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Biopolymer-based packaging films were prepared from pectin (PEC) and sodium alginate (SA), with the incorporation of 10 % MCC and different concentrations of geraniol (GER at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 %). Rheological properties suggested that film-forming solutions and film-forming emulsions exhibited a shear-thinning or pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian behaviour. The dried films were crosslinked with 2.0 % CaCl 2 . The addition of MCC into PEC/SA film enhanced the TS but reduced it with the impregnation of GER without influencing the EAB and toughness of the film. The water solubility of the films significantly reduced with the rise in the GER levels but enhanced the water vapor and oxygen barrier attributes. TGA demonstrated that incorporating MCC reduced the film's thermal degradation (44.92 % to 28.81 %), but GER had an insignificant influence on the thermal stability. FTIR spectra revealed that hydrogen bond formation was positively linked with the GER addition in the film formulation. X-ray diffractograms showed that prepared films were predominantly amorphous. Antimicrobial studies showed a complete reduction of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus in 24 h. Overall, the composite film displayed excellent physical and active properties and PEC/SA/MCC/5.0 %GER/CaCl 2 film was considered the best formulation for food packaging applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Seaweed is a naturally rich source of nutrients and exhibits techno-functional properties that are under study for their potential as ingredients in meat products. However, seaweed is associated with a particular flavor profile, and optimization of the sensory profile should be conducted alongside technical performance. This study investigated the feasibility of the application of sea spaghetti ( Himanthalia elongata ) in the production of low-salt beef patties and recorded the associated sensory profile and consumer hedonic-emotional response. Eight beef patty formulations with varying salt (0-1%) and seaweed (0-5%) contents were subjected to quantitative descriptive analysis via a trained sensory panel ( n = 8) and six the formulations were selected for consumer testing (liking, emotional associations, saltiness perception, and purchase intent) by a group of 105 Irish resident consumers. The trained panel results showed that the intensity of seaweed odor, flavor, and visual presence in burgers was negatively related to the intensity of beef odor and flavor and that seaweed addition (5%) significantly increased the saltiness perception of low-salt burgers. Burgers with 1% added seaweed, although perceived by consumers as less salty, could substitute NaCl in low-salt beef patties without deterioration of their liking among regular burger consumers. Consumers associated all seaweed-containing samples, especially those containing 1% of sea spaghetti, with being good, pleasant, satisfied, and warm. The higher inclusion of sea spaghetti (2.5%) led to significantly lower overall liking and reduced purchase intent, while consumers associated this formulation with emotions such as being more adventurous, aggressive, and wild. Consumers who rejected seaweed burgers had the highest level of food neophobia and avoided foods with additives. The results demonstrate that 1% sea spaghetti seaweed can be successfully incorporated into low-salt beef patties, resulting in hedonic and emotional benefits without significantly increasing the salt content.

In this study, rapid respirometric microbial testing was combined with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, to assess the composition of microbiota in a total of 64 samples of commercial beef, turkey, lamb and pork mince. The O 2 sensor-based respirometry system, while producing the anticipated total aerobic viable counts (TVC) data and patterns for most samples, also revealed unusual (linear) respiration profiles for some samples, mostly lamb and pork mince. The TVC values for beef mince, produced by respirometry and calculated using the available calibration equation, correlated well with the conventional plate counting method, ISO 4833-1:2013, 2013, while for the other species the correlation was less good. These effects, not observed in previous studies employing various food matrices, require further investigation. Using the same samples (crude homogenates) as in respirometry, the whole microbiome was also analysed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing for each mince-type. The sequencing showed an overall decrease in alpha diversity over shelf-life, with lamb and pork mince maintaining a proportion of rare taxa. Some taxa exhibited significant changes in abundance over shelf-life and after the respirometric analysis, with beef mince exhibiting a decrease in aerobic bacteria and an increase in facultative anaerobes. Beta diversity was also seen to depend on mince-type. Thus, the combined use of respirometry and sequencing techniques shows promise as a useful and unique analytical approach for food quality and safety evaluation, However, more data points and in-depth analysis are required to back up the findings of this initial study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The influence of sucrose source and particle size was investigated in relation to the volatile and aromatic properties of sponge cakes. Six sponge cake formulations were studied using two sucrose sources (sugarbeet and sugarcane), at two particle sizes (large and small) with controls. Volatiles profiles and odour active compounds were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and olfactometry. Sixty two volatile compounds were identified, incorporating twenty five odour active compounds/co-eluting compounds, with 5 odours perceived without any corresponding volatile. Particle size had the greatest impact on volatile abundance, with particle size especially influencing pyrazine abundance. Five odour active volatiles (methional, furfural, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, heptanal and (E)-2-octenal) contributed most to the aroma of these sponge cakes. Small particle size particularly from sugarbeet yielded higher levels of some Maillard and caramelisation reaction compounds, such as furfural (spicy/ bready), where larger particle size supressed volatile abundance in comparison to the control., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The concept of a clean label is difficult to define, even in common language, as the interpretation of what a "clean" food is differs from one person to another and from one organisation to another. The lack of a unique definition and regulations of what the term "clean" means, along with the growing consumer demand for more "natural" and healthier foods, is posing new challenges for manufacturers and ingredient producers. The meat industry, in particular, has been affected by this new movement owing to negative attitudes and feelings consumers associate with consuming processed meat products. Scope and approach: The review scope is to describe attributes and associations around the "clean" label term by analysing the most recent ingredients, additives and processing methods currently available for meat manufacturers. Their application in meat, plant-based alternatives and hybrid meat/plant products, current limitations and challenges presented in consumer perception, safety and potential impacts on product quality are also presented., Key Findings and Conclusions: The availability of a growing number of "clean" label ingredients provides a new suite of approaches that are available for application by meat processors to help overcome some of the negative connotations associated with processed meat products and also support plant-based meat alternatives and hybrids.

The current status of microbiological testing methods for the determination of viable bacteria in complex sample matrices, such as food samples, is the focus of this review. Established methods for the enumeration of microorganisms, particularly, the 'gold standard' agar plating method for the determination of total aerobic viable counts (TVC), bioluminescent detection of total ATP, selective molecular methods (immunoassays, DNA/RNA amplification, sequencing) and instrumental methods (flow cytometry, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, calorimetry), are analyzed and compared with emerging oxygen sensor-based respirometry techniques. The basic principles of optical O 2 sensing and respirometry and the primary materials, detection modes and assay formats employed are described. The existing platforms for bacterial cell respirometry are then described, and examples of particular assays are provided, including the use of rapid TVC tests of food samples and swabs, the toxicological screening and profiling of cells and antimicrobial sterility testing. Overall, O 2 sensor-based respirometry and TVC assays have high application potential in the food industry and related areas. They detect viable bacteria via their growth and respiration; the assay is fast (time to result is 2-8 h and dependent on TVC load), operates with complex samples (crude homogenates of food samples) in a simple mix-and-measure format, has low set-up and instrumentation costs and is inexpensive and portable.

This work examined the effects of High-pressure processing (HPP) treatment on pork meat subsequently used to generate three phosphate-reduced sausage formulations (1-3) containing ultrasound (US) treated apple pomace (AP) and coffee silverskin (CSS) ingredients as phosphate replacers and compared against control (traditional) sausage formulations. Results showed that HPP and formulations produced significant interactive (P < 0.05) positive changes in the water holding capacity (WHC), cook loss, emulsion stability values. Texture, colour, TBARS, and emulsion stability values for sausage formulations showed no significant interactive impacts. Overall comparison of treatment sausage formulations against control formulations with non-HPP treated meat showed that HPP improved overall sausage quality attributes, where sausage formulation 2 employing HPP-treated meat and US-treated AP and CSS was regarded as the optimal sausage formulation. In conclusion, there is potential to manufacture sausages with reduced-phosphate concentration using combined novel processing technologies and clean label ingredients such as AP and CSS., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declared that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Phosphates are essential for maintaining various quality attributes of processed meat products such as water-binding properties, texture and sensory properties and their removal would drastically change the products' technical and sensory qualities. Currently, meat industries are faced with the challenge of removing phosphates to address the consumers' demand to remove the negatively perceived synthetic additives from processed meat products. This study measured these consumers' purchase intention of phosphate-reduced processed meat products with different quality, using the extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB). An online survey was conducted among the consumers (n = 548) of the Republic of Ireland (ROI) to predict their knowledge and attitude towards phosphate additives. Analysis of the survey responses showed that about two-third of the participants consumed processed meat products 5-6 times per week. The results of multiple linear regression showed that the theory constructs attitude, subjective norms, perceived health risks significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the consumer behavioural intention whereas the perceived behavioural control (PBC) produced insignificant impacts. The results also revealed that the extended TPB model predicted the consumers' intention with better explanatory power (adjusted R 2  = 0.46) than the original TPB model. In conclusion, various recommendations and implications were developed based on the results to improve the consumers' purchase intention of these products., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Carcasses from pasture-finished early-maturing (EM), rather than late-maturing (LM), breed bulls may be more suited to meet the minimum carcass fatness classification of 2+ (6.0 on a 15-point scale) required for some markets. The comparative colour and eating quality of beef from grass-fed bulls of different maturities are unknown. Sixty yearling suckler-bred bulls were assigned to a 2 (maturities: EM and LM) × 2 (finishing strategies: grass only (G0) or grass + 4.0 kg concentrate daily (GC)) factorial design. Bulls were at pasture from 7 April, concentrates were introduced (or not) 97 days later, and bulls were slaughtered at 192 d post-turnout (approximately 19 mo of age). Carcass fat scores averaged 5.02, 6.20, 6.33 and 7.30 for LMG0, LMGC, EMG0 and EMGC bulls, respectively. Muscle colour did not differ between treatments. Muscle from LM had lower intramuscular fat concentration, collagen solubility and a tendency (p < 0.1) towards lower ratings for tenderness, texture, and acceptability of 14 d aged beef. Concentrate supplementation decreased the ratings for muscle tenderness but ratings for acceptability were not affected. Achieving the minimum carcass fatness was therefore not required to produce beef of acceptable eating quality and suckler bulls can access the “grass-fed” beef market.

Ultrasound (US) technology can be used to improve the techno-functional properties of food ingredients, such as apple pomace (AP) and coffee silverskin (CSS), which can be used in meat products to enhance their quality. This study evaluated the changes produced by US-treated AP and CSS, when used as phosphate replacers, in the physicochemical properties of Irish breakfast sausages, i.e., their water holding capacity (WHC), cook loss, emulsion stability, proximate content, lipid oxidation, color, and textural parameters. Three sausage formulations with reduced phosphate concentrations were used to study the effect of US-treated AP and CSS, and an interactive relationship between US treatment and formulations using two-way ANOVA. The results showed that the addition of US-treated AP and CSS to all the formulations produced a significant interactive effect that increased the WHC (p < 0.05) and emulsion stability (p < 0.05), decreased cook loss (p < 0.05), and increased day 9 TBARS (p < 0.05) values of specific formulations. No significant changes were observed for the parameters of; color, texture, or proximate content values. Thus, this study demonstrated that the addition of US-treated AP and CSS improved the quality of phosphate-reduced sausages.

This study evaluated the impact of three distinct diets; perennial ryegrass (GRS), perennial ryegrass/white clover (CLV) and total mixed ration (TMR), on the sensory properties and volatile profile of whole milk powder (WMP). The samples were evaluated using a hedonic sensory acceptance test ( n = 99 consumers) and by optimised descriptive profiling (ODP) using trained assessors ( n = 33). Volatile profiling was achieved by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using three different extraction techniques; headspace solid phase micro-extraction, thermal desorption and high capacity sorptive extraction. Significant differences were evident in both sensory perception and the volatile profiles of the WMP based on the diet, with WMP from GRS and CLV more similar than WMP from TMR. Consumers scored WMP from CLV diets highest for overall acceptability, flavour and quality, and WMP from TMR diets highest for cooked flavour and aftertaste. ODP analysis found that WMP from TMR diets had greater caramelised flavour, sweet aroma and sweet taste, and that WMP from GRS diets had greater cooked aroma and cooked flavour, with WMP derived from CLV diets having greater scores for liking of colour and creamy aroma. Sixty four VOCs were identified, twenty six were found to vary significantly based on diet and seventeen of these were derived from fatty acids; lactones, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters. The abundance of δ-decalactone and δ-dodecalactone was very high in WMP derived from CLV and GRS diets as was γ-dodecalactone derived from a TMR diet. These lactones appeared to influence sweet, creamy, and caramelised attributes in the resultant WMP samples. The differences in these VOC derived from lipids due to diet are probably further exacerbated by the thermal treatments used in WMP manufacture.

Suitable packaging material in combination with high-pressure processing (HPP) can retain nutritional and organoleptic qualities besides extending the product's shelf life of food products. However, the selection of appropriate packaging materials suitable for HPP is tremendously important because harsh environments like high pressure and high temperature during the processing can result in deviation in the visual and functional properties of the packaging materials. Traditionally, fossil-based plastic packaging is preferred for the HPP of food products, but these materials are of serious concern to the environment. Therefore, bio-based packaging systems are proposed to be a promising alternative to fossil-based plastic packaging. Some studies have scrutinized the impact of HPP on the functional properties of biopolymer-based packaging materials. This review summarizes the HPP application on biopolymer-based film-forming solutions and pre-formed biopolymer-based films. The impact of HPP on the key packaging properties such as structural, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties in addition to the migration of additives from the packaging material into food products were systemically analyzed. HPP can be applied either to the film-forming solution or preformed packages. Structural, mechanical, hydrophobic, barrier, and thermal characteristics of the films are enhanced when the film-forming solution is exposed to HPP overcoming the shortcomings of the native biopolymers-based film. Also, biopolymer-based packaging mostly PLA based when exposed to HPP at low temperature showed no significant deviation in packaging properties indicating the suitability of their applications. HPP may induce the migration of packaging additives and thus should be thoroughly studied. Overall, HPP can be one way to enhance the properties of biopolymer-based films and can also be used for packaging food materials intended for HPP.

Commercially available Irish edible brown (Himanthalia elongata—sea spaghetti (SS), Alaria esculenta—Irish wakame (IW)) and red (Palmaria palmata—dulse (PP), Porphyra umbilicalis—nori) seaweeds were incorporated into pork sausages at 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. Proximate composition, salt, water-holding (WHC), cook loss, instrumental colour analysis, texture profile analysis (TPA), and sensory analysis were examined. Protein (13.14−15.60%), moisture (52.81−55.71%), and fat (18.79−20.02%) contents of fresh pork sausages were not influenced (p > 0.05) by seaweed type or addition level. The ash content of pork sausages containing PP, SS, and IW at 2.5% and 5%, and nori at 5%, were higher (p < 0.05) than the control sample. In comparison to the control, sausages containing nori, SS, and IW at 5% displayed higher (p < 0.05) WHC. Cook loss was unaffected (p > 0.05) by the addition of seaweeds into sausage formulations, compared to the control and within each seaweed. The addition of seaweeds into sausages had an impact on the surface colour (L* a* b*) and texture profile analysis (TPA) at different inclusion levels. Overall, hedonic sensory acceptability decreased (p < 0.05) in cooked sausages containing PP at 2.5% and 5%, and SS and IW at 5%.

Aroma-active compounds in raw bovine milk produced from cows fed perennial ryegrass (GRS) or total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of grass silage, maize silage, and concentrates were identified by direct immersion sorptive extraction (DI Hi-Sorb), coupled with gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry and olfactometry using odour intensity (OI) and aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA). Ninety-nine volatile organic compounds (VOC) were identified in these raw GRS and TMR milk samples; 33 of which were also present in the feed and rumen samples from these diets. Only the abundance of 13 VOC varied significantly based on diet. However, the odours of both raw milks were quite distinct as aroma perception is not influenced by abundance alone but also by the odour activity of each VOC. Approximately, 30% of the VOC influenced the aroma perception of these raw milks. This study clearly highlighted the significant impact of VOC transferring from the diet that influenced the aroma perception of both raw GRS and TMR milk. The aroma of the raw TMR milk was more complex than that of the raw GRS milk, and many of the key dietary-derived-odour-active VOC likely arose during the production of the TMR feed as most were either derived from Maillard reactions or impacted by heat. Seventeen of the 44 odour activities detected differed between both sample types. This study has clearly demonstrated the impact of diet on the aroma perception of raw bovine milk., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Clarke, Fitzpatrick, Hennessy, O'Sullivan, Kerry and Kilcawley.)

The ability of apple pomace (AP) and coffee silver skin (CSS) powders to replace the techno-functional properties of synthetic phosphates used in Irish breakfast sausages was evaluated using a specialised response surface-mixture design approach. Sausages of 18 different formulations of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), AP and CSS mixtures were made and the results of water holding capacity (WHC), cook loss, colour, textural properties, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), compositional analysis and lipid oxidation values were analysed. Addition of ingredients to the sausage formulations significantly improved the WHC (P < 0.001) and decreased the cook loss (P < 0.001) of the products. Interestingly, addition of AP and CSS decreased the hardness (P < 0.001), chewiness (P < 0.001), gumminess (P < 0.004) and springiness (P < 0.001). TBARS analysis showed that the addition of ingredients AP and CSS decreased the MDA content on day 9 (P < 0.018). Analysing these obtained results, the software has predicted three optimised sausage formulations based on the desirability response method. These formulations help in reducing the phosphate level in sausages with accepted desirability, thereby maintaining the overall quality of the product., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To develop an oxygen sensor-based method for testing total aerobic viable counts (TVC) in raw meat samples and cattle carcass swabs, which is rapid, simple, affordable, provides good sensitivity and analytical performance and allows on-site use., Methods and Results: The test uses the same sample preparation procedure as the established plate counting TVC method for meat samples and carcasses, ISO4833-1:2013. After this liquid samples are transferred into standard 25-ml vials with built-in phosphorescent O 2  sensors and incubated on a block heater with hourly readings of sensor signals with a handheld reader, to determine signal threshold time (TT, hours) for each sample. The method is demonstrated with the quantification of TVC in industrial cuts of raw beef meat (CFU per g) and carcass swabs (CFU per cm 2 ). Calibration curves were generated, which give the following analytical equations for calculating the TVC load in unknown samples from measured TT values: TVC [Log(CFU per cm 2 )] = 7.83-0.73*TT(h) and TVC [Log(CFU per g)] = 8.74-0.70*TT(h) for the carcass swabs and meat samples respectively. The new tests show good correlation with the ISO methods, with correlation coefficients 0.85 and 0.83 respectively. The testing requires no dilutions, covers the ranges 2-7 Log(CFU per g) for the meat samples and 1-7 Log(CFU per cm 2 ) for carcass swabs, and has time to result 1-10 h with faster detection of more contaminated samples., Conclusions: The sensor-based testing demonstrates simplicity, high speed, sample throughput and automation. It can provide a straightforward replacement for the conventional TVC tests, which are time consuming, laborious and have time to result of 48-72 h., Significance and Impact of the Study: The method(s) can be adopted by the meat industry and research labs, and used to improve microbial quality and safety of meat products and processes., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for Applied Microbiology.)

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of potassium chloride (KCl) and tapioca starch (TS) to reduce salt levels below 1.5% in sausages manufactured using previously high pressure (HP) processed pork (150 MPa). A 3 × 2 × 1 factorial design was used to formulate breakfast sausages with three salt levels (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%), two ingredient levels (no added ingredient or added as a combination of KCl\TS), and one pressure level (150 MPa). Partial replacement of NaCl with KCl and addition of TS had beneficial effects on the water binding abilities of sausage batters by decreasing ( p < 0.05) total expressible fluid (%) and increasing water holding capacity (%). Overall, results indicated that the use of KCl\TS imparted some beneficial effects to salt-reduced low fat breakfast sausages and has the potential to reduce salt levels in the breakfast sausages to 1.0% while still maintaining the organoleptic and functional properties traditionally associated with these meat products.

Irish edible brown ( Himanthalia elongata -sea spaghetti, Alaria esculenta -Irish wakame) and red seaweeds ( Palmaria palmata -dulse, Porphyra umbilicalis -nori) were assessed for nutritional (proximate composition; salt; pH; amino acid; mineral and dietary fibre contents); bioactive (total phenolic content (TPC) and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP)); thermal (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)); and technological (water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC) and swelling capacity (SC)) properties. Red seaweeds had higher ( p < 0.05) protein levels, whereas brown seaweeds possessed higher ( p < 0.05) moisture, ash, insoluble and total dietary fibre contents. Nori had the lowest ( p < 0.05) salt level. Seaweed fat levels ranged from 1 to 2% DW. Aspartic and glutamic acids were the most abundant amino acids. The total amino acid (TAA) content ranged from 4.44 to 31.80%. Seaweeds contained numerous macro (e.g., Na) and trace minerals. The TPC, DPPH and FRAP activities followed the order: sea spaghetti ≥ nori > Irish wakame > dulse ( p < 0.05). TGA indicated maximum weight loss at 250 °C. Dulse had the lowest ( p < 0.05) WHC and SC properties. Dulse and nori had higher ( p < 0.05) OHC than the brown seaweeds. Results demonstrate the potential of seaweeds as functional food product ingredients.

The objective of this study was to design, develop, and quantify the effectiveness of a simple method to facilitate the smart delivery of antimicrobial essential oils (EOs) via their absorption into a chemically bound high surface area support material. To this end, Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 (SBA-15) was functionalized by means of a post-synthetic reaction using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) to create an amine-terminated SBA-15 (SBA-APTES), and functionalization was confirmed by FTIR, TGA, and N 2 isotherm analysis. Amine-modified SBA-15 was then grafted to a 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS)-modified silicon (Si) surface (Si-GPTS), and subsequent attachment to the GPTS-modified surface was confirmed through XPS, dynamic contact angle, and SEM analysis. The smart delivery devices (SBA-15 and SBA-APTES) were then loaded with antimicrobial oregano essential oil (OEO) and the antimicrobial activity was assessed against common food spoilage microorganisms Escherichia coli , Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus aureus , and Pseudomonas fluorescens . Antimicrobial activity results indicate that both SBA-OEO and SBA-APTES-OEO have good antimicrobial activity and that functionalization of bare SBA-15 with APTES has no effect on antimicrobial activity ( P > 0.05) compared to SBA-OEO. Moreover, it appears that direct surface coating of the modified SBA to a surface substrate may not provide a significant quantity of oil needed to elicit an antimicrobial response. Nevertheless, given the strong absorption properties of SBA materials, good antimicrobial activity, and the GRAS nature of SBA-OEO and SBA-APTES-OEO, the results found in this study open potential applications of the functionalized carrier materials., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Correlating volatile compounds with the sensory attributes of whole milk powder (WMP) is fundamental for appreciating the effect of lipid oxidation (LO) on sensory perception. LO compounds can adversely affect the sensory perception of WMP by imparting rancid, metallic, and painty notes. Whole milk powders derived from milk produced by cows maintained on a pasture diet (grass and grass-clover mix) versus a nonpasture diet [total mixed ration (TMR); concentrates and silage] were stored at room temperature 21°C (ambient storage) and 37°C (accelerated storage) and analyzed for volatile compounds and sensory attributes every 2 mo for a total of 6 mo. Thirteen volatile compounds originating from LO were chosen to track the volatile profile of the WMP during storage. Color, composition, total fatty acid, and free fatty acid profiling were also carried out. Significant variations in the concentrations of 14 fatty acids were observed in WMP based on diet. Concentrations of free fatty acids increased in all sample types during storage. Similar trends in sensory attributes were observed with an increase in painty attributes, corresponding to an increase in hexanal. Buttery/toffee attributes were found to be more closely correlated with TMR WMP. Those WMP derived from pasture diets were found to be more susceptible to LO from a volatile perspective, particularly in relation to aldehyde development, which is likely due to increased concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid found in these samples., (© 2021, The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. and Fass Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).)

Lipid oxidation (LO) is a primary cause of quality deterioration in fat-containing dairy powders and is often used as an estimation of a products shelf-life and consumer acceptability. The LO process produces numerous volatile organic compounds (VOC) including aldehydes, ketones and alcohols, which are known to contribute to the development of off-flavours in dairy powders. The main factors influencing the oxidative state of dairy powders and the various analytical techniques used to detect VOC as indicators of LO in dairy powders are outlined. As the ability to identify and quantify specific VOC associated with LO improves this review highlights how these techniques can be used in conjunction with olfactory and sensory analysis to better understand product specific LO processes with the aim of maximizing shelf-life without compromising quality.

Volatile profiling of whole milk powder is valuable for obtaining information on product quality, adulteration, legislation, shelf life, and aroma. For routine analysis, automated solventless volatile extraction techniques are favored due their simplicity and versatility, however no single extraction technique can provide a complete volatile profile due to inherent chemical bias. This study was undertaken to compare and contrast the performance of headspace solid phase microextraction, thermal desorption, and HiSorb (a sorptive extraction technique in both headspace and direct immersion modes) for the volatile analysis of whole milk powder by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Overall, 85 unique volatiles were recovered and identified, with 80 extracted and identified using a non-polar gas chromatography column, compared to 54 extracted, and identified using a polar gas chromatography column. The impact of salting out was minimal in comparison to gas chromatography column polarity and the differences between the extraction techniques. HiSorb extracted the most and greatest abundance of volatiles, but was heavily influenced by the number and volume of lactones extracted in comparison to the other techniques. HiSorb extracted significantly more volatiles by direct immersion than by headspace. The differences in volatile selectivity was evident between the techniques and highlights the importance of using multiple extraction techniques in order to obtain a more complete volatile profile. This study provides valuable information on the volatile composition of whole milk powder and on differences between extraction techniques under different conditions, which can be extrapolated to other food and beverages.

Background: Concentrate supplementation of a grass silage-based ration is a typical practice employed for indoor winter finishing of beef cattle in many temperate countries. Plant by-products, such as dried corn gluten feed (CGF), can be used to replace conventional feedstuffs in a concentrate supplement to enhance the sustainability of ruminant production systems and to improve meat quality. This study examined the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, oxidative stability and sensory attributes of beef (longissimus thoracis muscle) from steers offered grass silage and concentrate supplements containing varying levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) of CGF substituted for barley / soybean meal., Results: Feeding 50%CGF decreased the protein content and increased intramuscular fat in comparison with 25%CGF. Total phenol content and iron-reducing antioxidant power followed the order: 0%CGF > 50%CGF and 25%CGF > 0%CGF = 50%CGF, respectively. Compared to 0%CGF, 25%CGF and 75%CGF decreased C14:0 and increased C22:2n-6, C20:5n-3 and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids whereas 75%CGF increased conjugated linoleic acids and C18:3n-3. Diet did not affect the oxidative stability and sensory attributes of beef patties., Conclusion: The inclusion of up to 75%CGF in a supplementary concentrate for steers increased the proportion of health-promoting unsaturated fatty acids without negatively influencing the shelf-life and eating quality of longissimus thoracis muscle. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Cardoon meal is a by-product of oil extraction from the seeds of Cynara cardunculus and can serve as a novel alternative feedstuff for ruminants. This study examined the rumen fermentation, biohydrogenation of fatty acids (FA) and microbial community in lambs fed a concentrate diet containing 15% dehydrated lucerne (CON, n = 8) or cardoon meal (CMD, n = 7) for 75 days pre-slaughter. Diets did not influence rumen fermentation characteristics and the abundance of bacteria, methanogens, fungi, or protozoa. Rumen digesta in CMD-fed lambs displayed a higher concentration of total saturated FA and lower total odd- and branched-chain FA and monounsaturated FA. Feeding CMD decreased total trans-18:1 isomer and the ratio of trans-10 to trans-11 C18:1, known as the "trans-10 shift". Amplicon sequencing indicated that the rumen bacterial community in CMD-fed lambs had lower diversity and a higher relative phyla abundance of Proteobacteria at the expense of Bacteroidetes and Fibrobacteres. At the genus level, CMD mediated specific shifts from Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Solobacterium and Fibrobacter to Ruminobacter, suggesting that these genera may play important roles in biohydrogenation. Overall, these results demonstrate that cardoon meal can be used as a feedstuff for ruminants without negatively affecting rumen fermentation and microbiota but its impact on biohydrogenation may influence the FA composition in meat or milk., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Microbial food contamination is a major concern for consumers and food industries. Consumers desire nutritious, safe and "clean label" products, free of synthetic preservatives and food industries and food scientists try to meet their demands by finding natural effective alternatives for food preservation. One of the alternatives to synthetic preservatives is the use of natural anti-microbial agents in the food products and/or in the packaging materials. Meat and processed meat products are characteristic examples of products that are highly perishable; hence natural anti-microbials can be used for extending their shelf-life and enhancing their safety. Despite several examples of the successful application of natural anti-microbial agents in meat products reported in research studies, their commercial use remains limited. This review objective is to present an extensive overview of recent research in the field of natural anti-microbials, covering essential oils, plant extracts, flavonoids, animal-derived compounds, organic acids, bacteriocins and nanoparticles. The anti-microbial mode of action of the agents, in situ studies involving meat products, regulations and, limitations for usage and future perspectives are described. The review concludes that naturally derived anti-microbials can potentially support the meat industry to provide "clean label", nutritious and safe meat products for consumers.

The food industry has been slow in harnessing technological developments to expand opportunities and benefit the community. One such opportunity is in the application of proteolytic enzymes to the development of softer-textured meat products that require reduced mastication force, for those with impaired dentition, and reduced strength including older adults. Proteolytic enzymes haven't been fully explored for their potential in this area. Here a response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to model the interactive effects of sous-vide and papain application on texture, color, and cooking loss of meat. An innovative meat product formulation with a reduced toughness (120 min cooking sous-vide and 0.01 mg papain/100 g) was optimized and the technological performance of the formulation was validated. Bias values of the optimized model were in the range of 0.97 to 1.06, while accuracy factors for shear force values, chewiness, TPA hardness, cooking loss, color parameters ranged from 1.00 and 1.06, both of which metrics indicated the reliability of the resultant models., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Vacuum packaging (VP) is used to reduce exposure of retail meat samples to ambient oxygen (O 2 ) and preserve their quality. A simple sensor system produced from commercial components is described, which allows for non-destructive monitoring of the O 2 concentration in VP raw meat samples. Disposable O 2 sensor inserts were produced by spotting small aliquots of the cocktail of the Pt-benzoporphyrin dye and polystyrene in ethyl acetate onto pieces of a PVDF membrane and allowing them to air-dry. These sensor dots were placed on top of the beef cuts and vacuum-packed. A handheld reader, FirestinGO2, was used to read nondestructively the sensor phase shift signals (dphi°) and relate them to the O 2 levels in packs (kPa or %). The system was validated under industrial settings at a meat processing plant to monitor O 2 in VP meat over nine weeks of shelf life storage. The dphi° readings from individual batch-calibrated sensors were converted into the O 2 concentration by applying the following calibration equation: O 2 (%) = 0.034 * dphi° 2 - 3.413 * dphi° + 85.02. In the VP meat samples, the O 2 levels were seen to range between 0.12% and 0.27%, with the sensor dphi signals ranging from 44.03° to 56.02°. The DIY sensor system demonstrated ease of use on-site, fast measurement time, high sample throughput, low cost and flexibility.

The sensory and aroma quality of 30% (w/w) sucrose reduced sponge cakes incorporating clean-label replacers were investigated. The sensory quality of the reformulated sponge cakes varied, with those containing apple pomace powder (APP) showing the greatest difference to the control (SC100). Volatile profiles mainly differed in relation to compounds derived from the Maillard reaction, caramelisation and lipid oxidation. Thrity six aroma active volatile compounds were identified in the SC100, APP and oligofructose (OLIGO) sponge cakes by olfactometry. Furfural 'spicy bready' contributed most to the overall aroma of all samples, with factor dilution values differing the most for heptanal 'fatty cake crust', methional 'potato damp', and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine 'cake crust, nutty'. This study provides an in-depth insight into the impact of sugar reduction reformulation on the sensory perception of sponge cakes and demonstrates how this approach can be used to improve the sensory perception of reduced sucrose sponge cakes., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The use of bulls rather than steers from the dairy herd offers a more profitable and environmentally friendly option; however, the beef eating quality from bulls is an issue of concern. This study assessed the effect of two tenderization techniques - pelvic suspension and ageing - on three different muscles of Holstein Friesian males from two different production systems., Results: The results indicate that a production system based on steers slaughtered at 24 months (S24) produced beef with better eating quality than from bulls slaughtered at 19 months (B19) when tenderization techniques were not applied. Instrumental texture of longissimus thoracis and gluteus medius muscles was improved with ageing and/or pelvic suspension, with both tenderization techniques exerting greater impact on B19 meat. No differences were found in semitendinosus muscle due to suspension method, whereas ageing for longer than 14 days decreased its instrumental tenderness. Sensory results indicate that, after 14 days of ageing, panellists still preferred meat from S24, and they could differentiate between pelvic and traditional suspension., Conclusion: Tenderization methodologies should be optimized for each production system and muscle; however, both panel and instrumental texture results indicate that eating quality of beef from either production systems is acceptable after 14 days of ageing, or even earlier if the suspension method is applied. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.)

We describe a new biosensor platform for rapid and simple quantification of total aerobic viable counts of bacteria (TVC) in food and environmental swabs by oxygen respirometry. The system uses disposable swab vials with phosphorescent oxygen sensors integrated in the bottom part, a small block heater/incubator and a handheld sensor reader. In the testing, groups of 1-20 swabs samples were prepared using the standard method (ISO, 18593:2018) in sensor vials, which were then incubated at 30 °C and measured hourly in a contactless, non-invasive manner. The measurements reveal time profiles of dissolved O 2 in each sample vial, from which Threshold Time of sensor signal was determined and then TVC values (CFU/cm 2 ) were calculated using the calibration equation. The method covers the range of 0.65-7.87 Log (CFU/cm 2 ) and produces results in 1-8 hrs. The test was validated with swab samples from surfaces contaminated with E. coli, with whole meat microbiota, and with real environmental swabs. The results showed no statistically significant difference with the reference method which takes 48-72 h. The swab testing platform is fast and accurate, simple (sample-and-measure), portable, low cost (<$5k), requires no serial dilutions and is suitable for on-site deployment and use., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Thirty-six steers were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments fed ad libitum grass silage and concentrate supplements containing either barley/soybean meal (CON), 80% DM corn (CDGS)- or 80% DM wheat (WDGS)-dried distillers' grains with solubles for 124 days pre-slaughter. Chemical and fatty acid composition, shelf-life, and eating quality of longissimus thoracis muscle were determined. Dietary CDGS and WDGS increased the proportion of conjugated linoleic acids (P < 0.05) and tended to increase C18:3n-3 (P = 0.075) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.060) relative to the CON. Feeding diets containing distillers' grains reduced the lipid and colour stability of fresh beef patties stored in modified atmosphere packs (MAP), with CDGS exhibiting an intermediate effect between CON and WDGS. Diet did not negatively influence the texture profile parameters and eating quality attributes of beef stored in MAP. The inclusion of CDGS or WDGS in supplementary concentrates may improve the fatty acid profile but decreased the shelf-life of beef., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

A rich sugar diet has negative health implications so it is necessary to reduce sugar where possible. The objective of this study was to determine if different sugar size fractions could increase the sweetness intensity of Shortbread biscuits and therefore, permit sugar reduction. For this, the unground commercial sugar (Control, 102 to 378 µm) and two of its sieved separates, (Coarse (C), 228 to 377 µm and Fine (F), 124 to 179 µm) were investigated in biscuit formulation with the following content: Control 100% or 50%; (C), 100 or 50% and (F), 100 or 50% or its initial content. Biscuits were tested using sensory (hedonic and intensity), physical (dimensions, fracture properties, color), and compositional analyses. Trends showed that samples containing C-sugar with its 50% content were more preferable than samples containing the Control and F- sugar fractions at the same level without impact upon acceptability of the final product in all three sugar fraction sizes. As sweetness intensity scores correlated directly with flavor liking scores, these findings promote the use of this sugar fraction in the formulation of low-sugar baked biscuits. Sugar particle size manipulation could be used as a viable, cheap, technological approach to reduce sugar in baked goods and therefore promote consumer acceptable and commercially available baked biscuits products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In order to reduce sucrose content in products one of the approaches might be via the utilization of small sugar particles which has been shown to increase the intensity of sweetness in chocolate brownies, which has been previously shown by Richardson et al. in 2018. This study investigates the use of a clean label approach in sugar reduction of short bread biscuits. This approach involves decreasing the sugar particles size and demonstrates how reducing the content to half of its initial content formulation will affect the sensory perception and physical properties., (© 2021 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Background: Information pertaining to the aromatic profile of seaweeds and seaweed extracts can provide evidence regarding their potential suitability as ingredients in processed foods. To date only limited material has been available on the volatile profiles of some seaweed species. Others in this study have not previously been described. The volatile profiles of dried brown (Himanthalia elongata, Undaria pinnatifida, Alaria esculenta) and red (Porphyra umbilicalis, Palmaria palmata) seaweeds, and a brown seaweed extract (fucoxanthin) from Laminaria japonica were investigated using a chemometric approach to collate data from volatile gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS), direct sensory aroma evaluation, and gas-chromatography - olfactometry (GC-O) to obtain a better understanding of their volatile profile and sensory perception., Results: More than 100 volatile compounds were identified by static headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and thermal desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TD GC-MS). Brown seaweeds were characterized by 'grassy/herbal/floral', 'fruity', and 'fatty' aromas, red seaweeds by 'green/vegetable', 'mushroom/earthy' and 'sweet/buttery' aromas, and the fucoxanthin extract by 'rancid' and 'nutty' aromas with an overall lower intensity. Heptanal appeared to be a major odor-active compound in all samples. Other volatiles were more characteristic of each individual seaweed: hexanal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and 2-pentylfuran for H. elongata; ethyl butanoate and 2,3-butanedione for U. pinnatifida; 6-dimethylpyrazine, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and sulactone for P. palmata; 1-octen-3-ol for P. umbilicalis, heptanone for A. esculenta, and 2-furanmethanol for fucoxanthin., Conclusion: Brown and red seaweeds had distinct sensory properties with individual seaweeds having differing volatiles and odorants. This study provides additional information that can contribute to the development of products incorporating dried seaweeds / extracts that are more acceptable to the consumer. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Determining minimum levels of fat and sucrose needed for the sensory acceptance of sponge cake while increasing the nutritional quality was the main objective of this study. Sponge cakes with 0, 25, 50 and 75% sucrose replacement (SR) using a combination of inulin and Rebaudioside A (Reb A) were prepared. Sensory acceptance testing (SAT) was carried out on samples. Following experimental results, four more samples were prepared where fat was replaced sequentially (0, 25, 50 and 75%) in sucrose-replaced sponge cakes using pureed butter beans (Pbb) as a replacer. Fat-replaced samples were investigated using sensory (hedonic and intensity) and physicochemical analysis. Texture liking and overall acceptability (OA) were the only hedonic sensory parameters significantly affected after a 50% SR in sponge cake ( p < 0.05). A 25% SR had no significant impact on any hedonic sensory properties and samples were just as accepted as the control sucrose sample. A 30% SR was chosen for further experiments. After a 50% fat replacement (FR), no significant differences were found between 30% sucrose-replaced sponge cake samples in relation to all sensory (hedonic and intensity) parameters investigated. Flavour and aroma intensity attributes such as buttery and sweet and, subsequently, liking and OA of samples were negatively affected after a 75% FR ( p < 0.05). Instrumental texture properties (hardness and chewiness (N)) did not discriminate between samples with increasing levels of FR using Pbb. Moisture content increased significantly with FR ( p < 0.05). A simultaneous reduction in fat (42%) and sucrose was achieved (28%) in sponge cake samples without negatively affecting OA. Optimised samples contained significantly more dietary fibre ( p < 0.05).

Understanding potential cross-cultural sensory differences in the perception of Irish dairy products is important for key markets such as the USA and China. As most Irish dairy products are produced from pasture derived milk, this study investigated the impact of pasture and non-pasture diets on the cross cultural sensory perception of skim milk powder (SMP) in Ireland, USA and China. SMP was produced from cows fed outdoors on ryegrass (GRS), ryegrass/white clover (CLV), and indoors on trial mixed rations (TMR). SMP samples were evaluated by Irish (n = 78), USA (n = 100) and Chinese (n = 106) consumers using an identical hedonic sensory acceptance test in Ireland, USA and China. Optimized Descriptive Profiling (ODP) was performed using trained assessors familiar with dairy products in Ireland (n = 25) and China (n = 22), and traditional descriptive analysis was undertaken by a trained panel (n = 7) in the USA. Volatile analysis was undertaken on each SMP sample. Hedonic assessment found that USA consumers preferred SMP derived from TMR, and Irish consumers preferred SMP from either GRS or CLV. Chinese consumers perceived SMP samples differently to the USA and Irish consumers, but preference was not influenced by diet. Both Irish and Chinese trained assessors found it more difficult to discern differences between GRS or CLV SMP, but could differentiate TMR SMP. Irish assessors preferred GRS and CLV SMP. Chinese and Irish assessors had different preferences for many attributes. Trained USA panelists found significant differences, exclusively associating pasture based diets with "cowy/barny" and "cardboard/wet paper" attributes and more intense "grassy/hay" attributes than in TMR SMP. The abundance of ten volatile compounds differed significantly based on diet with acetoin derived from carbohydrate metabolism at much greater abundance in TMR SMP. This study found that sensory perception and volatile profiles of SMP were influenced by diet and differences in sensory perception existed between the three cultural groups. Irish and USA sensory responses aligned with familiarity of dairy products derived from pasture and non-pasture diets, respectively, and Chinese sensory responses differed to Irish and USA responses likely reflecting their lack of familiarity with dairy products., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Perception and liking among Irish, German and USA consumers of salted butter produced from different feed systems-outdoor grass (FS-GRSS), grass/clover (FS-CLVR), and indoor concentrate (FS-TMR)-was investigated. A consumer study was conducted in all three countries. Irish and German assessors participated in ranking descriptive analysis (RDA), whereas descriptive analysis (DA) was carried out by a trained panel in the USA. Volatile analysis was conducted to identify differences in aroma compounds related to cow diet. Overall, there was no significant difference in overall liking of the butters, among USA, German and Irish consumers, although cross-cultural preferences were evident. Sensory attribute differences based on cow diet were evident across the three countries, as identified by German and Irish assessors and trained USA panelists, which are likely influenced by familiarity. The abundance of specific volatile aromatic compounds, especially some aldehydes and ketones, were significantly impacted by the feed system and may also contribute to some of the perceived sensory attribute differences in these butters., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

There is a requirement in some beef markets to slaughter bulls at under 16 months of age. This requires high levels of concentrate feeding. Increasing the slaughter age of bulls to 19 months facilitates the inclusion of a grazing period, thereby decreasing the cost of production. Recent data indicate few quality differences in longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle from conventionally reared 16-month bulls and 19-month-old bulls that had a grazing period prior to finishing on concentrates. The aim of the present study was to expand this observation to additional commercially important muscles/cuts. The production systems selected were concentrates offered ad libitum and slaughter at under 16 months of age (16-C) or at 19 months of age (19-CC) to examine the effect of age per se, and the cheaper alternative for 19-month bulls described above (19-GC). The results indicate that muscles from 19-CC were more red, had more intramuscular fat and higher cook loss than those from 16-C. No differences in muscle objective texture or sensory texture and acceptability were found between treatments. The expected differences in composition and quality between the muscles were generally consistent across the production systems examined. Therefore, for the type of animal and range of ages investigated, the effect of the production system on LT quality was generally representative of the effect on the other muscles analysed. In addition, the data do not support the under 16- month age restriction, based on meat acceptability, in commercial suckler bull production.

This study investigated the quality composition, oxidative stability and sensory attributes of beef (longissimus thoracis, LT) from steers offered grass silage and a concentrate supplement in which barley was replaced by 40% and 80% (as-fed basis) of dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary treatment did not influence the antioxidant status (α-tocopherol and total phenolic contents) and activities of LT (radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and iron chelating activity). Feeding DCP significantly increased the proportion of conjugated linoleic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in beef. Lipid and colour stability of fresh beef patties stored in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) were unaffected by dietary treatment but feeding 40% DCP reduced (P < .05) lipid oxidation in aerobically-stored cooked beef patties. Beef patties stored in MAP for up to 7 days were assessed by sensory panellists to be juicier for those fed 40% DCP compared to 0% and 80% DCP. Results indicated that substitution of barley with DCP improved the fatty acid profiles of beef without negatively influencing the eating quality of beef., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

With rapid global change, organisms in natural systems are exposed to a multitude of stressors that likely co-occur, with uncertain impacts. We explored individual and cumulative effects of co-occurring environmental stressors on the striking, yet poorly understood, phenomenon of facultative migration. We reared offspring of a brown trout population that naturally demonstrates facultative anadromy (sea migration), under different environmental stressor treatments and measured life history responses in terms of migratory tactics and freshwater maturation rates. Juvenile fish were exposed to reduced food availability, temperatures elevated to 1.8°C above natural conditions or both treatments in combination over 18 months of experimental tank rearing. When considered in isolation, reduced food had negative effects on the size, mass and condition of fish across the experiment. We detected variable effects of warm temperatures (negative effects on size and mass, but positive effect on lipids). When combined with food restriction, temperature effects on these traits were less pronounced, implying antagonistic stressor effects on morphological traits. Stressors combined additively, but had opposing effects on life history tactics: migration increased and maturation rates decreased under low food conditions, whereas the opposite occurred in the warm temperature treatment. Not all fish had expressed maturation or migration tactics by the end of the study, and the frequency of these 'unassigned' fish was higher in food deprivation treatments, but lower in warm treatments. Fish showing migration tactics were smaller and in poorer condition than fish showing maturation tactics, but were similar in size to unassigned fish. We further detected effects of food restriction on hypo-osmoregulatory function of migrants that may influence the fitness benefits of the migratory tactic at sea. We also highlight that responses to multiple stressors may vary depending on the response considered. Collectively, our results indicate contrasting effects of environmental stressors on life history trajectories in a facultatively migratory species., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Lipid oxidation (LO) is a recognised problem in dairy powders due to the formation of volatile odour compounds that can negatively impact sensory perception. Three commercial dairy powders, fat-filled whole milk powder (FFWMP), skim milk powder (SMP), and infant milk formula (IMF), stored under different conditions (21 °C, 37 °C, or 25 °C with 50% humidity), were evaluated by consumer acceptance studies, ranked descriptive sensory analysis, and LO volatile profiling using headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GCMS) over 16 weeks. Significant ( p = 0.001) differences in the concentration of LO compounds and sensory perception were evident between sample types in the different storage conditions. The sensory acceptance scores for FFWMP and SMP remained stable throughout storage in all conditions, despite the increased perception of some LO products. The IMF sample was perceived negatively in each storage condition and at each time point. Overall increases in hexanal, heptanal, and pentanal correlated with "painty", "oxidised", "cooked", and "caramelised" attributes in all samples. The concentration of some LO volatiles in the IMF was far in excess of those in FFWMP and SMP. High levels of LO volatiles in IMF were presumably due to the addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the formulation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The objective of this study was to assess the ability of producing laminated edible films manufactured using the following proteins; gelatin (G), whey protein isolate (WPI) and polysaccharide sodium alginate (SA), and to evaluate their physical properties. Additionally, films' preparation employing these ingredients was optimized through the addition of corn oil (O). Overall, 8-types of laminated films (G-SA, G-WPI, SA-WPI, SA-G-WPI, GO-SAO, GO-WPIO, SAO-WPIO and SAO-GO-WPIO) were developed in this study. The properties of the prepared films were characterized through the measurement of tensile strength (TS), elongation at break point (EB), puncture resistance (PR), tear strength (TT), water vapour permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP). The microstructure of cross-sections of laminated films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties of films were dramatically enhanced through the addition of film layers. GO-SAO laminate showed the best barrier properties to water vapour (22.6 ± 4.04 g mm/kPa d m 2 ) and oxygen (18.2 ± 8.70 cm 3 mm/kPa d m 2 ). SAO-GO-WPIO laminate film was the strongest of all laminated films tested, having the highest TS of 55.77 MPa, PR of 41.36 N and TT of 27.32 N. SA-G-WPI film possessed the highest elasticity with an EB value of 17.4%.

Red meat has a tougher texture compared with many other food products, therefore consumption is often reduced among older adults. Acidic treatments had a positive effect on WBSF values (reduced the WBSF values from 23.35 N for control to 14.83 N), and texture parameters and a combination with apple fiber and rice starch may improve the health profile of a meat product with benefits for consumers, particularly for older population. A novel meat product with a softer texture (apple fiber 0.15%, rice starch 0.30% and citric acid 0.16 M) was optimized and successfully validated in this study. The results obtained for the objective measurements of tenderness were confirmed by consumers' tenderness results (p < .05) moreover texture-optimized beef samples were found to be more acceptable by older consumers compared with control. Meat processors have an important role in increasing the availability of suitable meat products for older consumers, by developing products that will meet their nutritional and textural needs. In this study, a novel meat product with a softer texture was developed, successfully validated and the product was found to be acceptable by older consumers. Meat processors could consider using rice starch, apple fiber, and citric acid as feasible alternative to traditional ingredients used for beef injection, in order to obtain a softer product, that appeal to older consumers with difficulties in mastication., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The optimization of processed meats through salt replacement using edible seaweeds may reduce the risk of chronic disease through reduction in dietary sodium. We investigated the impact of the inclusion of four selected seaweeds (1% w/w) in reformulated frankfurters in which salt addition and pork fat content was reduced by 50% and 21%, respectively, and where pork loin (longissimus dorsi muscle) was increased by 6%, compared to a Control. Two different types of red (Porphyra umbilicalis and Palmaria palmata) and brown (Himanthalia elongata and Undaria pinnatifida) edible seaweeds were evaluated. The reformulated frankfurters containing added seaweed were lower in ash, higher in moisture, protein and darker in colour and had altered textural properties in comparison to the Control; mainly less hard and less chewy. The volatile and sensory profiles of the reformulated frankfurters differed from the Control. However, the reformulated frankfurters with the inclusion of H.elongata were the most promising, although further work is required to optimise the formulation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study was conducted to assess whether there are differences in consumer liking of beef. Samples were collected from different groups and analyses were conducted, including quantitative descriptive analysis, consumer panels and instrumental analyses. Palatability traits, such as aroma liking, tenderness, juiciness, flavour liking and overall liking (OL), were rated by consumers., Results: Warner-Bratzler shear force was negatively associated with tender mouthfeel and consumer tenderness score. Cluster analysis identified four groups of clusters, which were described as 'easily pleased', 'bull beef liker', 'tender beef liker' and 'fastidious' consumers. Cluster group 2 awarded a higher score for bulls and located in a separate region on the external preference map., Conclusion: External preference mapping showed the association between consumer liking of beef and sensory attributes. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Baked confectionary products such as cakes, biscuits, cookies, and muffins are consumed globally as they are coveted for their sensory attributes. However, due to their high sugar and fat content, baked confectionary products are also considered major contributors to the prevalence of obesity and the rise of type II diabetes in industrialized nations and in emerging economies. Both sugar and fat have multiple roles in baked confectionary products in terms of structure, texture, shelf-life, aroma, and taste. Considerable efforts have been undertaken to modify product formulations to decrease sugar and fat contents without compromising on product or sensory quality, and this review focuses on relevant research undertaken to date. Aspects addressed include the impact of decreasing sugar and fat content, the impact of sugar or fat substitutes in relation to sensory perception, with a focus on the role of key product constituents, processing parameters, flavor reactions, aromatic compounds, and flavor chemical and sensory techniques.

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the volatile profile, sensory perception, and phytochemical content of bovine milk produced from cows fed on three distinct feeding systems, namely grass (GRS), grass/clover (CLV), and total mixed ration (TMR). Previous studies have identified that feed type can influence the sensory perception of milk directly via the transfer of volatile aromatic compounds, or indirectly by the transfer of non-volatile substrates that act as precursors for volatile compounds. In the present study, significant differences were observed in the phytochemical profile of the different feed and milk samples. The isoflavone formonoetin was significantly higher in CLV feed samples, but higher in raw GRS milk, while other smaller isoflavones, such as daidzein, genistein, and apigenin were highly correlated to raw CLV milk. This suggests that changes in isoflavone content and concentration in milk relate to diet, but also to metabolism in the rumen. This study also found unique potential volatile biomarkers in milk (dimethyl sulfone) related to feeding systems, or significant differences in the concentration of others (toluene, p-cresol, ethyl and methyl esters) based on feeding systems. TMR milk scored significantly higher for hay-like flavor and white color, while GRS and CLV milk scored significantly higher for a creamy color. Milk samples were easily distinguishable by their volatile profile based on feeding system, storage time, and pasteurization., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of high-power ultrasound (US) to accelerate marination of chicken breast; the effect of ultrasonic frequencies and marination times were investigated on samples containing full sodium levels (FS) or 25% sodium reduction, either by reducing NaCl (R50) or by its partial substitution with KCl (SR). Chicken breasts were marinated in plastic bags immersed in an ultrasonic bath operating with a frequency of 25, 45 or 130 kHz for 1, 3 or 6 h at a temperature of 2.5 ± 0.5 °C. Chicken marinated using US had a significantly higher uptake ( p < 0.05) of sodium compared to control samples (no US) marinated for the same amount of time. No significant changes were observed in the quality parameters of sonicated chicken samples compared to controls. However, significant decreases ( p < 0.05) in lipid oxidation were observed in SR samples when treated by US. These results suggest the use of ultrasound in the meat processing industry as a novel technology for enhancing marination processes and formulation of reduced sodium meat products.

The objective of this study was to optimise the acceptability of reduced-salt cooked ham containing a mixture of glycine and yeast extract as flavourings by using response surface methodology. Twelve different formulations were prepared with varying levels of salt and the two flavourings, according to a mixture design. The sensory properties were assessed along with the instrumental texture and colour. A multiple factor analysis showed that higher scores in tenderness, saltiness and juiciness were positively correlated, whereas instrumental hardness and chewiness were negatively correlated with acceptability. Response surface plots and optimisation software allowed the inference of two optimised formulations: HO1 with 1.3% salt and yeast extract content of 0.33%; and HO2 with 1.27% salt, 0.2% yeast extract and 0.16% glycine. A panel of 100 consumers found no significant differences in overall acceptability when both were compared to a control (1.63% salt). These results show it is possible to manufacture consumer accepted cooked ham with up to 20% salt reduction., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Lipid oxidation is a major contributor to the deterioration of the sensory quality of fat-containing dairy powders. Hydroperoxides are the primary oxidation products from unsaturated fatty-acids that readily yield a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds that can adversely impact product quality and shelf life. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry was chosen to quantify thirteen lipid oxidation compounds in whole milk powder encompassing a range of volatilities and chemical classes. A central composite rotatable design (CCD, α = 1.1) based on a 2 3 factorial table was used with response surface methodology to optimize the HS-SPME parameters; determined at; 45 min extraction time and 43 °C extraction temperature. The significant model terms were found to be extraction temperature (p < 0.05) and the interaction between time and temperature (p < 0.05). Precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ were determined and the method was validated for whole milk powder., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The study objectives were to determine assessors' (n = 256) preference for corned beef, produced with sequential reductions in NaCl concentrations and to determine if preference was affected by assessor age. The use of a salt replacer such as potassium lactate was also assessed. The youngest age cohort disliked samples containing the highest level of NaCl, whereas the oldest age cohort did not detect differences between samples. The most negatively perceived sample was the control, suggesting that NaCl levels added to commercial corned beef are currently too high for consumer acceptance. All age cohorts, with the exception of the 65-74 age cohort, accepted corned beef samples possessing NaCl levels closest to the FSAI target (1.63 g/100 g). No major sensory differences were noted between samples with and without potassium lactate by the ≥65 age cohort. Potassium lactate may be added to corned beef without affecting sensory attributes, whilst enhancing nutritional content. Assessors of varying age groups have differing preferences for certain NaCl levels and salt replacers., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)