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Iodine intake can affect thyroid and breast cells, and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an effective biomarker for iodine intake., Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between urinary iodine concentration in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and breast cancer (BC) subjects., Methods: The study consisted of 80 subjects divided into case (20 DTC and 20 BC subjects) and control (40 subjects). Morning urine or spot urine was used for UIC measurement., Results: In thyroid cancer, UIC median patients and controls were 195.45 ± 133.61 µg/L and 145 ± 39.64 µg/L, respectively, with p =0.33. The UIC median of PTC subjects was significantly higher compared to FTC subjects, 227.12±130.98 μg/L versus 68.75±22.95 μg/L, p=0.00, and papillary thyroid cancer is closely related to a high iodine excretion in urine with contingency coefficient  (c)=0.722. In BC patients, regardless of subtypes, breast cancer subjects showed a significantly lower iodine excretion level. The median of UIC patients and controls were 80.05 ± 38.24 µg/L and 144.25 ± 36.79 µg/L, respectively, p=0.000., Conclusions: Iodine urine concentrations strongly correlate with the type of DTC histopathology, and in BC subjects, IUC was significantly lower compared to the control.

Background: MMP-9 plays a significant role in invasion and migration of tumor cells and metastasis. A combination MMP-9 biomarker with HER2 and Ki-67 is expected to provide more specificity in prognosis for better breast cancer (BC) treatment options., Methods: A retrospective cohort of 34 patients with HER2 enriched breast cancer were studied from January 2016 until December 2020. Assessment MMP-9 by IHC using Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human MMP-9 Antigen with semiquantitative immunoreactive scores methods was done., Results: The samples included patients aged 29 to 66 years. Patients' educational level was mostly high school graduation (n=17; 50%). Distant metastases occurred in 10 (29.4%) patients,  histopathological Grade II was found in 29 (85.7%) patients, positive LVI was found in 18 (52.9%) patients, and high proliferation rate (Ki67 > 20%) was found in 32 (94.1%) patients. All the patients underwent MRM with a history of chemotherapy in 29 (85.3%) patients, radiotherapy in 14 (41.2%) patients, and targeted therapy in only seven (20.6%) patients. Most of the patients had locally advanced stage III (n=21; 61.8%). The MMP-9 High expression was found in 20 (58.8%) patients and 14 (41.2%) patients had a low expression. A significant relationship was found between MMP-9 expression and DFS (p=0.023); while a significant relationship was found with OS (p=0.093). The mean DFS for High expression MMP-9 was 37.3 months and 45.3 months for low expression. The mean OS was 37.6 months for High-intensity MMP-9 and 42.7 months for Low-intensity., Conclusions: The MMP-9 expression (p=0.037), age group<40 years old (p=0.024), and the history of radiotherapy (p=0.035) were significantly related to he occurrence of distant metastases. The MMP-9 High expression had a 7.5 times greater risk of distant metastases., Impacts: The MMP-9 can be used as a prognostic factor for distant metastasis in HER2 Enriched BC.

Background: Various environmental factors have been suspected to be associated with the risk of developing Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). Volatile nitrosamines found in salted fish are thought to be carcinogenic substances for NPC. Nitrosamines are activated by the CYP2E1 enzyme. Several studies investigated the relationship between polymorphism in the CYP2E1 gene and susceptibility to NPC, but the results obtained were inconsistent., Aim: This study was conducted to analyze the association of the CYP2E1 rs2031920 polymorphisms with the incidence of NPC in the Minangkabau ethnic group., Methods: The subjects of this study were newly diagnosed NPC Minangkabau ethnic patients, while the controls were healthy people. A total of 23 cases of NPC and 23 aged (± 3 years) and sex-matched controls participated in the study. The method used to identify these polymorphisms is PCR sequencing., Results: On recent study we found CYP2E1 rs2031920 gene polymorphism in both the NPC and control groups, in the NPC group there were 8.7% heterozygote mutants while in the control group there were 26.1% heterozygote mutants, and there were no homozygote mutants in the two groups, and statistically none a significant relationship between CYP2E1 gene polymorphism and the incidence of NPC, with p > 0.05., Conclusion: Our study reveals that there is no association of CYP2E1 gene polymorphism (rs2031920) with the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Minangkabau ethnic group., (Copyright: © 2019 Sukri Rahman, Eti Yerizel, Daan Khambri, Djong Hon Tjong.)

Background: The expression of a gene is a process that conveys information of genes to synthesise gene product is functional. Alterations of the molecular biology in breast cancer are very complex because of many factors play a role in the tumorigenesis. RhoC is a prometastases gene. The PI3K gene is crucial in the regulation of multiple cellular functions, including cell growth, proliferation, metabolism and angiogenesis., Aim: This study aims to compare of RhoC and PI3K gene expression on the breast cancer tissue and benign tumour tissue., Material and Methods: Expression of the RhoC and PI3K genes was carried out with qPCR. The absolute quantification method was using breast cancer tissue. As a comparison, benign tumours (FATs) tissue was carried out. The standard curves were obtained from cloning target genes, which were inserted into the gGEMT-easy vector from E. coli . The gene expression data was carried out by t-test to see the mean difference between the expression of breast cancer tissue and benign tumours (FATs) with a value of p ≤ 0.005 in RhoC and PI3K gene expression. And the relationship between expressions was done by Pearson correlation test., Results: The results showed that it was found that PI3K gene expression on breast cancer tissue was higher than the number in a benign tumour (fibroadenoma mammae) as an endogenous control. And also, the expression of RhoC is much lower on breast cancer tissue compared with a benign tumour., Conclusion: This study concluded that expression of RhoC affects the expression of PI3K so that the thing this is what causes the proliferation and began to provide support aggressive cancer cells in the breast.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the outcome of trastuzumab therapy for 6 or 12 months in patients with HER2 positive operable breast cancer who followed the national health insurance system in Indonesia. Methods: Data were extracted from medical records of Dr. M Djamil General Hospital Padang and Dharmais Cancer Hospital/ National Cancer Center Jakarta for post-operative breast HER-2 positive cancer patients treated with trastuzumab for 6 or 12 months who had been followed up for at least 5 years (January 1st in 2010 until December 31st in 2015). Disease free survival and overall survival rates and their relationship with trastuzumab duration was investigated using survival analysis (the Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test). Data were analyzed using the STATA program. Results: A total of 121 women fulfilled the criteria of the study, 80 who had received trastuzumab for 6 months and 41 patients who received 12 months’ therapy. Disease free survival was 54 months (95% CI 45-63) compared with 63 months (95% CI 54-72), respectively. The log-rank test p value was 0.048 so the 12 months’ treatment regime did result in a significantly lower probability of recurrence compared with the 6 months’ regime (HR = 2.6). Analysis of the overall survival rate revealed median survival of 57 months (95% CI 49-64) for 6 months’ therapy compared to 62 months (95% CI 53-72) for 12 months. However, the log-rank test p value of 0.073 indicated that the extra six months of therapy did not decrease the probability of death (HR = 2.4). Conclusion: Trastuzumab therapy for 12 months reduced the recurrence rate in post-operative breast HER-2 positive cancer patients but did not significantly reduce mortality., (Creative Commons Attribution License)