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This article provides datasets containing three years worth of solar spectra for the optimum installation angle of 35° and the building-integrated-photovoltaics relevant vertical angle of 90°. These datasets were obtained by measuring the spectrally resolved solar spectra using a five minute interval, where two sets of spectrometers, which measure different ranges of the solar spectrum, were employed. In addition, a merged dataset of these two spectral measurements, related to every specific five minute interval measurement, is provided. An analysis and interpretation of the data using only year the 2020 is provided in "Measurement and analysis of annual solar spectra at different installation angles in central Europe" [1]., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

The sub-bandgap levels associated with defect states in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin films are investigated by correlating the temperature dependence of the absorber photoluminescence (PL) with the device admittance spectroscopy. CZTS thin films are prepared by thermolysis of molecular precursors incorporating chloride salts of the cations and thiourea. Na and Sb are introduced as dopants in the precursor layers to assess their impact on Cu/Zn and Sn site disorder, respectively. Systematic analysis of PL spectra as a function of excitation power and temperature show that radiative recombination is dominated by quasi-donor-acceptor pairs (QDAP) with a maximum between 1.03 and 1.18 eV. It is noteworthy that Sb doping leads to a transition from localized to delocalized QDAP. The activation energies obtained associated with QDAP emission closely correlate with the activation energies of the admittance responses in a temperature range between 150 K and room temperature in films with or without added dopants. Admittance data of CZTS films with no added dopants also have a strong contribution from a deeper state associated with Sn disorder. The ensemble of PL and admittance data, in addition to energy-filtered photoemission of electron microscopy (EF-PEEM), shows a detailed picture of the distribution of sub-bandgap states in CZTS and the impact of doping on their energetics and device performance., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

In May 2016, the remote-controlled Automated Filtration System for Marine Microbes (AUTOFIM) was implemented in parallel to the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) observatory Helgoland Roads in the German Bight. We collected samples for characterization of dynamics within the eukaryotic microbial communities at the end of a phytoplankton bloom via 18S meta-barcoding. Understanding consequences of environmental change for key marine ecosystem processes, such as phytoplankton bloom dynamics requires information on biodiversity and species occurrences with adequate temporal and taxonomic resolution via time series observations. Sampling automation and molecular high throughput methods can serve these needs by improving the resolution of current conventional marine time series observations. A technical evaluation based on an investigation of eukaryotic microbes using the partial 18S rRNA gene suggests that automated filtration with the AUTOFIM device and preservation of the plankton samples leads to highly similar 18S community profiles, compared to manual filtration and snap freezing. The molecular data were correlated with conventional microscopic counts. Overall, we observed substantial change in the eukaryotic microbial community structure during the observation period. A simultaneous decline of diatom and ciliate sequences succeeded a peak of Miracula helgolandica, suggesting a potential impact of these oomycete parasites on diatom bloom dynamics and phenology in the North Sea. As oomycetes are not routinely counted at Helgoland Roads LTER, our findings illustrate the benefits of combining automated filtration with metabarcodingto augment classical time series observations, particularly for taxa currently neglected due to methodological constraints., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The crystallisation of sputter-deposited, amorphous In₂O₃:H films was investigated. The influence of deposition and crystallisation parameters onto crystallinity and electron hall mobility was explored. Significant precipitation of metallic indium was discovered in the crystallised films by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Melting of metallic indium at ~160 °C was suggested to promote primary crystallisation of the amorphous In₂O₃:H films. The presence of hydroxyl was ascribed to be responsible for the recrystallization and grain growth accompanying the inter-grain In-O-In bounding. Metallic indium was suggested to provide an excess of free electrons in as-deposited In₂O₃ and In₂O₃:H films. According to the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, the work function of In₂O₃:H increased during crystallisation from 4 eV to 4.4 eV, which corresponds to the oxidation process. Furthermore, transparency simultaneously increased in the infraredspectral region. Water was queried to oxidise metallic indium in UHV at higher temperature as compared to oxygen in ambient air. Secondary ion mass-spectroscopy results revealed that the former process takes place mostly within the top ~50 nm. The optical band gap of In₂O₃:H increased by about 0.2 eV during annealing, indicating a doping effect. This was considered as a likely intra-grain phenomenon caused by both (In⁰) O •• and (OH - ) O • point defects. The inconsistencies in understanding of In₂O₃:H crystallisation, which existed in the literature so far, were considered and explained by the multiplicity and disequilibrium of the processes running simultaneously.

Objective: Given persistent challenges achieving optimal diabetes outcomes in adolescence, new interventions to support disease self-management and emotional well-being are needed. Approaches that emphasize adolescents' positive behaviors and attitudes ("strengths") are designed to incorporate positive provider communications into clinical encounters to encourage youths' engagement in adherence behaviors and enhance well-being., Methods: This pilot study tested the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a brief, strengths-based behavioral intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Adolescents (age 12-17 years) and parents were recruited, consented, and completed baseline and postintervention questionnaires. There was no randomization to a control group, and all participants received the pilot intervention. At the start of two clinic visits, diabetes care providers followed a semi-structured script to reinforce adolescents' diabetes-related strengths and adherence behaviors., Results: Of 116 eligible families, 84 consented and 64 completed baseline (M age = 15.0 ± 1.8 years, 56% female, 69% White, M HbA1c = 8.6 ± 1.6%). Providers reported the intervention usually (95%) took <10 min to deliver. Participants and providers enjoyed the intervention and would like to see it as part of routine clinical care. Pre-post data indicated significant improvements in youth-rated diabetes strengths, adherence, burden, and relationship with provider, parent-reported diabetes burden, and provider-rated relationship with family (p < .05). Objectively measured adherence and glycemic control did not change., Conclusions: This brief strengths-based, clinic-integrated intervention was feasible to conduct and stakeholders were satisfied. This intervention holds promise to have a positive impact on adolescents' diabetes adherence, well-being, and provider relationships. Lessons were learned to improve implementation and participant experience for a larger study.

A single molecular precursor solution is described for the deposition of CuIn(S,Se) 2 (CIS) film onto Mo-coated glass substrates by spin coating, followed by annealing in Se atmosphere. Characterization of the films by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrates the formation of a highly homogeneous and compact 1.1 μm thick CIS layer, with a MoSe 2 under-layer. Atomic force microscopy reveals the presence of spherical grains between 400 and 450 nm, featuring surface corrugation in the range of 30 nm. Film composition is found to be in close agreement with that of the precursor solution. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows a direct band gap (E g ) of 1.36 eV. Intensity and temperature dependence photoluminescence spectra show characteristic features associated with a donor-acceptor pair recombination mechanism, featuring activation energy of 34 meV. Over 85 solar cell devices with the configuration Mo/CIS/CdS/i-ZnO/Al:ZnO/Ni-Al and an total area of 0.5 cm 2 were fabricated and tested. The champion cell shows a power efficiency of 3.4% with an open circuit voltage of 521 mV and short circuit current of 14 mA/cm 2 under AM 1.5 illumination and an external quantum efficiency above 60%. Overall variation in each of solar cell parameters remains below 10% of the average value, demonstrating the remarkable homogeneity of this solution processing method. To understand the limitation of devices, the dependence of the open-circuit voltage and impedance spectra upon temperature were analyzed. The data reveal that the CuIn(S,Se) 2 /CdS interface is the main recombination pathway with an activation energy of 0.79 eV as well as the presence of two "bulk" defect states with activation energies of 37 and 122 meV. We also estimated that the MoSe 2 under-layer generates back contact barrier of 195 meV.

Semiconducting indium sulfide (In2S3) has recently attracted considerable attention as a buffer material in the field of thin film photovoltaics. Compared with this growing interest, however, detailed characterizations of the crystal structure of this material are rather scarce and controversial. In order to close this gap, we have carried out a reinvestigation of the crystal structure of this material with an in situ X-ray diffraction study as a function of temperature using monochromatic synchrotron radiation. For the purpose of this study, high quality polycrystalline In2S3 material with nominally stoichiometric composition was synthesized at high temperatures. We found three modifications of In2S3 in the temperature range between 300 and 1300 K, with structural phase transitions at temperatures of 717 K and above 1049 K. By Rietveld refinement we extracted the crystal structure data and the temperature coefficients of the lattice constants for all three phases, including a high-temperature trigonal γ-In2S3 modification.

Plasmonic scattering from metal nanostructures presents a promising concept for improving the conversion efficiency of solar cells. The determination of optimal nanostructures and their position within the solar cell is crucial to boost the efficiency. Therefore we established a one-dimensional optical model combining plasmonic scattering and thin-film optics to simulate optical properties of thin-film solar cells including metal nanoparticles. Scattering models based on dipole oscillations and Mie theory are presented and their integration in thin-film semi-coherent optical descriptions is explained. A plasmonic layer is introduced in the thin-film structure to simulate scattering properties as well as parasitic absorption in the metal nanoparticles. A proof of modeling concept is given for the case of metal-island grown silver nanoparticles on glass and ZnO:Al/glass substrates. Using simulations a promising application of the nanoparticle integration is shown for the case of CuGaSe(2) solar cells.

This article explores the meaning of diagnostic tests for people with chronic back pain. Lower back pain is one of the most common health problems in the US. Five to ten percent of the patients who visit a primary care provider for back pain ultimately develop a chronic condition. We draw on interviews with chronic back pain patients in Atlanta, Dallas and Seattle to argue that testing constitutes an important element in the legitimation of pain for these patients. We discuss three aspects that make testing an area of concern for patients: a strong historical connection between visual images and the medicalization of the interior of the body, a set of cultural assumptions that make seeing into the body central to confirming and normalizing patients' symptoms, and the concreteness of diagnostic images themselves. Our interviews show that when physicians cannot locate the problem or express doubt about the possibility of a solution, patients feel that their pain is disconfirmed. Faced with the disjunction between the cultural model of the visible body and the private experience of pain, patients are alienated not only from individual physicians but from an important aspect of the symbolic world of medicine. This paper concludes by suggesting that a fluid, less localized understanding of pain could provide a greater sense of legitimacy for back pain patients.

Objectives: To assess the reliability of the Monolert test, a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of acute infectious mononucleosis (IM)., Design: A retrospective laboratory and clinical analysis of 38 children diagnosed with acute IM., Setting: A suburban pediatric practice in Connecticut., Patients: Thirty-eight children (ages 18 months to 17 years) who were diagnosed with acute IM using the Monolert test during the period October 1992 to August 1993., Results: Eighty-three percent of these children had no evidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection on subsequent investigation. The false positive results of the Monolert test could not be explained on the basis of elevated antibody titers to either cytomegalovirus or Borrelia burgdorferi., Conclusion: Monolert is a poor screening test and is of little apparent value as a diagnostic test for acute Epstein-Barr virus infection in pediatric patients.