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The article is devoted to scientific biography of the prominent neuroanatomist, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor L. A. Shangina, representative of the scientific school of Tonkov-Bushmakin. Her input into becoming of the chairs of normal anatomy of medical institutes in Irkutsk, Moscow, Kursk, Dushanbe (Tajikistan) and Smolensk and in organization of scientific community of neuromorphologists in the USSR in the middle and second half of the twentieth century is demonstrated. The special attention is paid to the results of scientific studies of L. A. Shangina and her post-graduate students of topography of nerves innervating human heart, of topography of accessory nerve (XI pair of cranial nerves), of structure of receptors of autonomic nervous system in walls of alimentary tract and urinary system.

The glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in all countries. In the nearest years an increasing of patients with the given pathology is prognosticated. Nowadays, development of disease is related to alteration of interleukin profile in lacrimal fluid. however, diagnostic significance of interleukins is studied insufficiently. The purpose of study. To determine diagnostic significance of interleukins on a local level for amelioration of diagnostic and prognostication of development of glaucoma. The content of interleukins in lacrimal fluid was analyzed in 80 patients with glaucoma stage II and 45 healthy individuals using technique of sandwich-linked enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with calculation of informativeness of indices of immunity. The results. The analysis established high diagnostic significance of IL-2, IL-17, IL-8 for verification of glaucoma. They are proposed to be applied in laboratory diagnostic and prognostication of disease. The developed regression model ensures with high accuracy prognostication of development of glaucoma in case of increased level of IL-2, IL-17, IL-8., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ovarian cancer is a common pathology in the structure of tumors among elderly women. The aim of the work is to identify the leading indicators of interleukin profile to improve the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in the elderly. Enzyme immunoassay studied serum levels of interleukins in 78 patients with ovarian cancer stage IIB-IIIB according to the classification of FIGO at the age of 65-70 years and 42 women of similar age without ovarian cancer at the time of the study and in history. The differentiation of the compared groups is carried out by means of discriminant method. The leading diagnostic interleukins for ovarian cancer in the elderly are IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α. The constructed discriminant models allow to differentiate patients with ovarian cancer and control women with an accuracy of 93.2-93.8%. The use of enzyme immunoassay and discriminant analysis improve the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in the elderly., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

To confirm the hypothesis about the involvement of EGF-stimulated MAP-kinase ERK1/2 in the regulation of microtubule (MT) system, the influence of two widely used ERK1/2 inhibitors, U0126 and PD98059, on the organization of tubulin cytoskeleton in interphase HeLa cells during EGF receptor endocytosis has been investigated. We have found that addition of U0126 or PD98059 to not-stimulated with EGF ells for 30 min has no effect on radially organized MT system. However, in the case of U0126 addition before EGF endocytosis stimulation, the number of MT per cell decreased within 15 min after such stimulation and was followed by complete MT depolymerization by 60-90 min. Stimulation of EGF endocytosis in the presence of PD98059 resulted only in insignificant depolymerization of MT and it could be detected mainly from their minus-ends. At the same time, MT regions close to plasma membrane became stabilized, which was proved by increase in tubulin acetylation level. This situation was characteristic for all period of the experiment. It has been also found that the inhibitors affect endocytosis dynamics of EGF-receptor complexes. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the stimulation of endocytosis in the presence of U0126 generated a greater number of endosomes compared to control cells, and their number did not change significantly during the experiment. All these endosomes were localized peripherally. Effect of PD98059 resulted in the formation of lower number of endosomes that in control, but they demonstrated very slow clusterization despite the presence of some intact MT. Both inhibitors decreased EGFR colocolization with early endosomal marker EEA1, which indicated a delay in endosome fusions and maturation. The inhibitors were also shown to affect differently phospho-ERK 1 and 2 forms: U0126 completely inhibited phospho-ERK1 and 2, white, in the presence of PD98059, the two ERK forms demonstrated sharp transient activation in 15 min after stimulation, but only phospho-ERK2 could be detected after 60 min of endocytosis. In both cases, MAP-kinase activation dynamics was significantly different from the control. Our results suggest involvement of EGF-stimulated MAP-kinase pathway in cytoskeleton regulation. At the same time, they demonstrate that the two studied and widely used inhibitors are not equivalent with respect to not only the effect on MAP-kinase activity but also to such interdependent processes such as changes in cytoskeleton organization and signaling receptor' endocytosis.

The authors summarize the results of investigations of specific anatomical features of paranasal sinuses in more than 12,000 subjects. The patients with suspected cerebral pathology and lesions in the paranasal sinuses were examined using computed tomography. Structural variants of ethmoid bone and ethmoidal labyrinth, nasal septum, maxillary, frontal, and sphenoidal sinuses are described. The morphometric analysis revealed the zonal relationship between different structures of nasal mucosa and the new variants of regulatory structures in the cavernous sinus vessels.

The article presents the data about clinical course and treatment of patients with chronic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in combination with bowel diseases. Positive effect was found after use of differentiated diet, quertzetine and bififorme.

An analysis was performed of renal tumours in 60 patients with kidney cancer and in two patients with oncocytoma. A study was made against morphological investigations on tumour tissue apoptosis and proliferation. The degree of DNA fragmentation in a biopsy specimen proved to be of value as a guide to detection of apoptosis; the activity of proliferation was studied by the MTT method using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Apoptosis has been ascertained in 59 out of 62 cases. The degree of apoptosis (the percentage of DNA fragmentation) was between 0 to 56.2%, the apoptotic cell count tending to decrease with the stage of the tumour process. The extent of cell proliferation was 0.8 to 22.6%; in those patients in the T1N0M0 stage it was much lower than in patients in the T2N0M0/T4N x M1. There was no significant difference between the level of apoptosis, proliferation and spreading of metastases. With growing tumour and degree of its differentiation apoptosis comes to be diminished but the activity of proliferation is noted to be on the increase, which event favours spread of the tumour beyond the organ.

Two protein-coding regions (cytochrome b, ATPase 8, and part of ATPase 6) from mitochondrial DNA of Cottus kessleri, Cottocomephorus grewingki, and Cottocomephorus inermis--Baikalian endemic sculpins--were amplified via polymerase chain reaction, and sequenced. Two novel primers--L8352 (5'-TAAAGATTGGTGAC TCCCAACCACC) and H8773 (5'-GTAGGGAGT AAGCCCAATATGTT)--were used for the latter region. Phylogenies suggested by sequence divergence of the genes of ATPases appeared to be different from those computed from data for cytochrome b. The time of species branching was estimated as 1-2 million years (Myr) on the basis of merged sequences. Hence, members of the Baikalian cottoid species flock are much more distant from each other than members of the cichlid fish flocks of the great lakes of Africa (0.2 Myr). Topology of the phylogenetic tree does not contradict the relationships derived from morphological data. However, genetic distances suggest that C. grewingki and C. inermis are not sister species, contrary to general belief.