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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, and skin barrier defects are often observed in patients with AD. So far, few association studies between FLG loss-of-function mutations and onset of AD in longitudinal studies of early childhood have been reported. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of FLG loss-of-function mutations on the development of AD in a longitudinal birth cohort study. The status of AD diagnosis at each age until 6 years was collected from the Tokyo Children's Health, Illness, and Development (T-CHILD) study. We analyzed eight loss-of-function mutations in FLG in 712 participants. FLG loss-of-function mutations were significantly associated with AD onset in infancy (≤2 years) (P < 0.001, OR 3.54, 95% CI 1.88-6.65), but not with AD onset in childhood (≥3 years) (P = 0.981, OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.29-3.36), and none of the children in the present cohort who developed AD at 5 years of age or later carried FLG loss-of-function mutations. Our data support the notion that the effect of FLG loss-of-function mutations is prominent during a very early stage of life.

Elastofibroma is a rare, benign, fibrous tumor formed by the proliferation of characteristic elastic fibers that commonly occurs between the lower margin of the scapula and the ribcage. We undertook a histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of an elastofibroma dorsi beneath the right scapula of a 77-year-old woman. Tumor cells comprised collagen fiber bundles, numerous elastic fibers, and spindle cells resembling fibroblasts. The elastic and collagen fibers in the tumor were stained positively with Elastic van Gieson and Masson trichrome staining, respectively. Immunostaining showed that the fibroblasts were strongly positive for CD34, positive for vimentin, and weakly positive for α-smooth muscle actin. Ultrastructural observations revealed elastin and microfibrils between numerous irregularly arranged collagen fiber bundles. Signs suggestive of elastin deposition were also evident in the tangled collagen fibers themselves. The fibroblasts contained a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and were surrounded on the outside of cells by microfibrils and collagen fibers. Although fibroblasts may produce large quantities of elastin, microfibrils, and collagen, our findings suggested that the deposition of elastin on collagen fibers may be involved in the formation of abnormal elastic fibers.

We propose a design for an optical resonator suited to using large-bore active media. The resonator consists of a pair of waxicons, so we call it a "wwaxicon optical resonator." The resonator is considered a conventional (solid) resonator surrounded by coaxial annular resonators. A numerical simulation of the resonator designed for use in a commercial CO2 laser is performed. It is found that parasitic oscillation modes can be suppressed by the use of an spatial-frequency filter. The resonator exhibits oscillation in the TEM*01 transverse mode and produces twice as much output power as a sevenfold multipass stable optical resonator.