtained, there is a significant difference between the bee pollen groups under consideration regarding Activity p<0.00001, Mobility p<0.0001, and Complexity p<0.00001.

Biohybrid catalysts that operate in aqueous media are intriguing for systems chemistry. In this paper, we investigate whether control over the self-assembly of biohybrid catalysts can tune their properties. As a model, we use the catalytic activity of functional hybrid molecules consisting of a catalytic H-dPro-Pro-Glu tripeptide, derivatized with fatty acid and nucleobase moieties. This combination of simple biological components merged the catalytic properties of the peptide with the self-assembly of the lipid, and the structural ordering of the nucleobases. The biomolecule hybrids self-assemble in aqueous media into fibrillar assemblies and catalyze the reaction between butanal and nitrostyrene. The interactions between the nucleobases enhanced the order of the supramolecular structures and affected their catalytic activity and stereoselectivity. The results point to the significant control and ordering that nucleobases can provide in the self-assembly of biologically inspired supramolecular catalysts., (© 2023 The Authors. Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Templated synthesis is an intriguing strategy for the length-controlled synthesis of oligomers. Traditionally, such reactions require stoichiometric amounts of the template with respect to the product. Recently we reported catalytic macrocyclic templates that promote oligomerization of a small molecule substrate with a remarkable degree of length control. Herein we present our efforts toward creating linear templates for catalytic length-controlled oligomer synthesis.

We present a multidisciplinary forest ecosystem 3D perception dataset. The dataset was collected in the Hainich-Dün region in central Germany, which includes two dedicated areas, which are part of the Biodiversity Exploratories - a long term research platform for comparative and experimental biodiversity and ecosystem research. The dataset combines several disciplines, including computer science and robotics, biology, bio-geochemistry, and forestry science. We present results for common 3D perception tasks, including classification, depth estimation, localization, and path planning. We combine the full suite of modern perception sensors, including high-resolution fisheye cameras, 3D dense LiDAR, differential GPS, and an inertial measurement unit, with ecological metadata of the area, including stand age, diameter, exact 3D position, and species. The dataset consists of three hand held measurement series taken from sensors mounted on a UAV during each of three seasons: winter, spring, and early summer. This enables new research opportunities and paves the way for testing forest environment 3D perception tasks and mission set automation for robotics., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

As interest in AI in medicine grows, so too does the need for education on the topic. Despite the technology itself being so close, our understanding of the essence of how it works remains remote. A greater, more judicious acceptance of AI tools can be fostered in medicine by a broader appreciation of what the technology can and cannot do.

Physical activity is critically important not only for physical but also for mental health. Exercise may be a beneficial form of therapy for young adults with anxiety disorders. The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected the public, including young adults, in terms of their mental well-being and opportunities for physical activity. The study aimed to identify the influence of physical activity (PA) on generalised anxiety in young adults. It also assessed the changes which occurred in the level of PA and in generalised anxiety in young adults as a result of COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional survey was carried out online with 506 young adults aged 18 to 34 years (=24.67 years ± 4.23 years). Respondents provided two answers to each question, i.e., information relating to the last 7 days during the pandemic (first hard lockdown), and to a period of 7 days before the pandemic (retrospective). The levels of physical activity were measured using 7-item International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), whereas the level of generalised anxiety was assessed using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) questionnaire. During the pandemic there was a significant correlation between the level of generalised anxiety and the level of physical activity reported by the respondents ( p = 0.048). A higher level of physical activity corresponded to lower level of generalized anxiety in young adults. During the pandemic, young adults spent significantly less time performing physical activity (8752.5 vs. 6174.6 metabolic equivalents (MET) min/week, p < 0.001), they spent more time engaging in sedentary behaviours (Me = 240 vs. Me = 300 min/day, p < 0.001), and they walked much less (from Me = 6930.0 (MET) min/week vs. 3861.0 (MET) min/week (44.29% decrease). Furthermore, after the outbreak of the pandemic the level of perceived generalised anxiety increased significantly ( p < 0.001). Physical activity may play an important role in reducing anxiety disorder in young adults. During the COVID-19 pandemic young adults were significantly less involved in PA, which adversely affected their physical and mental condition. The importance of sufficient PA should be emphasised during this specific period, particularly among young adults.

Extended missions in microgravity, such as those on the International Space Station (ISS) or future missions to Mars, can result in the physiological deconditioning of astronauts. Current mitigation strategies include a regimented diet in addition to resistance training paired with aerobic exercise. With the increased effort toward long duration space missions, there is room to optimize the cost, required time of use, and mass of exercise equipment. This research effort focuses on understanding the biomechanics of Heel Raise (HR) exercises while using the Hybrid Ultimate Lifting Kit (HULK) device, an exercise device designed to optimize volume and functionality. Using the biomechanics tool OpenSim, the effect of HR foot stance (15° inward, 15° outward, and straight) was assessed by analyzing kinematic and kinetic data. In particular, we analyzed peak joint angles, range of motion, joint moments, and angular impulses of a single subject. Preliminary results indicated no significant differences in terms of ankle/metatarsophalangeal/subtalar joint angles, range of motion, joint moments, and angular impulses between foot stances. In addition, loaded HR exercises were compared to body weight HR exercises without the HULK device. Finally, recommendations are made towards an optimal HR routine for long-duration space missions. The impact to health and rehabilitation on Earth is also discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Kluis, Patel, Thompson, Lewandowski and Diaz-Artiles.)

Objectives: The study aimed to assess consumption of selected food products by adults with a range of body mass before and during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic as well as identify factors impacting the consumption of selected foods., Methods: The study was conducted in a group of 690 subjects during the most severe lockdown due to Covid-19 in Poland ([Formula: see text] = 23 years of age). The dietary assessment was carried out by means of an online survey based on the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ-6). The respondents were asked to provide two answers to each question, one covering a 7-day period before the lockdown and one related to a 7-day period during the lockdown., Results: During lockdown in the study group there was increase in consumption of sweets and snacks (p = 0.010), grain products (p = 0.050), fat (p = 0.007) as well as alcohol (p < 0.001). During the lockdown respondents with normal BMI increased consumption of sweets and snacks (p = 0.011), dairy products and eggs (p = 0.034), grain products (p = 0.029) and alcohol (p = 0.00). The group of overweight respondents was found to consume significantly more alcohol (p = 0.022), while those with obesity tended to consume more meat (p = 0.002), fish (p < 0.001) and lower amounts of dairy products (p = 0.003). The factors which affected intake of selected food products include age, smoking, place of residence, obesity and education., Conclusions: Covid-19 pandemic is significantly related to the change in the frequency of intake of selected products by all adults, irrespective of their BMI. The adverse changes were particularly observed in respondents with overweight and obesity., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: Patients with diagnosed keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs) have an increased risk of subsequent skin cancers development. Current studies indicate that patients with subsequent tumors should be followed up regularly. However, none of the studies indicate the connection between the specific subtypes and an increased risk for further KCs development. The study assesses the differences in the risk of developing a subsequent skin cancer after a previous diagnosis of KC, especially considering individual types of skin malignances, and identifies potential factors associated with an increased risk of new cutaneous tumor describing non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring., Methods: Pathology and medical records were examined to identify the characteristics of patients with multiple KCs diagnosed between 1999 and 2019., Results: The study group comprised 13,913 KCs occurring in 10,083 patients. Multiple KCs were observed in 2300 patients (22.8%). The analysis showed aggressive subtypes, multiple tumors, and male sex as significant prognostic factors., Conclusions: The most crucial risk factors for developing subsequent KC are being of a male gender, an aggressive tumor subtype, and previous history of multiple skin cancers. Basal cell carcinoma subtypes, such as infiltrative basosquamous, with aggressive growth patterns predispose not only to increased risk for the recurrence but are also expected to be at higher risk of subsequent KCs.

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field of science that has developed very intensively in recent years. The first part of this review describes materials with medical and dental applications from the following groups: metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Both positive and negative sides of their application are presented from the point of view of medical application and mechanical properties. A variety of techniques for the manufacture of biomedical components are presented in this review. The main focus of this work is on additive manufacturing and 3D printing, as these modern techniques have been evaluated to be the best methods for the manufacture of medical and dental devices. The second part presents devices for skull bone reconstruction. The materials from which they are made and the possibilities offered by 3D printing in this field are also described. The last part concerns dental transitional implants (scaffolds) for guided bone regeneration, focusing on polylactide-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite due to its unique properties. This section summarises the current knowledge of scaffolds, focusing on the material, mechanical and biological requirements, the effects of these devices on the human body, and their great potential for applications.

Due to the chemical and biological relevance of amino acids, efficient methods for the recognition and separation of their enantiomers are highly sought after. Chiral receptors based on extended molecular scaffolds are typically employed for this purpose. These receptors are often effective only in specific environments and towards a narrow scope of amino acid guests. Recently we reported a simple, glucose-based macrocycle capable of enantioselective binding of a broad range of amino acid methyl esters in water. Herein we demonstrate that the same receptor can be used for chiral recognition of amino acid esters in organic solvents. We show that the binding affinity and selectivity of the receptor are highly dependent on the coordinating strength of the solvent. An in-depth analysis of the receptor's conformation and its interactions with amino acid methyl esters allowed us to propose a binding mode of amino acids to the receptor in CDCl 3 . The binding modes in CDCl 3 and D 2 O were then compared, highlighting the main interactions responsible for binding affinity and selectivity in each solvent. We envision that the insight provided by this study will facilitate the development of further amino acid receptors based on monosaccharides with improved binding affinities and both enantio- as well as chemoselectivities.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors that can affect long-term results of arthroscopic resection of medial synovial plica of the knee., Design: A total of 52 knees in 50 consecutive patients with medial plica syndrome (MPS) were enrolled to prospective study. Preoperatively the age, gender, level of activity, symptoms' duration, Lysholm knee scoring scale (LKSS), Q angle, range of motion (ROM), and quadriceps output torque (QOT) were recorded. The plica was then arthroscopically excised while plica morphological type and cartilage lesions (International Cartilage Repair Society [ICRS] classification) were registered. The postoperative evaluation was done after 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 3 years, and 10 years. The final assessment after 10 years covered LKSS, ROM, QOT, and was enriched with functional tests: the single leg squat test (SLS), the modified Ober test (MO), and the manual palpation of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO)., Results: The mean LKSS increased from 52 (15-85, SD 16.479) preoperative to 80 (48-100, SD 15.711) at final follow-up examination. A significant negative correlation was found between LKSS and the patients' age. Cartilage lesions higher than ICRS 1 significantly decreased the final LKSS. Results were significantly better in the subgroups with normal outcome of functional tests., Conclusions: Clinical results of arthroscopic plica resection are better in patients without coexisting cartilage lesions. Poor neuromuscular control may contribute to abnormal patella tracking, leading to both medial plica irritation and further cartilage deterioration.

The application of anatomical models and surgical templates in maxillofacial surgery allows, among other benefits, the increase of precision and the shortening of the operation time. Insufficiently precise anastomosis of the broken parts of the mandible may adversely affect the functioning of this organ. Applying the modern mechanical engineering methods, including computer-aided design methods (CAD), reverse engineering (RE), and rapid prototyping (RP), a procedure used to shorten the data processing time and increase the accuracy of modelling anatomical structures and the surgical templates with the use of 3D printing techniques was developed. The basis for developing and testing this procedure was the medical imaging data DICOM of patients treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the Fryderyk Chopin Provincial Clinical Hospital in Rzeszów. The patients were operated on because of malignant tumours of the floor of the oral cavity and the necrosis of the mandibular corpus, requiring an extensive resection of the soft tissues and resection of the mandible. Familiarity with and the implementation of the developed procedure allowed doctors to plan the operation precisely and prepare the surgical templates and tools in terms of the expected accuracy of the procedures. The models obtained based on this procedure shortened the operation time and increased the accuracy of performance, which accelerated the patient's rehabilitation in the further course of events.

Background: The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has created a number of obstacles to daily functioning, which have led to a need for major changes in lifestyles. The aim of the study was to assess whether and to what extent the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the health behaviours of young adults., Methods: 506 people aged 18 to 34 ([Formula: see text] =24.67 years ±4.23 years) who filled in an online survey were qualified for the study. Assessment was made of eating habits (a modified Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ), physical activity and sedentary behaviours (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, short form IPAQ-SF), sleep quality (The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), and generalized anxiety (Generalized anxiety Disorder, 7-item, GAD-7 scale)., Results: During the pandemic, young adults changed their dietary preferences toward sweets and cereal products, increased alcohol (p < 0.001) and fat (p = 0.005) intake, significantly reduced their physical activity (from 8752.5 metabolic equivalents (MET) min/week vs. 6174.6 MET min/week, p < 0.001), increased the time spent sedentarily (Me = 240 min vs. Me = 360 min, p < 0.001) and had decreased sleep quality (PSQI score Me = 7.00 vs. Me = 9.00)., Conclusions: The Covid-19 pandemic worsened health behaviours and intensified the feeling of generalized anxiety in young adults. Generalized anxiety during obligatory lockdown had the greatest negative impact on sedentary behaviours and sleep quality.

We report a glucose-based crown ether capable of chiral recognition of a wide range of amino-acid methyl esters in aqueous environments. The enantioselectivities towards amino-acids with extended hydrophobic side chains displayed by the glucose-derived macrocycle are among the highest observed for small molecule synthetic receptors to date.

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies diagnosed in Caucasian populations. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent skin cancer, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Unfortunately, most European cancer registries do not record individual types of NMSC. To evaluate the incidence of primary BCCs and SCCs regarding age, sex, tumour site and tumour subtype to determine trends in epidemiology of both cancers. Retrospective analysis of BCCs and SCCs diagnosed and treated across seven sites in Poland from 1999 to 2019. We recorded 13,913 NMSCs occurring in 10,083 patients. BCC represented 85.2% of all cases. SCC patients were older than BCC patients (77.1 ± 11.3 years vs. 70.1 ± 12.3 years, p < 0.01). The nodular subtype was the most common subtype of BCC, followed by the superficial and infiltrative subtypes. The superficial BCC subtype was more common on photoprotected areas (p < 0.01), whereas the nodular BCC subtype occurred on the face (p < 0.01). The high-risk SCC subtypes were more common on face compared to low-risk SCC subtypes (p < 0.01). BCC and SCC are common malignancies developing at various ages and anatomical sites. These data underline the need for better registration policies regarding NMSC in order to improve prevention and treatment strategies for these tumours.

Background: Patients using antiplatelet drugs following infarctions, acute coronary syndrome or stroke pose a significant clinical problem if it is necessary to perform surgery, including dental surgery, since they are at risk of prolonged or secondary post-extraction bleeding. Discontinuation of this therapy is associated with a high risk of serious thromboembolic complications. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of TachoSil fibrin-collagen patches in stopping and preventing of secondary post-extraction bleeding in patients undergoing chronic antiplatelet therapy., Methods: The study was conducted through retrospective examination of the medical records of 153 patients using chronic antiplatelet therapy and those qualified for tooth extraction. The largest group comprised 74 patients using aspirin and clopidogrel as dual platelet antiaggregation therapy; in this group 75 tooth extractions were carried out. In all of the patients TachoSil fibrin-collagen patches and stiches were applied to the wounds resulting from tooth removal., Results: Following tooth extraction, primary bleeding was stopped in all the patients and their wounds closed via coagulation within 20-30 min. In eight cases, accounting for 4.9% of the patients, secondary bleeding occurred and was successfully stopped only by applying a pressure dressing soaked in tranexamic acid. Secondary bleeding occurred in three patients on the second day and in five patients on the third day following tooth removal., Conclusion: Topical application of TachoSil patches following tooth removal in patients using single or dual antiplatelet therapy effectively stopped bleeding and prevented secondary bleeding after tooth extraction.

This article is devoted to the novel method of upper limb rehabilitation support using a dedicated mechatronic system. The mechatronic rehabilitation system's main advantages are the repeatability of the process and the ability to measure key features and the progress of the therapy. In addition, the assisted therapy standard is the same for each patient. The new method proposed in this article is based on the prediction of the patient's intentions, understood as the intentions to perform a movement that would be not normally possible due to the patient's limited motor functions. Determining those intentions is realized based on a comparative analysis of measured kinematic (range of motion, angular velocities, and accelerations) and dynamic parameter values, as well as external loads resulting from the interaction of patients. Appropriate procedures were implemented in the control system, for which verification was conducted via experiments. The aim of the research in the article was to examine whether it is possible to sense the movement intentions of a patient during exercises, using only measured load parameters and kinematic parameters of the movement. In this study, the construction of a mechatronic system prototype equipped with sensory grip to measure the external loads, control algorithms, and the description of experimental studies were presented. The experimental studies of the mechanism were aimed at the verification of the proper operation of the system and were not a clinical trial.

Basosquamous carcinoma (BSC) is a rare non-melanoma skin cancer that shares the characteristic features of both basal and squamous cell carcinomas (BCC, SCC). Our research enables better characterization of BSC in comparison to high-risk subtypes of BCC and SCC. Paper includes a retrospective analysis of BSC cases regarding sex, age, number of tumors and anatomical distribution in comparison to BCC and SCC evaluating the differences and defining the implications. Histologically confirmed carcinomas recorded between 1999 and 2019 were studied. 181 diagnosed BSC cases were identified, making this study the largest cohorts of BSC patients reported worldwide. Most cases were reported on head and neck. Analysis of facial anatomic distribution shows that most commonly affected sites were the nose (43%) and the cheek (25%). The age at excision of metatypical BCC was higher than those of low-risk BCC (P < 0.05), however similar to high-risk BCC (P = 0.20). We revisited that the concept of BSC is the most similar to high-risk subtypes of BCC. Patients with diagnosed BSC have higher risk of second nonmelanoma skin cancer. Therefore, the frequency of follow-up examination should be adjusted to the individual risk of another skin cancer.

Butanol is a platform chemical that is utilized in a wide range of industrial products and is considered a suitable replacement or additive to liquid fuels. So far, it is mainly produced through petrochemical routes. Alternative production routes, for example through biorefinery, are under investigation but are currently not at a market competitive level. Possible alternatives, such as acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by solventogenic clostridia are not market-ready to this day either, because of their low butanol titer and the high costs of feedstocks. Here, we analyzed wheat middlings and wheat red dog, two wheat milling byproducts available in large quantities, as substrates for clostridial ABE fermentation. We could identify ten strains that exhibited good butanol yields on wheat red dog. Two of the best ABE producing strains, Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and Clostridium diolis DSM 15410, were used to optimize a laboratory-scale fermentation process. In addition, enzymatic pretreatment of both milling byproducts significantly enhanced ABE production rates of the strains C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and C. diolis DSM 15410. Finally, a profitability analysis was performed for small- to mid-scale ABE fermentation plants that utilize enzymatically pretreated wheat red dog as substrate. The estimations show that such a plant could be commercially successful.Key points• Wheat milling byproducts are suitable substrates for clostridial ABE fermentation.• Enzymatic pretreatment of wheat red dog and middlings increases ABE yield.• ABE fermentation plants using wheat red dog as substrate are economically viable. Graphical abstract.

Background: Double lip is a rare developmental anomaly that mainly affects the upper lip. It is characterised by the presence of excess hyperplastic tissue that gives an illusion of double organ. It may occur independently or as a component of a set of defects, mainly in Ascher's syndrome, which presentes with blepharochalasis, non-toxic thyroid enlargement and double upper lip. The aim of this article is the presentation of a case report., Case Report: The case of a 15-year-old patient with double lip treated surgically for cosmetic reasons is reported. Surgical excision under general anaesthesia was performed, without any complications neither during the surgery nor postoperatively, with no recurrence at the 2-year follow-up. Histopathological analysis showed normal oral mucosa with numerous hypertrophic mucosal glands, capillaries, and lymphocytic and plasmocytic infiltration., Conclusion: Due to the lack of unambiguous, clear recommendations and comparative studies in the literature, the choice of the incision depends on the experience and preferences of the operator. Regular follow-ups after the surgery are crucial; though recurrences are observed rarely, long-term, regular follow-ups are suggested due to the risk of developing additional symptoms characteristic for Ascher's syndrome.

Delayed diagnosis of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite progress in systemic therapy and radiotherapy, there has only been a slight improvement in the five-year survival rate. A non-invasive diagnostic method that consists of an assessment of specific proteins in saliva samples may significantly facilitate assessment of treatment results in patients diagnosed with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of IL-17 and TNF- α in the saliva of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The study was conducted prior to treatment in patients hospitalized in the Frederic Chopin Provincial Specialist Hospital No. 1 in Rzeszów, Poland. Saliva samples were collected from subjects on an empty stomach. Cytokine concentrations in the saliva were measured with ELISA and Luminex Multiplex Assays. The higher salivary concentrations of IL-17A, IL-17F, and TNF- α were significantly associated with disease advancement. Lower levels of IL-17A were associated with colonization of the oral cavity with aerobic bacteria. On the other hand, higher concentration of TNF- α was observed in patients with positive aerobic culture of oral swabs. Our results suggest that IL-17A, IL-17F, and TNF- α measured in the saliva may be a potential biomarker for cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020 Kinga Zielińska et al.)

Background: The Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher Scale ( CLES+T) instrument is internationally used for the evaluation of clinical learning environment in undergraduate nursing education. However, no evidence is available on the possible applications of this instrument in the context of postgraduate nursing education., Purpose: To examine the basic psychometric properties of CLES+T in the context of clinical postgraduate nursing education in Poland., Methods: Study among a sample of 417 nurses participating in the clinical postgraduate training in Poland., Results: Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.97. A five-factor structure was confirmed in accordance with the assumptions adopted by the authors of the original version of the scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the Polish version of the CLES+T subscales ranged from 0.83 ( Nursing care on the ward ) to 0.95 ( The content of supervisory relationship ). The mean results for individual subscales ranged from 4.52 ± 0.63 for nursing care on the ward to 4.73 ± 0.45 for role of the nurse teacher ., Conclusions: Having shown satisfactory psychometric properties, CLES+T can be considered a useful instrument to assess those elements of clinical learning environment which are important for the assurance of education quality at the postgraduate level., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2020.)

Given the fact that physical exertion leads to blood glucose fluctuations, type one diabetes mellitus (T1D) may potentially constitute a barrier for obtaining a sufficient amount of exercise. The main purpose of the study was to compare the level of physical activity between children with T1D ( n = 215) and healthy controls ( n = 115) and to assess the physical activity of the study group in relation to the applied method of insulin therapy, i.e., the use of insulin pen vs. insulin pump. The level of physical activity was assessed with a hip-worn tri-axial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) used by the subjects for an uninterrupted period of seven days. Children with T1D had significantly lower median values of total time of moderate (213.3 vs. 272.1 min), vigorous (135.3 vs. 19.6 min) and moderate-to-vigorous (347.4 vs. 467.4 min) physical activity compared to healthy peers respectively, ( p < 0.001) in all cases. In addition, the total median number of steps was significantly lower (53,631 vs. 67,542 steps), ( p < 0.001). The method of insulin therapy was not associated with significant differences in physical activity level ( p > 0.001). The level of physical activity in children and adolescents with T1D is lower than in their healthy peers and does not depend on the insulin therapy method.

Weaving of organic compounds on the molecular level is an intriguing challenge and promises to provide materials that combine high elasticity with strength and fracture toughness. Yet, the formation of crossing points between molecular threads in defined and regular distances to create an interwoven network is not trivial. To date, only a few examples of wholly organic weaves have been reported. Within this review we present the different strategies that enabled their formation and highlight the structural features of the obtained nanostructured materials. We expect these pioneering studies to pave the way to many more organic molecular weaves with more and more sophisticated topologies and exquisite mechanical properties., (Copyright 2019 Swiss Chemical Society. License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.)

The glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare pathology of odontogenic origin, which can behave unpredictably. It is problematic in clinical, radiographic and histological diagnostics. Intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a rare tumor which affects the jaws, typically found in the mandible. This malignancy, which usually originates from the salivary glands, can also be caused by a transformation of the mucous cells found in odontogenic cysts. This article presents a rare case of GOC transforming into MEC of the mandible, which was reported during the treatment of a 52-year-old male patient. The aim of this work was to present some of the therapeutic and clinical difficulties encountered when GOC transforms into mucoepidermoid cancer in the mandible, considering the pathomorphological and histological differentiations. The differentiation between MEC and GOC might be difficult through microscopic examination and requires the cooperation of a clinician – a maxillofacial surgeon – and a histopathologist.

Assessment of sedentary behaviors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D), relative to the method of insulin therapy used, and in comparison to healthy controls.The study group consisted of 215 children with T1D, including 109 (50.7%) insulin pen and 106 (49.3%) insulqsain pump users. The control group comprised 115 healthy children. The subjects' sedentary time was measured with a tri-axial accelerometer ActiGraph GT3X+, used continuously for 7 days.The diabetes group was characterized by a significantly higher "% in sedentary time" score (P = .024) and a lower "mean daily breaks in sedentary time" result (P = .007), which means that they spent much more time on sedentary activities compared to the control group. There were no significant differences between the children using insulin pump and insulin pen in the "% in sedentary time" score (P = .294) and "mean daily breaks in sedentary time" (P = .251).The T1D is a serious encumbrance, leading to longer duration of sedentary time, in comparison to healthy controls. The type of insulin therapy did not significantly affect the percentage of the wear-day spent in sedentary time and mean daily breaks in sedentary time.

Background: The surgical treatment of malignant neoplasms of the eyelid and the periocular area, due to the complex structure of the eye protective apparatus, remains a difficult surgical problem. The aim is to reconstruct the missing tissue as precisely as possible, both from a functional and esthetic point of view. Postoperative disorders of eyelid function may considerably disturb both the functioning and the quality of life of the patients., Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate 262 patients who had underwent operations related to malignant neoplasms of the eyelid and the periocular area, and to demonstrate which reconstruction methods for post-resection defects were the most advantageous in terms of functions and esthetics., Material and Methods: The study was based on an analysis of the medical records of 262 patients. The analysis included the reconstruction techniques used, the patient's age, the sizes and locations of the primary skin cancer, any healing complications, and the distant esthetic and functional outcomes., Results: Various types of flap procedures were the most frequently used techniques in the studied group of patients (66.8%). Single flaps were used in 83 patients, multiple flaps in 89 patients and complex flaps with a cartilage graft in 3 patients. Free skin grafts were used in 52 patients and were associated with complications in the form of partial necrosis. Complications during postoperative wound healing were observed in 18.3% of the patients. In 12 patients, the complications were associated with a local infection, in 15 patients with partial, marginal necrosis and in 8 patients partial wound breakdown after the transfer of the flap occurred., Conclusions: The most frequently used mechanisms for correction and reconstruction of the deficits following the excision of the eyelid skin and periorbital malignancies included various flaps used in a total of 175 patients (66.8%).

Background: Malignant cancers of the eyelid skin and the periocular area comprise 5-10% of facial skin malignant cancers. Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) dominate, comprising approx. 80-90% of cancers of this area of the face. Considerably less often, in 9-14% of cases, squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are observed., Objectives: The aim of this study is to provide an epidemiological-clinical assessment of patients treated over the period 2006-2015 for primary malignant cancers of the eyelid skin considering histological diagnosis and clinical staging., Material and Methods: This study was based on an analysis of the medical records of 262 patients. Demographic data, age, sex, size and location of lesions, histological types, and clinical staging were assessed., Results: In the analyzed group of 262 patients, most were over the age of 60 years. Primary cancers were most frequently located in the area of the medial canthus of the eye and in the lower eyelid skin. They were mainly lesions of 6-10 mm and 16-20 mm with histologically diagnosed basal cell carcinoma of nodular and cystic types., Conclusions: The most represented group was that of patients aged 60-70 years with primary cancers located in the medial canthus of the eye (47.3%) and in the lower eyelid. Basal cell carcinoma was diagnosed, mainly nodular and cystic types.

The present paper discusses the case of a patient who was surgically treated for a rare calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour (Pindborg tumour) at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, F. Chopin Clinical Voivodeship Hospital in Rzeszow. Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumour (CEOT) is a benign odontogenic tumour arising from the remnants of the dental lamina epithelium. The first three cases of this tumour were recognized by the Danish pathologist J.J. Pindborg in 1955. Since then Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumour has been commonly referred to as the Pindborg tumour. This type of neoplasm is relatively rare, since it occurs in approximately 0.4% of all odontogenic tumour cases. Due to a fairly common tendency of recurrence, estimated to be approximately 14% of all cases, the preferred o choice of treatment is radical surgical procedure and postoperative follow-up. Appropriate clinical and histopathological diagnosis is very important before applying the most suitable surgical treatment. Based on the case reviewed and the available literature, we can confirm the suitability of the therapeutic procedure course aligned with contemporary views, guidelines and established standards.

Ankyloglossia is defined as a congenital malformation that alters lingual mobility and function. It is listed as one of the possible reasons behind problems with breastfeeding. Due to current WHO recommendations that encourage mothers to breastfeed exclusively up to 6 months of age, quick recognition of any obstacles in the suction mechanism and determining the possible reasons for problems should be a priority. A review of the literature was conducted concerning the diagnosis of ankyloglossia, possible methods of treatment and their efficacy in improving breastfeeding quality. The authors of the research cited claim that any surgical intervention should be performed only in cases of symptomatic ankyloglossia interfering with sucking mechanisms. The most frequent surgical procedure performed in newborns with symptomatic ankyloglossia is frenulotomy. It is a simple procedure with a low risk of complications. The literature gives a great number of studies confirming both the short and long-term efficacy of tongue-tie release in improving breastfeeding quality, with emphasis on decreasing mothers' discomfort, nipple pain and trauma.

Currently there is being conducted an extensive search to find new prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma which would assist in better patient management. One of the most promising prognostic markers is the density of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes. 100 cases of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma that underwent surgical resection between 2006 and June 2016 at our institution were included in this study. From each case the most representative HE stained slide was identified and the density of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes were classified as non-brisk or brisk, which was included in the survival analysis. Upon analysis there was a strong correlation between non-brisk (n = 28) and brisk (n = 72) tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and the primary clinical outcomes: overall survival (p = 0.0472) and local recurrence-free survival (p = 0.00037). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression model confirmed the high prognostic value of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes as the independent prognostic indicator of better survival, being even superior, in our study, to the traditional pTNM system. This study provides robust evidence that the density of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes demonstrates a high prognostic significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

With every passing year, more and more studies and observations demonstrate growing incidence of oral cancer, a decrease in patients' age, and an increasing number of epidemiological factors. The aim of the study was to determine the level of awareness among undergraduate and graduate university students regarding the incidence of oral cancer linked with viral infections and high-risk sexual behavior, including oral sex. Self-administered questionnaire-based survey was carried out among 196 Polish students aged 19 to 25 years. It was found that the young adults understood the meaning of human papillomavirus (HPV), but associated it only with the squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A total of 43.4% did not realize that there was any correlation between HPV infection and the development of oral cancer. The students who were aware of this correlation constituted 40.3% of the total. The majority of the participants, that is, 82 subjects (41.8%), did not associate the occurrence of malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity with oral sex. The study group did not present adequate awareness of the fact that occurrence of oral cancer may be associated with high-risk sexual behaviors. Knowledge of oral cancer was not significantly related to the level of university education (P < .005).

Background: Post-traumatic craniofacial injuries associated with bone fractures lead to serious morphological, functional and aesthetic complications which may negatively affect the physical and mental condition of the patient throughout the recovery period., Objectives: The aim of this study was the evaluation of complaints and well-being in patients during the shortand long-term period following injury to the lower face, as well as an assessment of the effects of age and sex in the examined parameters., Material and Methods: The research group included 42 patients with injury to the lower face. The patients' well-being and the most common functional problems following treatment were assessed using Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, with significance level assumed at p < 0.05., Results: A period of 8 months following injury of the lower face was sufficient for the patients to achieve significant improvement in the quality of life. Improvement in well-being, according to OHIP-14, by approx. 11.9 points ±11.7 points, was highly significant (p < 0.001). The most frequent complaints included pain in the maxillofacial area, difficulties with consumption of food and dissatisfaction due to the necessary change of diet. The factors of age (p = 0.2839) and sex (p = 0.6047) did not significantly affect improvement in well-being., Conclusions: During both the shortand long-term period following injury of the lower face, the most frequent complaints included pain in the maxillofacial region, problems with eating food and dissatisfaction due to change in diet. The study has shown that during the period of 8 months after the injury, there was a significant improvement in the quality of life assessed with OHIP-14. Age and gender do not significantly affect the quality of life after injury to the lower face.

Paramedics are a new group of professionals among the medical professions aimed to save lives and health of the injured. The nature of the work, intensity of the actions, decision-making, struggle for life and health of the patients often in difficult and extreme conditions exposes this group to stress and broadly understood trauma. The paper describes the nature of work in the profession of a paramedic and outlines both negative and positive consequences, that may result from frequent experience of traumatic events connected with performing work

Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive, malignant, neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. The aim of the study is to present the clinical pictures, methods and results of treatment of MCC in the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery in Rzeszow in years 2003-2010. Changes were located on the skin of the face of four patients. All patients were treated surgically, the primary change was removed. Recurrence after surgical treatment was observed in all patients. The observations confirmed the data from the literature about the incidence of MCC over 75 years of age, aggressiveness and difficulties in treatment of this disease.

Background: Advanced hip osteoarthritis requires total joint replacement surgery to improve daily activity, including occupational activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate employment status among patients 10 years after hip replacement surgery., Material and Methods: A total of 63 patients who underwent total hip replacement surgery at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology between 2003 and 2005 were enrolled in the study. At the time of the study (2014), all patients from the study group were of working age. Ultimately, 32 patients participated in the study. Each participant completed a questionnaire with questions about the place of residence, age, type of endoprosthesis, employment status, type of work performed, reason for arthroplasty, postoperative course of rehabilitation and subjective health status. Functional capacity was evaluated using Harris' 100-point scale., Results: 88% of the respondents had been employed prior to surgery, compared to only 46% one year after surgery and only 40% at 10 years after surgery. A positive outcome was that 17% of the respondents receiving a disability pension prior to surgery were able to return to work after surgery., Conclusions: 1. Hip replacement surgery may affect the employment status of patients. 2. The most significant factors influencing cessation of work were a high BMI, living in a rural environment and being female.

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a malignancy which very rarely occurs in maxillofacial location, and the course of the disease is not very characteristic.In this case report, we present a 58-year-old female patient with a painless tumor of the left angle of the mandible causing slight asymmetry of the face. She also reported that she observed deterioration in fitting of the lower denture in the oral cavity for several months, which she had used successfully for 5 years.On the basis of clinical tests, histopatological examination, and imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound, pantomography), the patient was diagnosed with primary malignant leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the mandibular corpus and ramus on the left side. The patient received combined surgical and oncological treatment. The first stage was a surgery, and then adjuvant radiotherapy was applied on the site of the resected tumor-a total dose of 60 Gy in 35 fractions. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. She also underwent adjuvant therapy well. In the period of 3-year follow-up, no signs of recurrence were observed.The findings may extend our knowledge and experiences in the treatment of leiomvosarcoma in the craniofacial area., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.

Bisphosphonates are used primarily in patients with bone metastases and osteoporosis One of the local complications, less well-known to doctors, associated with the use of bisphosphonates is osteonecrosis of the jaw (Biophosphatate Related osteonecrosis of the jaw--BRONJ). It affects approximately 1-10% of patients and may cause diagnostic difficulties because of its similarity to a primary focus in the bone. This issue can be encountered by the doctors of various specialties who use bisphosphonates. The purpose of this study is to present a case of the patient with BRONJ symptoms following the administration of bisphosphonate therapy, which can occur in the doctors practice. Concluding, maintaining good health of the oral cavity before starting the therapy reduces the incidence of BROKJ. Before starting bisphosphonate therapy, all patients should be referred to dental consultation to assess the potential foci of infection in the mouth.

High-altitude illness is a result of prolonged high-altitude exposure of unacclimatized individuals. The illness is seen in the form of acute mountain sickness (AMS) which if not treated leads to potentially life-threatening high altitude pulmonary oedema and high-altitude cerebral oedema. Medical problems are caused by hypobaric hypoxia stimulating hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) release. As a result, the central nervous system, circulation and respiratory system function impairment occurs. The most important factor in AMS treatment is acclimatization, withdrawing further ascent and rest or beginning to descent; oxygen supplementation, and pharmacological intervention, and, if available, a portable hyperbaric chamber. Because of the popularity of high-mountain sports and tourism better education of the population at risk is essential.

Introduction: Mucoceles are benign lesions associated with the pathology of the oral mucosa of minor salivary glands. Two types of cysts are distinguished depending on their pathogenesis. Most often they occur as a result of mechanical trauma and mucus extravasation into tissues or obstruction of the gland ducts., Aim: The aim of the study was to present our own experiences regarding mucoceles of minor salivary glands in the oral cavity taking into account how frequently the individual types of cysts occur in children., Material and Methods: The research was carried out based on medical files from the years 2005-2015. These were: medical case records, operating books and the medical registry of patients treated at the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Frederic Chopin Clinical Regional Hospital in Rzeszow. In that period 64 children and teenagers, 28 girls and 36 boys were treated. What was considered was the age and gender of the patients, the reason for their appointment with a doctor, the location, size and histopathological type of the cysts, as well as the course and results of the diagnostic and therapeutic process., Results: In the group analyzed, the reasons for referral to the Clinic were: in 25 patients accidental ascertainment of a non-symptomatic tumor in the oral cavity during examination by a dentist, pediatrician or laryngologist which had not caused any discomfort to the children; in 13 patients concern had been raised by a gradually increasing tumor; in 18 cases there was an increased tissue tension surrounding the tumor, while in 3 children red oedema was observed in the oral cavity (suspicion of abscess). The most frequent mucocele location was the lower lip (34 children). The most frequent size was 2.1-3 cm (28 children). The most frequent histological type was MEP. All the patients were treated at the Clinic in the one-day surgery mode, with good outcome., Conclusions: Mucocele ascertainment in children's oral cavity could be made accidentally in routine pediatric examination, therefore it is necessary to extend pediatricians' knowledge about small salivary gland mucoceles. The most frequent type of MEP could be related to different types of trauma in the oral mucose.

Cleido-cranial dysplasia, often referred to as Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder of the musculo-skeletal system. Patients with cleido-cranial dysplasia are characterized by short stature, frequent varus or valgus hip, kyphoscoliosis, underdevelopment of the scapulas and the sternum, incorrect number of ribs. The most characteristic feature is unilateral or bilateral, partial or total underdevelopment of clavicles. Mental development is not affected in this syndrome. Malocclusion, occlusal irregularities, multiple supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, and persistent milk teeth are found in the stomatognathic system. Teeth often have abnormal anatomy. Gothic palate, cleft hard and soft palate are diagnosed. The aim of this paper is to present a case of a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with irregularities in the masticatory system involving an additional number of retained teeth. The boy was referred by an orthodontist for surgical and orthodontic team therapy. The case presented confirms the observations of other authors that only the multi-specialty collaboration of a pediatrician, a geneticist, an orthopedist, an orthodontist, a maxillofacial surgeon, an implant prosthetic surgeon and a physiotherapist can provide proper diagnosis and treatment.

Oligoprolines are commonly used as molecular scaffolds. Past studies on the persistence length of their secondary structure, the polyproline II (PPII) helix, and on the fraction of backbone cis amide bonds have provided conflicting results. We resolved this debate by studying a series of spin-labeled proline octadecamers with EPR spectroscopy. Distance distributions between an N-terminal Gd(III) -DOTA (DOTA=1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) label and a nitroxide label at one of five evenly spaced backbone sites allowed us to discriminate between the flexibility of the PPII helix and the cis amide contributions. An upper limit of 2 % cis amide bonds per residue was found in a 7:3 (v/v) water/glycerol mixture, whereas cis amides were not observed in trifluoroethanol. Extrapolation of Monte Carlo models from the glass transition to ambient temperature predicts a persistence length of ≈3-3.5 nm in both solvents. The method is generally applicable to any type of oligomer for which the persistence length is of interest., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)