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The connectivity (valency) of building blocks for constructing 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) has long been limited to 4, 6, 8, and 12. Developing a higher connectivity remains a great challenge in the field of COF structural design. Herein, this work reports a hierarchical expansion strategy for making 16-connected building blocks to construct 3D COFs with sqc topology. The [16 + 2] construction achieved by condensation between a 16-connected carbazolyl dicyanobenzene-based building block (CzTPN) and linear diamino linkers (BD or Bpy) affords two 3D COFs (named CzBD COF and CzBpy COF). Furthermore, attributed to the well-organized donor-acceptor (D-A) heterojunction, the Ni chelated CzBpy COF (Ni@CzBpy COF) exhibits excellent performance for photoredox/Ni dual catalytic C(sp 3 )-C(sp 2 ) cross-coupling of alkyltrifluoroborates with aryl halides, achieving a maximum 98% conversion and 94% yield for various substrates. This work developed the first case of high-connectivity COFs bearing 16-connected units, which is the highest connectivity reported until now, and achieved efficient photocatalysis applications, thus greatly enriching the possibilities of COFs.

Oxidative stress is a frequently occurring pathophysiological feature of spinal cord injury (SCI) and can result in secondary injury to the spinal cord and skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have reported that glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) have anti-aging and anti-oxidative stress properties; however, to date, no study has assessed the effect of GlyNAC in the treatment of SCI. In the present work, we established a rat model of SCI and then administered GlyNAC to the animals by gavage at a dose of 200 mg/kg for four consecutive weeks. The BBB scores of the rats were significantly elevated from the first to the eighth week after GlyNAC intervention, suggesting that GlyNAC promoted the recovery of motor function; it also promoted the significant recovery of body weight of the rats. Meanwhile, the 4-week heat pain results also suggested that GlyNAC intervention could promote the recovery of sensory function in rats to some extent. Additionally, after 4 weeks, the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in spinal cord tissues were significantly elevated, whereas that of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased in GlyNAC-treated animals. The gastrocnemius wet weight ratio and total antioxidant capacity were also significantly increased. After 8 weeks, the malondialdehyde level had decreased significantly in spinal cord tissue, while reactive oxygen species accumulation in skeletal muscle had decreased. These findings suggested that GlyNAC can protect spinal cord tissue, delay skeletal muscle atrophy, and promote functional recovery in rats after SCI., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a large amount of tissue cell debris in the lesion site, which interacts with various cytokines, including inflammatory factors, and the intrinsic glial environment of the central nervous system (CNS) to form an inhibitory microenvironment that impedes nerve regeneration. The efficient clearance of tissue debris is crucial for the resolution of the inhibitory microenvironment after SCI. Macrophages are the main cells responsible for tissue debris removal after SCI. However, the high lipid content in tissue debris and the dysregulation of lipid metabolism within macrophages lead to their transformation into foamy macrophages during the phagocytic process. This phenotypic shift is associated with a further pro-inflammatory polarization that may aggravate neurological deterioration and hamper nerve repair. In this review, we summarize the phenotype and metabolism of macrophages under inflammatory conditions, as well as the mechanisms and consequences of foam cell formation after SCI. Moreover, we discuss two strategies for foam cell modulation and several potential therapeutic targets that may enhance the treatment of SCI., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Li, Du, Liu, Zhang, Xu, Ke, Peng, Yang, Li and Gao.)

The ovarian germline stem cells(OGSCs) cultured in the optimized culture system were used as the research object to observe the effect of Tripterygium glycosides(TG) on OGSCs and explore the mechanism of reproductive toxicity by the Notch signaling pathway. Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) was used to observe the viability level of OGSCs in mice cultured in vitro by TG of 3.75, 7.5, and 15 μg·mL~(-1). Immunofluorescence technology and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) were used to detect the protein and gene expression level of OGSCs marker mouse vasa homologue(MVH) and octamer-binding transcription factor 4(Oct4) by TG of 3.75 μg·mL~(-1). RT-PCR detected the gene expression of neurogenic locus Notch homolog protein 1(Notch1), Hes family BHLH transcription factor 1(Hes1), and jagged canonical Notch ligand 1(Jagged1). The RNA was extracted for transcriptome analysis to analyze the mechanism of action of TG intervention on OGSCs. 3.75 μg·mL~(-1) of TG was combined with 40 ng·mL~(-1) Notch signaling pathway γ-secretagocin agonist jagged canonical notch ligand(Jagged) for administration. CCK-8 was used to detect the viability level of OGSCs. Double immunofluorescence technology was used to detect the protein co-expression of MVH with Hes1, Notch1, and Jagged1. The results showed that compared with the blank group, the TG administration group significantly inhibited the activity of OGSCs(P<0.01 or P<0.001). It could reduce the protein and gene expression of OGSC markers, namely MVH and Oct4(P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). It could significantly inhibit the gene expression of Notch1, Hes1, and Jagged1(P<0.001). Transcriptomic analysis showed that TG affected the growth and proliferation of OGSCs by intervening Jagged1, a ligand associated with the Notch signaling pathway. The experimental results showed that the combination of Notch signaling pathway γ-secretagorein agonist Jagged could significantly alleviate the decrease in OGSC viability induced by TG(P<0.001) and significantly increased the OGSC viability compared with the TG group(P<0.001). It also could significantly increase the co-expression of MVH/Jagged1, MVH/Hes1, and MVH/Notch1 proteins(P<0.01 or P<0.001). It suggested that TG play the role of γ-secretagorease inhibitors by downregulating the OGSC markers including MVH and Oct4 and Notch signaling pathway molecules such as Notch1, Hes1, and Jagged1, participate in the OGSC pathway, and mediate reproductive toxicity caused by the Notch signaling pathway.

Background: Haemaphysalis concinna, carrying multiple pathogens, has attracted increasing attention because of its expanded geographical range and significant role in disease transmission. This study aimed to identify the potential public health risks posed by H. concinna and H. concinna-associated pathogens., Methods: A comprehensive database integrating a field survey, literature review, reference book, and relevant websites was developed. The geographical distribution of H. concinna and its associated pathogens was illustrated using ArcGIS. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the prevalence of H. concinna-associated microbes. Phylogenetic and geographical methods were used to investigate the role of birds in the transmission of H. concinna-associated microbes. The potential global distribution of H. concinna was predicted by ecological niche modeling., Results: Haemaphysalis concinna was distributed in 34 countries across the Eurasian continent, predominantly in China, Russia, and Central Europe. The tick species carried at least 40 human pathogens, including six species in the Anaplasmataceae family, five species of Babesia, four genospecies in the complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, ten species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, ten species of viruses, as well as Francisella, Coxiella, and other bacteria. Haemaphysalis concinna could parasitize 119 host species, with nearly half of them being birds, which played a crucial role in the long-distance transmission of tick-borne microbes. Our predictive modeling suggested that H. concinna could potentially survive in regions where the tick has never been previously recorded such as central North America, southern South America, southeast Oceania, and southern Africa., Conclusions: Our study revealed the wide distribution, broad host range, and pathogen diversity of H. concinna. Authorities, healthcare professionals, and the entire community should address the growing threat of H. concinna and associated pathogens. Tick monitoring and control, pathogen identification, diagnostic tools, and continuous research should be enhanced., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Haemaphysalis longicornis is drawing attentions for its geographic invasion, extending population, and emerging disease threat. However, there are still substantial gaps in our knowledge of viral composition in relation to genetic diversity of H. longicornis and ecological factors, which are important for us to understand interactions between virus and vector, as well as between vector and ecological elements., Results: We conducted the meta-transcriptomic sequencing of 136 pools of H. longicornis and identified 508 RNA viruses of 48 viral species, 22 of which have never been reported. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion sequences divided the ticks into two genetic clades, each of which was geographically clustered and significantly associated with ecological factors, including altitude, precipitation, and normalized difference vegetation index. The two clades showed significant difference in virome diversity and shared about one fifth number of viral species that might have evolved to "generalists." Notably, Bandavirus dabieense, the pathogen of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome was only detected in ticks of clade 1, and half number of clade 2-specific viruses were aquatic-animal-associated., Conclusions: These findings highlight that the virome diversity is shaped by internal genetic evolution and external ecological landscape of H. longicornis and provide the new foundation for promoting the studies on virus-vector-ecology interaction and eventually for evaluating the risk of H. longicornis for transmitting the viruses to humans and animals. Video Abstract., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with the features of flexible structure regulation and easy introduction of functional groups, have aroused broad interest in the field of photocatalysis. However, due to the low light absorption intensity, low photoelectron conversion efficiency, and lack of suitable active sites, it remains a great challenge to achieve efficient photocatalytic aerobic oxidation reactions. Herein, based on reticular chemistry, we rationally designed a series of three-motif molecular junction type COFs, which formed dual photosensitizer coupled redox molecular junctions containing multifunctional COF photocatalysts. Significantly, due to the strong light adsorption ability of dual photosensitizer units and integrated oxidation and reduction features, the PY-BT COF exhibited the highest activity for photocatalytic aerobic oxidation. Especially, it achieved a photocatalytic benzylamine conversion efficiency of 99.9% in 2.5 h, which is much higher than that of the two-motif molecular junctions with only one photosensitizer or redox unit lacking COFs. The mechanism of selective aerobic oxidation was studied through comprehensive experiments and density functional theory calculations. The results showed that the photoinduced electron transfer occurred from PY and then through triphenylamine to BT. Furthermore, the thermodynamics energy for benzylamine oxidation on PY-BT COF was much lower than that for others, which confirmed the synergistic effect of dual photosensitizer coupled redox molecular junction COFs. This work provided a new strategy for the design of functional COFs with three-motif molecular junctions and also represented a new insight into the multifunctional COFs for organic catalytic reactions.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a frequent complication after spinal cord injury (SCI) and can influence the recovery of motor function and metabolism in affected patients. Delaying skeletal muscle atrophy can promote functional recovery in SCI rats. In the present study, we investigated whether a combination of body weight support treadmill training (BWSTT) and glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) could exert neuroprotective effects, promote motor function recovery, and delay skeletal muscle atrophy in rats with SCI, and we assessed the therapeutic effects of the double intervention from both a structural and functional viewpoint. We found that, after SCI, rats given GlyNAC alone showed an improvement in Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, gait symmetry, and results in the open field test, indicative of improved motor function, while GlyNAC combined with BWSTT was more effective than either treatment alone at ameliorating voluntary motor function in injured rats. Meanwhile, the results of the skeletal muscle myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), hindlimb grip strength, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immunostaining analysis demonstrated that GlyNAC improved the structure and function of the skeletal muscle in rats with SCI and delayed the atrophication of skeletal muscle.

There has been increasing global concern about the spillover transmission of pangolin-associated microbes. To assess the risk of these microbes for emergence as human pathogens, we integrated data from multiple sources to describe the distribution and spectrum of microbes harbored by pangolins. Wild and trafficked pangolins have been mainly recorded in Asia and Africa, while captive pangolins have been reported in European and North American countries. A total of 128 microbes, including 92 viruses, 25 bacteria, eight protists, and three uncharacterized microbes, have been identified in five pangolin species. Out of 128 pangolin-associated microbes, 31 (including 13 viruses, 15 bacteria, and three protists) have been reported in humans, and 54 are animal-associated viruses. The phylogenetic analysis of human-associated viruses carried by pangolins reveals that they are genetically close to those naturally circulating among human populations in the world. Pangolins harbor diverse microbes, many of which have been previously reported in humans and animals. Abundant viruses initially detected in pangolins might exhibit risks for spillover transmission., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

The seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have zoonotic origins, repeated infections, and global transmission. The objectives of this study are to elaborate the epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics of HCoVs from patients with acute respiratory illness. We conducted a multicenter surveillance at 36 sentinel hospitals of Beijing Metropolis, China, during 2016-2019. Patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) were included, and submitted respiratory samples for screening HCoVs by multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. All the positive samples were used for metatranscriptomic sequencing to get whole genomes of HCoVs for genetical and evolutionary analyses. Totally, 321 of 15 677 patients with ILI or SARI were found to be positive for HCoVs, with an infection rate of 2.0% (95% confidence interval, 1.8%-2.3%). HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 infections accounted for 18.7%, 38.3%, 40.5%, and 2.5%, respectively. In comparison to ILI cases, SARI cases were significantly older, more likely caused by HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, and more often co-infected with other respiratory pathogens. A total of 179 full genome sequences of HCoVs were obtained from 321 positive patients. The phylogenetical analyses revealed that HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 continuously yielded novel lineages, respectively. The nonsynonymous to synonymous ratio of all key genes in each HCoV was less than one, indicating that all four HCoVs were under negative selection pressure. Multiple substitution modes were observed in spike glycoprotein among the four HCoVs. Our findings highlight the importance of enhancing surveillance on HCoVs, and imply that more variants might occur in the future., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Facial thread lifting technology has been applied for more than 30 years, with relatively few complications. In 2014, China approved polydioxanone thread (an absorbable barbed thread) for large-scale nonsurgical facial lifting. However, due to surgeons' lack of overall experience, the complications of polydioxanone thread facelift have been relatively high., Methods: From April 2014 to January 2020, a total of 190 patients with postoperative complications of facelifts were treated after they underwent thread lifting in other hospitals. Of these, 189 patients were women and one was a man; the age of patients ranged from 28 to 62 years, with an average age of 37.4 years., Results: Patients were mainly treated in our outpatient clinic for the following complications: skin dimpling (77 cases, 40.5%); contour irregularity (32 cases, 16.8%); visible threads (31 cases, 16.3%); thread extrusion (10 cases, 5.3%); infection (17 cases, 8.9%); swelling (nine cases, 4.7%); incomplete facial paralysis (five cases, 2.6%); hyperpigmentation (four cases, 2.1%); hematoma (four cases, 2.1%); allergy (one case, 0.05%). Follow-up was scheduled 1-24 weeks after treatment., Conclusions: The most common complications of facial thread lifting are, in the following order, skin dimpling, contour irregularity, visible threads, and thread extrusion. The reasons for complications are mainly unfamiliarity with facial anatomy, unskilled surgical operation, and misunderstanding of the facial aesthetics of Asian women., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. This study was supported by grants from the Key Medical Discipline Research Project of Beijing Shijingshan District and from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81671933)., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

The two key problems for the industrialization of Li-S batteries are the dendrite growth of lithium anode and the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Herein, we report the Janus separator prepared by coating anionic Bio-MOF-100 and its derived single-atom zinc catalyst on each side of the Celgard separator. The anionic metal-organic framework (MOF) coating induces the uniform and rapid deposition of lithium ions, while its derived single-atom zinc catalyzes the rapid transformation of LiPSs, thus inhibiting the lithium dendrite and shuttle effect simultaneously. Consequently, compared with other reported Li-S batteries assembled with single-atomic catalysts as separator coatings, our SAZ-AF Janus separator showed stable cyclic performance (0.05% capacity decay rate at 2 C with 1000 cycles), outstanding performance in protecting lithium anode (steady cycle 2800 h at 10 mAh cm -2 ), and equally excellent cycling performance in Li-SeS 2 or Li-Se batteries. Our work provides an effective separator coating design to inhibit shuttle effect and lithium dendrite.

In this study, we investigated the impact of Nardosinone, a bioactive component in Nardostachys root, on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. The neural stem cells were isolated from cerebrums of embryonic day 14 CD1 mice. The proliferation of cells was monitored using the cell counting kit-8 assay, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and cell cycle analysis. Cell migration and differentiation were investigated with the neurosphere assay and cell specific markers, respectively. The results showed that Nardosinone promotes cells proliferation and increases cells migration distance in a dose-dependent manner. Nardosinone also induces the selective differentiation of neural stem cells to neurons and oligodendrocytes, as indicated by the expression of microtubule-associated protein-2 and myelin basic protein, respectively. Nardosinone also increases the expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phospho-cAMP response element binding protein during proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, this study reveals the regulatory effects of Nardosinone on neural stem cells, which may have significant implications for the treatment of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases.

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of salvianolic acid B (SalB) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and to illustrate its possible mechanisms. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. The break-down of BBB was indicated by extravasations of immunoglobulin (IgG) monitored with immunohistochemistry. The expression of MMP-9 and NOS2 in the brain was determined by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 was detected by Western blotting. It was shown that on day 2 after ischemia-reperfusion the IgG accumulated around the vascular boundary zone, suggesting the break-down of BBB, and the expression of MMP-9 and NOS2 up-regulated at the same time. The result of Western blotting suggested that the expression of p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 increased. On day 7 after ischemia-reperfusion the. expression of MMP-9 and NOS2 was about the same level as day 2, the expression of p-p38 was higher than that on day 2 and the expression of p-ERK1/2 was slightly lower than that on day 2. SalB (1 and 10 mg x kg(-1)) significantly alleviated the extravasations of immunoglobulin induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (P < 0.05). On day 2 and day 7 SalB attenuated the expression of MMP-9 and NOS2 (P < 0.05). SalB (10 mg x kg(-1)) reduced the expression of p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 apparently on day 2 and 7 after ischemia-reperfusion (P < 0.05). SalB (1 mg x kg(-1)) inhibited the expression of p-p38 on day 7 after ischemia-reperfusion (P < 0.05). The results indicate that SalB protects blood-brain barrier in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by inhibiting the MAPK pathway.