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Objectives: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is routinely administered after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) to decrease the duration of neutropenia and diminish the incidence of febrile neutropenia. Nevertheless, the most advantageous timeframe for administering G-CSF in the transplantation setting remains elusive., Material and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 200 patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies who underwent auto-HSCT between July 2017 and January 2022. Patients were divided into two groups of 100 individuals based on the timing of G-CSF administration after auto-HSCT. In the first group, G-CSF was administered on post-transplantation day +1, while in the second group, G-CSF was administered on post-transplantation day +5. Patient demographics and clinical outcomes, including time to neutrophil engraftment, time to platelet engraftment, length of hospital stay, duration of fever, and incidence of bacterial and fungal bloodstream infections, were compared between the two groups., Results: We identified a significantly shorter platelet engraftment time in the day +5 group than in the day +1 group (P<0.001), though the groups were similar regarding neutrophil engraftment time. The total number of G-CSF injections differed significantly according to the administration schedule. The number of red blood cells and length of hospital stay was greater in the day +1 group (all P<0.001). The incidence of bacterial and fungal bloodstream infections and duration of fever did not differ between the groups., Conclusion: Delayed administration of G-CSF on day +5 is as effective as early administration and can positively influence platelet engraftment, transfusion support, and hospitalization time., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Mahdizadeh, Karimi, Tajabadi, Kaveh and Zamani.)

Background: Hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis, a multifaceted disorder affecting multiple systems, substantially diminishes patients' physical capabilities and overall quality of life. Patisiran and Vutrisiran, two Ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference therapies, target reducing both pathogenic and wild-type transthyretin (TTR) protein levels. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness and safety of these treatments in managing ATTRv., Methods: A comprehensive, thorough literature search across databases including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar yielded 858 studies. Following removing duplicate and irrelevant articles, 676 distinct studies underwent review. These studies, conducted on a global scale, encompassed a range of methodologies, including clinical trials and indirect treatment comparisons., Results: Ten studies, spanning a total population of 756 patients, were selected for in-depth analysis. Patisiran and Vutrisiran consistently demonstrated significant improvements in primary and secondary endpoints related to neuropathy, quality of life, and cardiac function. Both medications were well-tolerated, with primarily mild to moderate adverse events. Indirect treatment comparison studies indicated Vutrisiran's superiority over Tafamidis in treating ATTRv amyloidosis., Conclusion: This systematic review recommends using Patisiran and Vutrisiran to treat ATTRv amyloidosis. The findings suggest that these RNA interference therapies improve neuropathy, quality of life, and cardiac symptoms. The results indicate sustained benefits over prolonged treatment, with satisfactory safety profiles. However, potential biases, conflicts of interest in the studies, and limited follow-up periods in some trials necessitate cautious interpretation. Future research should address these limitations and provide more robust evidence for the long-term efficacy and safety of Patisiran and Vutrisiran in ATTRv treatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Karimi, Esmaeilpour Moallem, Gholami Chahkand, Azarm, Emami Kazemabad and Dadkhah.)

Myelofibrosis (MF), a complex hematological malignancy, presents a diverse array of symptoms, including anemia, constitutional symptoms, bone marrow insufficiency, and splenomegaly. The latter, often necessitating blood transfusions, poses an essential obstacle to MF management. While conventional approaches predominantly involve the use of JAK inhibitors, the potential for exacerbating anemia introduces complexity to the treatment. Nonetheless, Momelotinib stands out as a promising pharmaceutical compound with the potential to revolutionize the field. Momelotinib is an ACVR1 antagonist and a dual inhibitor of the JAK1 and JAK2 enzymes. By targeting MF's hematological and fibrotic aspects, Momelotinib influences iron metabolism by regulating hepcidin. This results in reduced hepcidin expression and increased iron availability, ultimately leading to improved anemia and reduced dependency on blood transfusion. This study aims to provide a concise overview of the pathogenesis of MF and elucidate the mechanism of action of Momelotinib. Subsequently, our review offers a practical summary encompassing the effects of Momelotinib in monotherapy, combined comparative drug therapy, and its associated side effects. Additionally, we explore the application of Momelotinib in other cancer types and investigate predictors for treatment success. Furthermore, we examine the utilization of Momelotinib in patients with liver and kidney failure., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopamine depletion and severe motor impairments. Preladenant, an adenosine A2 receptor antagonist, is an investigational treatment for PD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to critically evaluate the efficacy of Preladenant in improving motor symptoms in patients with PD., Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to March 2023, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Preladenant with placebo in PD patients were included. The primary outcome was the change in daily ON time without troublesome dyskinesia. Secondary outcomes included the change in daily OFF time and adverse events. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool., Results: Four RCTs with a total of 2097 PD patients were included. Pooled analysis showed that Preladenant could generally increase daily ON time (pooled effect 0.15 and 95 % CI: -0.19-0.48) and reduce daily OFF time (pooled effect -0.04 and 95 % CI: -0.43-0.36) compared to placebo, however it was not significant. The included studies had moderate to high heterogeneity. No significant differences in adverse events were observed between Preladenant and placebo., Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that Preladenant may improve motor fluctuations in PD patients by increasing ON time and reducing OFF time. However, the high heterogeneity among studies warrants further large-scale, high-quality RCTs to confirm these findings and establish the long-term safety and efficacy of Preladenant in PD management., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Brain Research Organization.)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 635 nm diode laser with different powers on undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells obtained from buccal fat pad. Human buccal fat stem cells were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS, penicillin, and streptomycin under 5% CO 2 and 95% humidity. Cells were cultured in 96-well plate and 24 h later, laser irradiation with 635 nm diode laser was performed in four groups of 200, 300, 400, and 500 mW powers in addition to the control group with the same energy density of 4 J/cm 2 . MTT and flow cytometry assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation and viability on 2 and 4 days after irradiation. Alizarin red assay and real-time PCR (OPN, OCN, ALP, and RUNX-2 genes) was performed to evaluate osteogenic differentiation. According to the MTT assay, none of the mentioned powers of 635 nm diode laser had significant effect on cell proliferation. Cells irradiated with power of 400 mW and 500 mW significantly showed a greater number of necrotic cells compared to the control group in Day 4. Cells irradiated with 300 mW power significantly exhibited a greater amount of nodule formation compared to all groups. Results of this study indicated that 635 nm diode laser with energy density of 4 J/cm 2 has a positive effect inducing osteogenic differentiation when applying with a power of 300 mW in buccal fat pad mesenchymal stem cells., (© 2024 American Society for Photobiology.)

Background and Aims: The current systematic review aimed to elucidate the effects of lipid variability on microvascular complication risk in diabetic patients. The lipid components studied were as follows: High-density lipoprotein (HDL), High-density lipoprotein (LDL), Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), and Remnant Cholesterol (RC)., Method: We carried out a systematic search in multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, up to October 2nd, 2023. After omitting the duplicates, we screened the title and abstract of the studies. Next, we retrieved and reviewed the full text of the remaining articles and included the ones that met our inclusion criteria in the study., Result: In this research, we examined seven studies, comprising six cohort studies and one cross-sectional study. This research was conducted in Hong Kong, China, Japan, Taiwan, Finland, and Italy. The publication years of these articles ranged from 2012 to 2022, and the duration of each study ranged from 5 to 14.3 years. The study group consisted of patients with type 2 diabetes aged between 45 and 84 years, with a diabetes history of 7 to 12 years. These studies have demonstrated that higher levels of LDL, HDL, and TG variability can have adverse effects on microvascular complications, especially nephropathy and neuropathic complications. TG and LDL variability were associated with the development of albuminuria and GFR decline. Additionally, reducing HDL levels showed a protective effect against microalbuminuria. However, other studies did not reveal an apparent relationship between lipid variations and microvascular complications, such as retinopathy. Current research lacks geographic and demographic diversity. Increased HDL, TG, and RC variability have been associated with several microvascular difficulties. Still, the pathogenic mechanism is not entirely known, and understanding how lipid variability affects microvascular disorders may lead to novel treatments. Furthermore, the current body of this research is restricted in its coverage. This field's lack of thorough investigations required a more extensive study and comprehensive effort., Conclusion: The relationship between lipid variation (LDL, HDL, and TG) (adverse effects) on microvascular complications, especially nephropathy and neuropathic (and maybe not retinopathy), is proven. Physicians and health policymakers should be highly vigilant to lipid variation in a general population., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is caused by a defective precursor leading to malignant clonal expansion, often with FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 receptor (FLT3) mutations, particularly internal tandem duplication (ITD), which has a poor prognosis. Quizartinib, a second-generation FLT3 inhibitor, has FDA approval for relapsed/refractory AML with FLT3/ITD mutation. It has shown promise in clinical studies since 2013 due to its excellent oral absorption and potent activity on FLT3. This review explores Quizartinib's mechanism of action, efficacy in monotherapy or combination with chemotherapy, drug interactions, adverse events, resistance mechanisms and future research directions.

Flavonoids are found in natural health products and plant-based foods. The flavonoid molecules contain a 15-carbon skeleton with the particular structural construction of subclasses. The most flavonoid's critical subclasses with improved health properties are the catechins or flavonols (e.g., epigallocatechin 3-gallate from green tea), the flavones (e.g., apigenin from celery), the flavanones (e.g., naringenin from citrus), the flavanols (e.g., quercetin glycosides from berries, onion, and apples), the isoflavones (e.g., genistein from soya beans) and the anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from berries). Scientific data conclusively demonstrates that frequent intake of efficient amounts of dietary flavonoids decreases chronic inflammation and the chance of oxidative stress expressing the pathogenesis of human diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle that plays a role in protein folding, post-transcriptional conversion, and transportation, which plays a critical part in maintaining cell homeostasis. Various stimuli can lead to the creation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and then arise in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Constant endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers unfolded protein response (UPR), which ultimately causes apoptosis. Research has shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a critical part in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, aortic aneurysm, and hypertension. Endoplasmic reticulum stress could be one of the crucial points in treating multiple cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarized findings on flavonoids' effects on the endoplasmic reticulum and their role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Keylani, Arbab Mojeni, Khalaji, Rasouli, Aminzade, Karimi, Sanaye, Khajevand, Nemayandeh, Poudineh, Azizabadi Farahani, Esfandiari, Haghshoar, Kheirandish, Amouei, Abdi, Azizinezhad, Khani and Deravi.)

Age-related neurological disorders [AND] include neurodegenerative diseases [NDDs] such as Alzheimer's disease [AD] and Parkinson's disease [PD], which are the most prevalent types of dementia in the elderly. It also includes other illnesses such as migraine and epilepsy. ANDs are multifactorial, but aging is their major risk factor. The most frequent and vital pathological features of AND are oxidative stress, inflammation, and accumulation of misfolded proteins. As AND brain damage is a significant public health burden and its incidence is increasing, much has been done to overcome it. Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L .) is one of the polyphenol-rich fruits that is widely mentioned in medical folklore. Pomegranate is commonly used to treat common disorders such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, wound healing, bleeding, dysentery, acidosis, microbial infections, infectious and noninfectious respiratory diseases, and neurological disorders. In the current review article, we aimed to summarize the data on the pharmacotherapeutic potentials of pomegranate in ANDs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Emami Kazemabad, Asgari Toni, Tizro, Dadkhah, Amani, Akhavan Rezayat, Sheikh, Mohammadi, Alijanzadeh, Alimohammadi, Shahrokhi, Erabi, Noroozi, Karimi, Honari and Deravi.)

Hundreds of millions of people around the world suffer from neurological disorders or have experienced them intermittently, which has significantly reduced their quality of life. The common treatments for neurological disorders are relatively expensive and may lead to a wide variety of side effects including sleep attacks, gastrointestinal side effects, blood pressure changes, etc. On the other hand, several herbal medications have attracted colossal popularity worldwide in the recent years due to their availability, affordable prices, and few side effects. Aromatic plants, sage ( Salvia officinalis ), lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia ), and rosemary ( Salvia Rosmarinus ) have already shown anxiolytics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. They have also shown potential in treating common neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, migraine, and cognitive disorders. This review summarizes the data on the neuroprotective potential of aromatic herbs, sage, lavender, and rosemary., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Faridzadeh, Salimi, Ghasemirad, Kargar, Rashtchian, Mahmoudvand, Karimi, Zerangian, Jahani, Masoudi, Sadeghian Dastjerdi, Salavatizadeh, Sadeghsalehi and Deravi.)

This investigation was designed to determine the effect of melatonin supplementation on mental health parameters, metabolic and genetic profiles in patients under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted among 54 patients under MMT. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either 10 mg melatonin (2 melatonin capsules, 5 mg each) (n = 26) or placebo (n = 28) once a day, 1 hour before bedtime for 12 weeks. Melatonin supplementation significantly decreased Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (β -4.08; 95 percent CI, -5.51, -2.65; P < 0.001), Beck Depression Inventory index (β -5.46; 95% CI, -8.92, -2.00; P = 0.003) and Beck Anxiety Inventory index (β -3.87; 95% CI, -5.96, -1.77; P = 0.001) and significantly increased International Index of Erectile Functions (β 5.59; 95% CI, 1.76, 9.42; P = 0.005) compared with the placebo. Subjects who received melatonin supplements had significantly lower serum insulin levels (β -2.53; 95% CI, -4.48, -0.59; P = 0.01), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (β -0.56; 95% CI, -1.03, -0.09; P = 0.01) and higher quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (β 0.01; 95% CI, 0.004, 0.02; P = 0.009) and HDL-cholesterol levels (β 3.71; 95% CI, 1.77, 5.64; P = 0.002) compared to placebo. Additionally, melatonin intake resulted in a significant reduction in serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (β -0.15; 95% CI, -0.27, -0.02; P = 0.02), malondialdehyde (β -0.31; 95% CI, -0.57, -0.05; P = 0.02) and protein carbonyl (β -0.06; 95% CI, -0.09, -0.04; P < 0.001). This trial indicated that taking melatonin supplements for 12 weeks by patients under MMT had beneficial effects on their mental health metabolic profiles., (© 2018 Society for the Study of Addiction.)

Background: This study determined the effects of a novel combination of vitamin D and probiotic on metabolic and clinical symptoms in chronic schizophrenia., Methods: This trial was conducted among 60 patients with chronic schizophrenia to receive either 50,000 IU vitamin D3 every 2 weeks plus 8 × 10 9  CFU/day probiotic (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks., Results: Vitamin D and probiotic co-supplementation was associated with a significant improvement in the general (- 3.1 ± 4.7 vs. + 0.3 ± 3.9, P = 0.004) and total PANSS scores (- 7.4 ± 8.7 vs. -1.9 ± 7.5, P = 0.01). Vitamin D and probiotic co-supplementation also significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (+ 51.1 ± 129.7 vs. -20.7 ± 53.3 mmol/L, P = 0.007), and significantly decreased malondialdehyde (- 0.3 ± 0.9 vs. + 0.2 ± 0.4 μmol/L, P = 0.01) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (- 2.3 ± 3.0 vs. -0.3 ± 0.8 mg/L, P = 0.001) compared with the placebo. Moreover, taking vitamin D plus probiotic significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose (- 7.0 ± 9.9 vs. -0.2 ± 9.9 mg/dL, P = 0.01), insulin concentrations (- 2.7 ± 2.3 vs. + 0.4 ± 2.0 μIU/mL, P < 0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (- 0.8 ± 0.7 vs. + 0.1 ± 0.7, P < 0.001), triglycerides (- 7.8 ± 25.2 vs. + 10.1 ± 30.8 mg/dL, P = 0.01) and total cholesterol levels (- 4.9 ± 15.0 vs. + 5.9 ± 19.5 mg/dL, P = 0.04) and total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio (- 0.1 ± 0.6 vs. + 0.3 ± 0.8, P = 0.04)., Conclusion: Probiotic and vitamin D for 12 weeks to chronic schizophrenia had beneficial effects on the general and total PANSS score, and metabolic profiles., Trial Registration: This study was retrospectively registered in the Iranian website ( www.irct.ir ) for clinical trials registration ( http://www.irct.ir : IRCT2017072333551N2). 07-31-2017 2.

Organic radicals are promising building blocks for molecular spintronics. Little is known about the role of unpaired electrons for electron transport at the single-molecule level. Here, we examine the impact of magnetic fields on electron transport in single oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene) (OPE)-based radical molecular junctions, which are formed with a mechanically controllable break-junction technique at a low temperature of 4.2 K. Surprisingly huge positive magnetoresistances (MRs) of 16 to 287% are visible for a magnetic field of 4 T, and the values are at least 1 order of magnitude larger than those of the analogous pristine OPE (2-4%). Rigorous analysis of the MR and of current-voltage and inelastic electron-tunneling spectroscopy measurements reveal an effective reduction of the electronic coupling between the current-carrying molecular orbital and the electrodes with increasing magnetic field. We suggest that the large MR for the single-radical molecular junctions might be ascribed to a loss of phase coherence of the charge carriers induced by the magnetic field. Although further investigations are required to reveal the mechanism underlying the strong MR, our findings provide a potential approach for tuning charge transport in metal-molecule junctions with organic radicals.