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An aberrant healing reaction to cutaneous injury or inflammation that spreads outside the original wound's boundaries causes keloidal scars. We present the case of a sixty-year-old male patient who initially came with complaints of respiratory system but had spontaneous lesions over his body for 50 years which remained undiagnosed. It was confirmed on histological examination to be keloids. The patient was treated with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg plus an injection of lignocaine hydrochloride 2% in the ratio of 1:1 which provided him with a significant reduction in scar appearance over one month and thereby reducing his psychological burden. It is uncommon for spontaneous keloid scars to occur without any prior trauma or surgical intervention. Also, it details a manifestation of spontaneous keloid scars that manifest as numerous sizable lesions at various body locations. This study provides evidence in favor of such spontaneous appearance of keloid scars., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright: Aishwarya Kishor Kedar et al.)

The immune system is the body's defense system against infection, pathogenic organisms, or foreign bodies. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection significantly reduces the number of cells involved in the immune system making the infected person prone to a greater number of infections like tuberculosis (TB). HIV infection reduces the CD4 T helper cell count and further replicates within the body. HIV-TB is a major health concern as there is more chance of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the emergence of drug-resistant TB. In this case report, we see how the HIV-TB infection affects the body, significantly affecting the morbidity and mortality of the patient., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Karnan et al.)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) imposes a significant burden on individuals and healthcare systems globally. While bronchodilators, such as glycopyrronium and formoterol, are cornerstone therapies for COPD management, combining these agents has gained attention for potentially improving outcomes compared to monotherapy. This comprehensive review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of glycopyrronium/formoterol (GFF) combination therapy versus glycopyrronium monotherapy in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. Through a systematic evaluation of clinical trials and real-world evidence, we analyze the impact of combination therapy on lung function, symptom control, exacerbation rates, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Furthermore, we examine the safety profile of combination therapy, including adverse cardiovascular and respiratory events. Comparative analyses with glycopyrronium monotherapy provide insights into the relative benefits and considerations for treatment selection. Factors influencing treatment choice and future directions in COPD management are also discussed. This review underscores the potential of combination therapy in optimizing COPD treatment outcomes and highlights areas for further research and clinical practice refinement., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Prada et al.)

Pleural effusion, characterized by abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges across various medical conditions. This comprehensive review explores the role of medical thoracoscopy in assessing pleural effusions, providing insights into its historical context, procedural intricacies, diagnostic performance, safety considerations, and clinical applications. Medical thoracoscopy, a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure, offers advantages such as high diagnostic yield, therapeutic interventions, real-time assessment, and a minimally invasive nature. The review critically analyzes the procedure's advantages and disadvantages, including technical expertise, risk of complications, resource intensity, and patient selection criteria. Comparative analyses with alternative diagnostic modalities highlight the unique benefits of medical thoracoscopy in specific clinical scenarios. The diagnostic yield of medical thoracoscopy is examined, considering sensitivity and specificity in various contexts. Patient selection criteria, complications, and safety measures are discussed, emphasizing the importance of careful consideration in integrating thoracoscopy into clinical practice. The review further explores its clinical applications, including differentiating exudative and transudative effusions, identifying specific etiologies, and its role in treatment planning. In conclusion, medical thoracoscopy emerges as a valuable tool in the comprehensive management of pleural effusions, offering a nuanced approach to diagnosis and treatment. The evolving landscape of diagnostic modalities underscores the continued significance of medical thoracoscopy and potential advancements in the field., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Ledwani et al.)

This comprehensive review delves into the intricate landscape of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment within the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis (PMDT) framework. MDR-TB poses a substantial global health threat, necessitating targeted approaches for effective management. The analysis explores the historical evolution, efficacy, safety profiles, and implementation challenges associated with long and short regimens. The findings underscore the importance of individualized clinical practices, considering patient-specific factors, and the need for ongoing monitoring within PMDT programs. Recommendations advocate for integrating advanced diagnostics, continuous surveillance, and training for healthcare professionals. The review concludes with a nuanced outlook on long versus short regimens, emphasizing a balanced approach and the imperative role of collaborative efforts in shaping the future of MDR-TB treatment. This synthesis contributes to the ongoing discourse, providing valuable insights for healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and researchers working toward optimizing outcomes for individuals afflicted with MDR-TB., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Karnan et al.)