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Dexamethasone (DEX) is known to induce diabetes and dyslipidemia. We have compared fasting triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations across 20 lipoprotein fractions and glucose tolerance in control (standard diet) and DEX-treated 7-month-old males of two rat strains, Brown Norway (BN) and congenic BN.SHR-(Il6-Cd36)/Cub (BN.SHR4). These two inbred strains differ in a defined segment of chromosome 4, originally transferred from the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) including the mutant Cd36 gene, a known target of DEX. Compared to BN, the standard-diet-fed BN.SHR4 showed higher cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations across many lipoprotein fractions, particularly in small VLDL and LDL particles. Total cholesterol was decreased by DEX by more than 21% in BN.SHR4 contrasting with the tendency to increase in BN (strain*DEX interaction p = 0.0017). Similar pattern was observed for triacylglycerol concentrations in LDL. The LDL particle size was significantly reduced by DEX in both strains. Also, while control BN and BN.SHR4 displayed comparable glycaemic profiles during oral glucose tolerance test, we observed a markedly blunted DEX induction of glucose intolerance in BN.SHR4 compared to BN. In summary, we report a pharmacogenetic interaction between limited genomic segment with mutated Cd36 gene and dexamethasone-induced glucose intolerance and triacylglycerol and cholesterol redistribution into lipoprotein fractions.

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) contribute to a range of germline, as well as somatic mutations in mammals. However, autonomous retrotransposition of potentially active elements has not been demonstrated in the rat genome. We cloned an insertion that disrupted the normal splicing of the Cntrob gene that was subsequently identified as a nonautonomous, novel endogenous retrovirus of the RnERV-K8e family. The RnERV-K8e family is closely related to the recently reported MmERV-K10c elements, but differs from the autonomous mouse MusD or IAP families. In addition, we identified a novel, unexpectedly close relative of RnERV-K8e in the mouse, suggesting ERV-K cross-species transmission between mice and rats. We cloned a potentially autonomous RnERV-K8e element identified by in silico analysis and, using an in vitro retrotransposition assay, demonstrated that it is capable of retrotransposition. This particular element (named Rat-rho, pronounced "retro") encodes a retroviral envelope gene (env); however, env is not required for de novo retrotransposition events. Significant levels of RnERV-K8e-associated genetic polymorphisms were detected among inbred rat strains, suggesting ongoing retrotransposition in the rat genome. This study identifies an ERV-K-type family in rats that shows obvious signs of recent activity. Ongoing retrotranspositional activity may significantly add to genomic variability among inbred rat strains.

Rat hypodactyly (hd) is an autosomal recessive mutation manifesting in homozygotes as reduction or loss of digits II and III. We mapped the hd allele to a short segment of chromosome 10, containing 16 genes. None of these genes has been shown to influence limb development yet. In situ hybridization showed no changes in several important patterning genes (Shh, Fgf8, Bmp2, 4, 7). However, we found that expression of cartilage condensation marker Sox9, and Bmp receptor Bmpr1b (acting as an upstream activator of Sox9 expression) is absent from the subepithelial mesenchyme of the digit condensations II and III. The failure of the chondrogenic condensations to extend towards the subepithelial mesenchyme may reduce the size of digit primordia and underlie the subsequent loss of phalanges and reduction of metacarpals/metatarsals in hd rats.

Aims: Therapeutic administration of retinoids is often accompanied with undesirable side effects, including an increase in lipid levels in up to 45% of treated patients. We tested the hypothesis of whether spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and congenic SHR.PD-(D8Rat42-D8Arb23)/Cub (SHR-Lx) strains, differing only in a 14-gene region of chromosome 8 and previously shown to display differential sensitivity to the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid, could serve as a pharmacogenetic model set of the metabolic side effects of retinoid therapy., Materials & Methods: Male, 15-week old rats (n = 12/strain) of SHR and SHR-Lx strains were fed a high-sucrose diet for 2 weeks and subsequently treated either with all-trans retinoic acid (15 mg/kg) or only with a vehicle for 16 days (n = 6/strain/treatment), while still on the high-sucrose diet. We assessed the morphometric and metabolic profiles of all groups, including glucose tolerance tests, levels of insulin, adiponectin, free fatty acids, concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol in 20 lipoprotein fractions under conditions of both high-sucrose diet and high-sucrose diet plus all-trans retinoic acid administration., Results & Conclusion: SHR-Lx displayed substantially greater sensitivity to a number of all-trans retinoic acid-induced metabolic dysregulations compared with SHR, resulting in impairment of glucose tolerance, increased visceral adiposity, and substantially greater increase of circulating triglyceride concentrations, accompanied by a shift towards their less favorable distribution into the lipoprotein fractions. These observations closely mimic the common side effects of retinoid therapy in humans, rendering SHR-Lx an experimental pharmacogenetic model of atRA-induced dyslipidemia.

The hypodactylous (hd) locus impairs limb development and spermatogenesis, leading to male infertility in rats. We show that the hd mutation is caused by an insertion of an endogenous retrovirus into intron 10 of the Cntrob gene. The retroviral insertion in hd mutant rats disrupts the normal splicing of Cntrob transcripts and results in the expression of a truncated protein. During the final phase of spermiogenesis, centrobin localizes to the manchette, centrosome, and the marginal ring of the spermatid acroplaxome, where it interacts with keratin 5-containing intermediate filaments. Mutant spermatids show a defective acroplaxome marginal ring and separation of the centrosome from its normal attachment site of the nucleus. This separation correlates with a disruption of head-tail coupling apparatus, leading to spermatid decapitation during the final step of spermiogenesis and the absence of sperm in the epididymis. Cntrob may represent a novel candidate gene for presently unexplained hereditary forms of teratozoospermia and the "easily decapitated sperm syndrome" in humans.

Lx mutation in SHR.Lx rat manifests in homozygotes as hindlimb preaxial polydactyly. It was previously mapped to a chromosome 8 segment containing the Plzf gene. Plzf (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein) influences limb development as a direct repressor of posterior HoxD genes. However, the Plzf coding sequence is intact in the Lx mutants. Using linkage mapping in F2 hybrids, we downsized the segment containing Lx to 155 kb and sequenced conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) inside. A 2,964-bp deletion in Plzf intron 2, never detected in control animals, is the only candidate for Lx. The deletion removes the most deeply conserved CNE in the 155-kb segment, suggesting a regulatory influence on Plzf expression. Correspondingly, using in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found a decrease of Plzf expression in Lx/Lx limb buds with concomitant anterior expansion of expression domains of its targets, Hoxd10-13 genes, in the absence of ectopic Sonic hedgehog expression. Upstream regulation of Plzf in limb buds is currently unknown. We present here the first candidate Plzf cis-regulatory sequence., ((c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Introduction: Thiazolidinediones are increasingly used drugs for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. The individual response to thiazolidinedione therapy, ranging from the variable degree of metabolic improvement to harmful side-effects, is empirical, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In order to assess the pharmacogenomic component of thiazolidinediones' metabolic action, we compared the effect of rosiglitazone in two genetically defined models of metabolic syndrome, polydactylous (PD) and BN.SHR4 inbred rat strains, with their insulin-sensitive, normolipidemic counterpart, the Brown Norway (BN) rat., Materials & Methods: 5-month-old male rats were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, and the experimental groups received rosiglitazone (0.4 mg/100 g body weight) during the last 2 weeks of high-fat diet feeding. We assessed metabolic and morphometric profiles, oxidative stress parameters and gene expression in white adipose tissue., Results: In many followed parameters, we observed genetic background-specific effects of rosiglitazone administration. The mass and the sensitivity of visceral adipose tissue to insulin-stimulated lipogenesis increased with rosiglitazone treatment only in PD, correlating with a PD-specific significant increase in expression of prostaglandin D2 synthase. The glucose tolerance was enhanced in all strains, although fasting plasma glucose was increased by rosiglitazone in BN and BN.SHR4. Among the markers of lipid peroxidation, we observed the rosiglitazone-driven increase of plasma-conjugated dienes only in BN.SHR4. The genes with genotype-specific expression change included ADAM metallopeptidase domain 7, aquaporin 9, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B, caveolin 1, catechol-O-methyl transferase, leptin and prostaglandin D2 synthase 2., Conclusion: Rosiglitazone's effects on lipid deposition and insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues are largely dependent on the genetic background it acts upon.

The importance of early environment, including maternal diet during pregnancy, is suspected to play a major role in pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and related conditions. One of the proposed mechanisms is a mismatch between the prenatal and postnatal environments, leading to misprogramming of the metabolic and signaling pathways of the developing fetus. We assessed whether the exposure to high-sucrose diet (HSD) alleviates the detrimental effects of sucrose feeding in later life (predictive adaptive hypothesis) in a highly inbred model of metabolic syndrome, the PD/Cub rat. Rat dams were continuously fed either standard or HSD (70% calories as sucrose) starting 1 wk before breeding, throughout pregnancy, at birth, and until weaning of the offspring. After weaning, all male offspring were fed HSD until the age of 20 wk, when detailed metabolic and morphometric profiles were ascertained. The early life exposure to a sucrose-rich diet resulted in distinct responses to longtime postnatal HSD feeding. Offspring of the sucrose-fed mothers displayed higher adiposity and substantial increases in triglyceride liver content together with unfavorable distribution of cholesterol into lipoprotein subfractions. On the other hand, their adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher, and insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle was enhanced compared with the offspring of standard diet-fed mothers. Triglycerides, free fatty acids, overall glucose tolerance, and the insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue were comparable in both groups. In the genetically identical animals, maternal HSD feeding elicited a variety of subtle effects but did not lead to predictive adaptive protection from most HSD-induced metabolic derangements.

We have developed a new, double-congenic rat strain BN-Lx.SHR2, which carries two distinct segments of chromosome 2 introgressed from the spontaneously hypertensive rat strain (SHR) into the genetic background of congenic strain BN-Lx, which was previously shown to express variety of metabolic syndrome features. In 16-wk-old male rats of BN-Lx and BN-Lx.SHR2 strains, we compared their glucose tolerance and triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations in 20 lipoprotein subfractions and the lipoprotein particle sizes under conditions of feeding standard and high-sucrose diets. Introgression of two distinct SHR-derived chromosome 2 segments resulted in decreased adiposity together with aggravation of glucose intolerance in the double-congenic strain. The BN-Lx.SHR2 rats were more sensitive to sucrose-induced rise in triacylglycerolemia. Although the total cholesterol concentrations of the two strains were comparable after the standard diet and even lower in BN-Lx.SHR2 after sucrose feeding, detailed analysis revealed that under both dietary conditions, the double-congenic strain had significantly higher cholesterol concentrations in low-density lipoprotein fractions and lower high-density lipoprotein fractions. We established a new inbred model showing dyslipidemia and mild glucose intolerance without obesity, attributable to specific genomic regions. For the first time, the chromosome 2 segments of SHR origin are shown to influence other than blood pressure-related features of metabolic syndrome or to be involved in relevant nutrigenomic interactions.

We have previously established a congenic strain SHR-Lx that carries a differential segment of rat chromosome 8 introgressed from a model of metabolic syndrome--the polydactylous rat strain--on the genomic background of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). We compared the glucose tolerance and lipid profile of adult SHR and SHR-Lx males under conditions of standard diet and diets enriched in sucrose and cholesterol, respectively. While there was no evident difference between the SHR and SHR-Lx on standard diet, the one-week sucrose administration revealed the congenic strain sensitivity to carbohydrate-induced dyslipidemia conferred by the differential segment with only mild derangement of glucose tolerance. On the other hand, the high-cholesterol diet administration for three-weeks resulted in a contrasting pattern as the congenic strain displayed significantly lower concentrations of free fatty acids and improved glucose tolerance compared to SHR. After one-month washout period, the SHR-Lx showed higher insulin, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations together with diminished insulin sensitivity of visceral adipose tissue. In summary, we have identified a genomic region syntenic to human chromosome 11q23, which determines complex nutrigenetic interactions under conditions of sucrose- and cholesterol-enriched diets.

The SHR and the PD/Cub are two established rodent models of human metabolic syndrome. Introgression of a ca 30 cM region of rat chromosome 8 from PD/Cub onto the genetic background of SHR was previously shown to influence several of the metabolic syndrome-related traits along with causing the PLS in the SHR-Lx congenic strain. In the process of identification of the causative alleles, we have produced several congenic sublines. The differential segment of SHR-Lx PD5 congenic substrain [SHR.PD(D8Rat42-D8Arb23)/Cub] spans approximately 1.4 Mb encompassing only 14 genes. When comparing the metabolic, morphometric and gene expression profiles of the SHR-Lx PD5 vs. SHR, the polydactyly and several distinct metabolic features observed in the original SHR-Lx congenic were still manifested, suggesting that the responsible genes were "trapped" within the relatively short differential segment of PD/Cub origin in SHR-Lx PD5. Particularly, the SHR-Lx PD5 displayed substantial reduction of insulin sensitivity confined to skeletal muscle. Among the candidate genes, the promyelocytic leukaemia zinc-finger Plzf (Zbtb16) transcription repressor is most likely responsible for the Lx mutation resulting in PLS and could also be involved in the alteration of metabolic pathways. The sequence analysis of the Plzf gene revealed a SNP leading to a threonine to serine substitution in SHR at aminoacid position 208 (T208S). In summary, we have isolated a 1.4 Mb genomic region syntenic to human chromosome 11q23, which, apart from causing polydactyly-luxate syndrome (PLS), affects total body weight, adiposity, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle and related gene expression as shown in the SHR-Lx PD5 congenic substrain.

Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules in adult, infertile hypodactylous males displays significant reduction in the number of germ-line cells. Detection of apoptosis in the germ-line cells during postnatal differentiation was performed to elucidate the mechanism of the decreased number of germ cells in the testes of adult rats. Evaluation of DNA fragmentation and expression of activated caspase-3 in germ cells did not confirm marked germ cell death during the onset of spermatogenesis as a main cause of significant reduction of germ cells in Hd/Hd testes of adult males. The primary cause of spermatogenesis defect seems to be rather associated with a disorder in the cell cycle regulation and interrelation of germ-line cells with Sertoli cells.

In the current review, we summarize results of genetic analyses of "metabolic syndrome" in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). These results include (1) linkage analyses in the HXB/BXH recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from SHR and Brown Norway (BN-Lx) strains which revealed quantitative trait loci (QTL) for hemodynamic and metabolic traits on several chromosomes, (2) genetic isolation of these putative QTL within differential chromosome segments of SHR.BN congenic strains, (3) detailed mapping of these QTL within limited chromosome segments of SHR.BN congenic sublines, (4) sequencing of selected positional candidate genes which revealed important mutations in the Cd36 and Srebp1 SHR genes, (5) functional tests of these candidate genes in SHR transgenic lines, and (6) integrated gene expression profiling and linkage mapping in RI strains which will be used to identify co-regulated genes and to determine co-segregation of transcriptional profiles with physiological and pathophysiological phenotypes.

Sex hormone-binding globulin or ABP/SHBG is an extracellular androgen and oestrogen carrier. In the rat, ABP/SHBG is secreted by Sertoli cells of the testis and is thought to regulate androgen bioavailability in the male reproductive tract. During ontogenesis, ABP/SHBG is expressed in many mesoderm-derived tissues, including interdigital mesenchyme of the developing autopodium. Shbg is thus a candidate for Hd, comprising autopodium (hand and foot) reduction and male sterility resulting from spermatogenesis impairment. Moreover, linkage mapping of Hd revealed that an intragenic marker for Shbg, D10Wox12, was non-recombinant with Hd. Sequencing of the entire coding sequence of Shbg failed to identify any variation in hypodactylous animals, distinct from two control strains. However, RT-PCR analysis revealed a significantly higher level of the Shbg transcript in hypodactylous rats compared to SHR controls. Whether Shbg expression is upregulated due to a cis-acting mutation in regulatory elements of the Shbg gene or it is a secondary result of spermatogenesis failure remains to be determined.

A new contiguous genetic linkage map of the HXB/BXH set of rat recombinant inbred (RI) strains was constructed to enhance QTL mapping power and precision, and thereby make the RI strain set a better genomics resource. The HXB/BXH rat RI strains were developed from a cross between the hypertensive SHR/OlaIpcv and normotensive BN- Lx/Cub rat strains and have been shown useful for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) for a variety of cardiovascular, metabolic, and behavioral phenotypes. In the current analysis, the DNAs from 31 existing strains, 1 substrain, and 4 extinct strains were genotyped for a selection of polymorphic microsatellite marker loci, predominantly polymorphic framework markers from high-density integrated rat genome maps. The resulting linkage map consists of 245 microsatellite markers spanning a total length of 1789 cM with an average inter-marker distance of ~8.0 cM. This map covers the rat genome contiguously and completely with the exception of two locations on Chromosomes (Chrs) 11 and 16. The new genotypic information obtained also permitted further genetic characterization of the RI strain set including strain independence, genetic similarity among the individual strains, and non-syntenic associations between loci.

The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique has been used to enhance marker density in a large set of recombinant inbred strains (H x B and B x H) derived from a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR/OlaIpcv) and a Brown-Norway (BN.lx/Cub) inbred strain. Thirteen different primer combinations were tested and a total of 191 polymorphic bands were detected. From these polymorphic bands 89 AFLP markers could be assigned to specific chromosomes. Several of these AFLP markers were mapped to regions with low marker density, thus filling up gaps in the existing genetic map of these recombinant inbred strains. These results substantiate the value of the AFLP technology in increasing marker density in genetic maps.

A new PXO set of RIS represents a fixed F2 population derived from polydactylous (P) congenic strain SHR.Lx and oligodactylous (O) RI strain BXH2. The PXO strains were derived as a complementary set to current RIS (HXB, BXH) of the laboratory rat. All PXO strains are homozygous in the Lx allele and express different morphological phenotypes of the polydactyly-luxate syndrome (PLS) due to variable combinations of Lx modifying genes of either SHR or BN origin. The SDP is being built up by genotyping polymorphic microsatellite markers and several gene polymorphisms. The markers were ordered according to data from public mapping resources such as the Rat Genome Database (rgd.mcw.edu) and current SDP of the other RI strain sets (HXB, BXH). The resulting map corresponding to the common SDP of HXB, BXH RIS sets consists of 448 markers, from which 261 were proven to be polymorphic in the PXO set. The SDP of PXO strains with polymorphic markers arranged in approximately 5 cM intervals is ready for the association analysis and interval mapping in interconnection with the SDP of HXB/BXH strains.

Total genome scans of genetically segregating populations derived from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and other rat models of essential hypertension suggested a presence of quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating blood pressure on multiple chromosomes, including chromosome 5. The objective of the current study was to test directly a hypothesis that chromosome 5 of the SHR carries a blood pressure regulatory QTL. A new congenic strain was derived by replacing a segment of chromosome 5 in the SHR/Ola between the D5Wox20 and D5Rat63 markers with the corresponding chromosome segment from the normotensive Brown Norway (BN/Crl) rat. Arterial pressures were directly monitored in conscious, unrestrained rats by radiotelemetry. The transfer of a segment of chromosome 5 from the BN strain onto the SHR genetic background was associated with a significant decrease of systolic blood pressure, that was accompanied by amelioration of renal hypertrophy. The heart rates were not significantly different in the SHR compared to SHR chromosome 5 congenic strain. The findings of the current study demonstrate that gene(s) with major effects on blood pressure and renal mass exist in the differential segment of chromosome 5 trapped within the new SHR.BN congenic strain.

The PD/Cub is a recently established model of the IRS. The BN.SHR4 congenic strain was derived by introgression of the chromosome 4 segment of SHR origin (including the defective Cd36/Fat allele) onto the BN/Cub genetic background. We investigated the linkage of metabolic and morphometric phenotypes (total body weight, OGTT, fasting serum levels of TG, FFA) on chromosome 4 in two separate F2 rat populations: the PD/Cub x BN/Cub and PD/Cub x BN.SHR4 (total N = 243). In the PD/Cub x BN.SHR4 F2s, we found significant linkage for fasting TG levels (LOD = 3.26) and suggestive linkage for fasting glycaemia (LOD = 2.80) in the interval Il-6 - D4Bro1, i.e. the part of chromosome 4 of SHR origin in the BN.SHR4 congenic. However, no linkage for fasting TG concentrations, fasting glycaemia or any other followed parameter was found in the second, PD/Cub x BN/Cub F2. The differential linkage of TG and glucose levels to the centromeric part of rat chromosome 4q in the studied F2s points to the importance of this region for the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism at the specific age (10 months) and diet (standard chow) combination. The Cd36/Fat and Il-6 genes are the preliminary positional candidates for the observed effect.

Objective: To determine to what extent urinary excretion of blood pressure-modulating electrolytes is genetically determined, and to identify their chromosomal localization., Design and Methods: Twenty-six rat recombinant inbred strains (RIS) originating from reciprocal crosses of normotensive Brown Norway (BN.Lx) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used. A pilot experiment on a subset of strains determined that fasting decreases the impact of environmental noise and increases that of heritability. Twenty-four-hour urinary collections were obtained from fasting rats aged 6-12 weeks (3-8 rats per strain). Sodium (Na), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) excretions were measured, and the Na/K ratio calculated. These phenotypes served as quantitative traits for the search of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by scanning the RIS genome that was mapped with 475 polymorphic markers., Results: Constant Na intake resulted in a low heritability for Na excretion, reflecting the environmental impact (intake = excretion), whereas fasting revealed a gradient among RIS indicative of the genetic component of the traits. In the fasting state, a locus on chromosome 14 was found to be significantly associated with K excretion (Alb, P = 0.00002, r = -0.69, logarithm of the odds score (LOD) 3.9), whereas another locus on chromosome 10 (D10Cebrp97s5, P = 0.0003, r = -0.69, LOD 3.0) and one on chromosome 6 (D6Cebrp97s14, P = 0.0007, r = -0.65, LOD 1.9) were more significantly associated with Na excretion and the Na/K ratio respectively. The observed correlations were all negative for Na, K and Na/K, indicating a higher excretion of Na and K and a greater Na/K ratio in rats bearing BN.Lx alleles at these loci, i.e. salt retention in fasting SHR. These three loci accounted for 47-55% of variance of their associated trait, suggesting that they are the main genetic determinants for these phenotypes in basal fasting conditions. Rats bearing the Y chromosome of SHR origin had significantly higher K excretion that, in turn, led to a significantly lower Na/K ratio. Finally, a locus on chromosome 7 was linked to Ca excretion, explaining 46% of the trait variance (D7Mit10, LOD score 3.0)., Conclusion: RIS enabled us to determine QTLs for environmentally modulated traits such as Na, K and Ca excretions. We demonstrated that whereas urinary electrolytes are determined mainly by intake (environment) in a steady state, their excretion in an adaptive state (fasting) is predominantly genetically determined by distinct QTL on autosomes as well as the Y chromosome. Furthermore, the loci responsible for Na and K excretions act independently of the locus governing the relative excretion of Na/K. Thus, the salt-retaining aspects of some hypertensives may be, in large part, determined by genes responsible for renal excretion, the impact of which is predominant over the environment under acute challenge.

Studies on genetic determination of the insulin resistance syndrome in rat models revealed several susceptibility loci for features of this complex phenotype, i.e. dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and obesity. We analysed the influence of introgression of the RNO4, RNO20 segments of SHR origin and RNO8 segment of PD/Cub origin (all previously shown to be involved in (dys)regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) onto the genetic background of a common progenitor, the Brown Norway (BN/Cub) rat. The differential segments were genetically characterized in the BN.PD-D8Rat39/D8Rat35 (BN-Lx, RNO8 congenic), BN.SHR-Il6/Cd36 (BN.SHR4, RNO4 congenic) and BN.PD-D8Rat39/D8Rat3, SHR-D4Mgh2/Cd36,SHR-D20Wox3/D20Mgh5 (BN-Lx 1K, RNO4, 8, 20 triple congenic) strains and their metabolic profiling was performed. After one week of high-sucrose diet, all congenic strains showed substantially higher levels of serum triglycerides and free fatty acids as well as impaired glucose tolerance in comparison with the BN/Cub progenitor strain. The BN-Lx 1K triple congenic strain displayed the most profound dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and highest increase of triglyceridemia in response to high-sucrose diet overall, though accompanied with the significantly lowest adiposity index. These results further support the role of genes present within the studied chromosomal regions in observed metabolic disturbances. Furthermore, these findings point to the studied loci within the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions involved in pathogenesis of the insulin resistance syndrome. The set of defined congenic strains provides a possibility of assessing individual features of such a complex phenotype.

RSG is a member of the TZD group of drugs widely used in treatment of type 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanism of TZD action in insulin-sensitive tissues is not fully understood. In this study we show that 14-day RSG administration in a new rodent model of metabolic syndrome X, polydactylous rat strain (PD/Cub), substantially improves its lipid profile (serum TGs 4.20 +/- 0.23 vs 2.34 +/- 0.14 mmol/l, P < 0.0001; FFA 0.46 +/- 0.05 vs 0.33 +/- 0.02 mmol/l, P = 0.017), diminishes the liver TG depots (15.76 +/- 0.60 vs 8.44 +/- 0.55 micromol/g, P < 0.0001), serum insulin concentrations (1.10 +/- 0.08 vs 0.63 +/- 0.02 nmol/l, P < 0.0001) and promotes visceral adiposity (adiposity index 1.28 +/- 0.03 vs 1.85 +/- 0.07, P < 0.0001). No changes were observed in serum or liver concentrations of cholesterol. Concomitantly, both basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in red-fibre type muscle (m. soleus) was enhanced, as well as glucose uptake into adipose tissue. However, glucose oxidation in soleus (basal and insulin-stimulated) remained unchanged. In consent with previously published data we suggest the current pharmacogenetic study as a further proof of substantial influence of genetic background on the physiological outcome of TZD therapy.

Stress is a critical contributor to cardiovascular diseases through its impact on blood pressure variability and cardiac function. Familial clustering of reactivity to stress has been demonstrated in human subjects, and some rodent models of hypertension are hyperresponsive to stress. Therefore, the present study was designed to uncover the genetic determinants of the stress response. We performed a total genome linkage search to identify the loci of the body temperature response to immobilization stress in a set of recombinant inbred strains (RIS) originating from reciprocal crosses of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with a normotensive Brown Norway Lx strain. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were revealed on chromosomes (Chrs) 10 and 12 (logarithm of odds scores, 2.2 and 1. 3, respectively). The effects of these QTLs were enhanced by a high sodium diet (logarithm of odds scores, 4.0 and 3.3 for Chrs 10 and 12, respectively), which is suggestive of a salt-sensitive component for the phenotype. Congenics for Chr 10 confirmed both the QTL and the salt effect in RIS. Negatively associated loci were also identified on Chrs 8 and 11. Interaction between the loci of Chrs 10 and 12 was demonstrated, with the rat strains bearing SHR alleles at both loci having the highest thermal response to stress. Furthermore, the Y Chr of SHR origin enhanced the response to immobilization stress, as demonstrated in 2 independent models, RIS and Y Chr consomics. However, its full effect requires autosomes of the SHR strain. These findings provide the first evidence for the genetic determination of reactivity to stress with interactions between autosomal loci and between the Y and autosomal Chrs that contribute to the explanation of the 46% of variance in the stress response.

The SHR is the most widely studied animal model of hypertension. In this strain, as in many humans with essential hypertension, increased blood pressure has been reported to cluster with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. However, the genetic mechanisms that mediate this clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease or the hypertension "metabolic syndrome" remain poorly understood. In the current studies, we have demonstrated (1) that a gene or genes responsible for a whole spectrum of cardiovascular risk factors mapped to a limited segment of the centromeric region of rat chromosome 4, (2) that a spontaneous deletion in the gene for Cd36 that encodes a fatty acid transporter and is located directly at the peak of QTL linkages on chromosome 4 has been indirectly linked to the transmission of insulin resistance, defective fatty acid metabolism, and increased blood pressure, and (3) based on complementation analysis in two transgenic lines expressing wild-type Cd36 on the genetic background of the SHR strain harboring the deletion variant of Cd36, we have established that defective Cd36 can be a determinant of disordered fatty acid metabolism, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in spontaneous hypertension.

Genome scan and metabolic profile of the PD/Cub rat inbred strain in comparison with SHR and BN strains is presented. The PD/Cub strain has been bred by brother sister mating for more than 60 generations since 1969. Its highly inbred status has been confirmed by PCR genotyping with more than 170 microsatellite markers. No case of residual heterozygosity has been recorded. Accordingly, the values obtained by the analysis of metabolic phenotypes are homogeneous with low variance. The PD/Cub strain has significantly higher triglyceride levels and epididymal fat weight as compared to both SHR and BN strains. The PD strain also displays the lowest incorporation of 14C-U glucose into the epididymal adipose tissue. The data on glucose metabolism clearly indicate that the PD/Cub strain is insulin resistant. Genetic homogeneity and reproducibility of experimental results qualify the PD/Cub rats as an animal model for analysis of the syndrome X.

Autosomal recessive rat hypodactylous mutation Hd leads in homozygous condition to reductive changes of the digital arch of all feet. There is a variable preaxial reduction of the number of fingers in both sexes. Moreover, homozygous males are sterile. Testes of homozygous Hd/Hd and +/Hd adult rats were examined in the light and electron microscopes. Spatial organization of stages of the spermatogenetic cycle was not confirmed in Hd/Hd testes comparing with +/Hd males. Significant decrease in the number of germ cells in seminiferous tubules of Hd/Hd testes was accompanied with loosening and vacuolization of the seminiferous epithelium. The assignment of the Hd locus to RNO10 excluded the suspected homology between rat and mouse Hd mutations. More precise mapping using microsatellite markers revealed close linkage of the Hd locus with the D1OMit8 marker defining Syb2 gene coding for synaptobrevin 2. A chromosomal segment of RNO10 carrying Hd and Syb genes is being incrossed onto BN and SHR inbred strains in order to examine the modifying influences of different genetic backgrounds.

The HXB/Ipcv and BXH/Cub sets of recombinant inbred (RI) strains were derived from the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/OlaIpcv) and normotensive Brown Norway (BN-Lx/Cub) rats. The RI strains were produced as a model system for genetic and correlation analysis of spontaneous hypertension and other risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The RI strains were phenotyped in multiple hemodynamic and metabolic traits. In the current study, we describe strain distribution patterns of 632 genetic markers.

We have shown previously that administration of endotoxin induces a smaller decrease of body temperature in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive Brown Norway (BN) rats. Several studies have suggested that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is one of the mediators of the body-temperature response to endotoxin. To test whether the TNFalpha gene could be involved in determination of the observed difference in the body-temperature response to endotoxin, we studied SHR (n = 6) and a congenic strain, SHR.1N (n = 5), which differs from SHR by a segment of chromosome 20 originating from BN and containing the TNFalpha gene. Body temperature was recorded continuously by means of radiotelemetry. We showed that, in both strains, an intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (500 microg/kg of body weight) induces a rapid hyperthermic phase (20-40 minutes post-injection), which is followed, first, by a hypothermic phase (100-120 minutes post-injection) and, then, by a late hyperthermic phase (seven hours). Although both strains demonstrated a similar trend in the response, a significant difference was observed between the two response curves (P = 0.0001). Further analysis at each time point revealed that the two strains differed significantly at a peak of the hypothermic phase (P = 0.035) and the late hyperthermic phase (P = 0.035). In conclusion, these data indicate that the differential chromosomal segment of SHR.1N contains a gene(s) causally related to the body-temperature response to endotoxin. In the light of previously published data, the TNFalpha gene appears to be the most likely candidate gene within the segment.

The frequent coincidence of hypertension and dyslipidemia suggests that related genetic factors might underlie these common risk factors for cardiovascular disease. To investigate whether quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating lipid levels map to chromosomes known to contain genes regulating blood pressure, we used a genome scanning approach to map QTLs influencing cholesterol and phospholipid phenotypes in a large set of recombinant inbred strains and in congenic strains derived from the spontaneously hypertensive rat and normotensive Brown-Norway (BN.Lx) rat fed normal and high cholesterol diets. QTLs regulating lipid phenotypes were mapped by scanning the genome with 534 genetic markers. A significant relationship (P < 0.00006) was found between basal HDL2 cholesterol levels and the D19Mit2 marker on chromosome 19. Analysis of congenic strains of spontaneously hypertensive rat indicated that QTLs regulating postdietary lipid phenotypes exist also on chromosomes 8 and 20. Previous studies in the recombinant inbred and congenic strains have demonstrated the presence of blood pressure regulatory genes in corresponding segments of chromosomes 8, 19, and 20. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that blood pressure and certain lipid subfractions can be modulated by linked genes or perhaps even the same genes.

Recombinant inbred (RI) and congenic strains carrying the polydactyly-luxate syndrome (PLS) provide an experimental model for the analysis of polygenic control of limb development. PLS is determined by a major gene Lx whose phenotypic expression is strongly influenced by the genetic background upon which it operates. The morphometric analysis of the skeleton of front and hind legs has been carried out. The morphotypes of PLS in RI strains exhibit a continuous variability and transgressive variation compared to BN.Lx and SHR.Lx morphotypes, which strongly indicates the polygenic effects on PLS manifestation. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were searched for through correlation of genetic markers and morphometric traits. The association analysis revealed statistically significant correlations (P < 0.0003) of morphometric traits with two markers on chromosome 4 (Il6 and A2m) associated with the number of front feet and hind feet phalanges, respectively, one marker on chromosome 7 (D7Mit17) associated with the tibia length, and the somatostatin gene on chromosome 11 associated with the number of front feet phalanges. In addition, suggestive associations of morphometric traits with markers on further nine chromosomes have been found (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.5 to 0.6). The verification of all these findings is in progress by means of double congenic strains which, in addition to the Lx gene, carry differential chromosome segments with putative modifiers.

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is the most widely used animal model of human essential hypertension. In the SHR strain, as in humans, the high blood pressure is determined multifactorially. Analysis of genetically segregating populations, derived from SHR and normotensive inbred strains, enabled localization of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for blood pressure regulation on several rat chromosomes. Analysis of specialized strains, congenic and recombinant inbred (RI) strains, helped to analyze some of these mapping results in detail: (1) analysis of congenic strains provided definitive evidence for the presence of blood pressure regulatory genes on chromosomes 8 and 13 and will enable mapping of responsible genes to limited segments of differential chromosomes, (2) the RI strains were shown to be especially useful for genome scanning studies of complex traits and for correlation analysis of blood pressure and other risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as cardiac hypertrophy, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.

Congenic strains with the polydactyly-luxate syndrome (PLS), the BN.lx and Lew.lx, were originally derived to study the expression and mode of inheritance of the lx mutant gene on rat chromosome 8. The BN.lx PLS congenic strain together with the spontaneously hypertensive SHR strain served as progenitors for the production of the HXB/BXH recombinant inbred (RI) strains. One of the RI strains, the BXH11, carrying PLS was used for the transfer of PLS determining lx allele onto the SHR strain genetic background. Using PCR analysis, differential segments of chromosome 8 of BN.lx and SHR.lx congenic strains were described and shown to carry also genes associated with blood pressure and plasma triglyceride regulation. Possible experimental exploitation of chromosome 8 congenic strains in these respects is thus discussed.

The cytostatic potency of PMEA was evaluated on five rat and mouse experimental tumors. The compound significantly inhibits three spontaneously arisen (LW13K2, A870N and LLC) tumors. Two chemically induced tumors (FBN, HEP-LEW) were not influenced by PMEA.

Populations of LW13K2 sarcoma derivatives were compared for their malignancy, patterns of cell behaviour in vitro (dynamic morphology and migration) and karyological pattern. The following tumour cell populations were used: the original LW13K2 sarcoma from inbred LEW/CUB rats, RPS sarcoma derived from it by neoplastic progression, four cell populations isolated in vitro from metastases of a syngeneic LEW-CUB strain rat with RPS tumour and four neoplastic cell populations isolated from spontaneous metastases shed by RPS sarcoma in allogeneic rats, differing from LEW/CUB in weak alloantigenic loci. Although RPS tumour did not grow progressively in MHC-different recipients (while the original LW13K2 tumour did), it grew progressively and metastasized in all groups of non-MHC allogeneic recipients. Parallel with the metastatic potential patterns of in vitro behaviour, such as an increased incidence of the quasi-stellate morphotype at slightly acid culture conditions endowed with enhanced changeability of the cell shape and migrational activity, were found. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated rather stable chromosomal patterns over the cascade of neoplastic progression from LW13K2 sarcoma over RPS sarcoma to freshly isolated metastases. This indicated that the apparent neoplastic progression observed in the cell populations derived from LW13K2 sarcoma is with high probability not due to the selection at the chromosomal level.

LEW rat lymphatic leukemia/lymphoma was antigenically phenotyped by means of W3/13, OX7, P4/16 and F 17-23-2 MoAbs. T-cell lineage related markers were proven to be expressed by leukemia cells. AAS prepared in congenic rat strains have shown the following pattern: alpha RT1 (MHC) AAS directed against RT1 antigenic specificities both "public" and "private" gave positive reactions with 100% of leukemia cells, all cross-reacting AAS directed against "public" specificities only, reacted positively too with 17-100% of leukemia cells and no alien specificities have been detected when LEW antisera were tested. The expression of RT5 differentiation antigen was proved on leukemia cells by means of alpha RT5 congenic AAS. T-cell differentiation antigen RT6 was also detected by means of alpha RT6 AAS with closely similar specificity as MoAb P4/16 which also positively reacted with KPH-Lw-I cells. Leukemia T-cell origin is also supported by the absence of class II antigens (F 17-23-2 MoAb) and SIg receptors. A presence of leukemia/lymphoma associated antigen was indicated by AAS absorption analysis.

Effects of three different fibrosarcomas on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system were studied in males of the Lewis inbred strain of rats. No association between graded potentiality of these tumors to grow across histocompatibility barriers and their suppressive effects upon the microsomal drug-metabolizing system was found.