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Biologic immunomodulatory medications have rapidly expanded in the previous decades, providing new treatment options for individuals with a spectrum of oncologic, allergic, rheumatologic, and neurologic conditions. Biologic therapies alter immune function and can impair key host defense mechanisms, resulting in secondary immunodeficiency and increased infectious risks. Biologic medications can increase general risk for upper respiratory tract infections but can also be associated with unique infectious risks owing to distinct mechanisms of action. With the widespread use of these medications, providers in every area of medicine will likely care for individuals receiving biologic therapies and understanding their potential infectious complications can help mitigate these risks. This practical review discusses the infectious implications of biologics by class of medication and provides recommendations regarding the examination and screening both before therapy initiation and while the patient is receiving the medication. With this knowledge and background, providers can reduce risk whereas patients receive the treatment benefits of these biologic medications., (Copyright © 2023 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: None disclosed.

Objective: To describe a patient with hypotension secondary to autonomic dysfunction who was successfully treated with oral vasopressors., Case Summary: A 76-year-old African-American man with a history of cerebrovascular accident with right hemiparesis 30 years prior to admission was admitted from another hospital four days after a new posterior inferior cerebellar artery occlusion and poor distal flow as manifested by weakness and hypotension. This was treated with intravenous fluids and dopamine. The dopamine was weaned and changed to phenylephrine to maintain systolic blood pressure >80 mm Hg. Fludrocortisone 0.3 mg orally once daily was initiated; pressure support garments were used for the management of orthostatic hypotension. Ephedrine 25 mg po tid was added and titrated up to 50 mg p.o. tid. Yohimbine 5.4 mg po every eight hours was added due to continued dependence on phenylephrine to maintain adequate blood pressure. Yohimbine was titrated up to 10.8 mg p.o. tid in an unsuccessful effort to wean the patient from phenylephrine. Fludrocortisone was decreased to 0.1 mg po tid and the phenylephrine was tapered off. The patient developed a pan-sensitive Escherichia coli urinary tract infection that was treated with oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Over the subsequent days, an 80% left subclavian stenosis was detected; yohimbine and pressure support garments were discontinued. Subsequently, oral ephedrine was tapered off over two days, and fludrocortisone was tapered to 0.1 mg p.o. bid. The patient was transferred in a stable normotensive condition to an inpatient rehabilitation unit. The fludrocortisone was later discontinued with no further hypotension or orthostatic symptoms., Discussion: In this case, orthostatic hypotension associated with autonomic dysfunction was successfully managed with a combination of intravenous vasopressors and hydration, pressure support garments, oral mineralocorticoids, and oral vasopressors. Oral vasopressors and mineralocorticoids are effective treatment options in the management of the vasopressor-dependent patient. In our patient the adverse effects were tolerable. After continued therapy, the oral vasopressors were withdrawn without a return of orthostatic symptoms., Conclusions: Orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic dysfunction may be successfully managed with combination oral therapy after initial treatment with intravenous vasopressors as evidenced by the absence of orthostasis.