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Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom experienced by all the cancer patients at all stages of the disease and in survivors. Fatigue from cancer is one of the understated, underestimated, and least managed. Several scales have been developed to measure CRF, but they vary in the quality of psychometric properties, ease of administration, and dimensions of CRF. This systematic review explores the validity and reliability of the different CRF measurement scales. A systematic review methodology was followed to identify the scales that have been validated to measure CRF. Three separate databases PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar searches were performed using different medical subject heading terms. Articles were analyzed for validity and reliability. A total of 1294 articles from three different searches identified 15 scales (unidimensional and multidimensional). Each scale varied by its psychometric properties, items, scale type, dimension, site of cancer, and population in which it is validated. Most of the scales had been validated in mixed cancer populations. Some scales are insensitive to differences in fatigue to cancer stages. Few scales are burdensome for the advanced cancer patients. In this study, 15 CRF scales were identified. Validity and reliability are varied by each questionnaire. The ideal and accepted item numbers, scale, and domains are not established. The psychometric properties of each measure require further consideration. More studies are needed to explore fatigue scales with many populations.

Relaxation therapy (RT) is considered to be helpful in the management of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This systematic review (SR) was conducted to find the impact of RT on PMS management, which could be utilized in clinical and community populations. Five major databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Scopus, and Web of Science were used as search engines. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist is used to analyze the quality of articles selected for this review. Only 35 different studies among 71 relevant articles which focused on the topic were selected for this SR. All of the 35 different trials reported that the selected RTs, namely Laura Mitchell, Jacobson, Benson, relaxation unnamed, yoga, aerobic exercise, and massage, significantly decreased PMS. The outcome of this SR suggests that the selected seven RTs effectively relieve PMS and ensure a productive life for all reproductive women., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Objectives: Menopause is a transitional time in a woman's life leading to both physical and emotional challenges which affects the quality of life (QOL). Average age of menopause is around 48 years but it strikes Indian women at the age of 40 to 45 years. So, menopausal health demands higher priority in Indian as well as global scenario. The present study was conducted to compare the QOL of postmenopausal women residing in urban and rural communities., Methods: The study adopted quantitative research approach with comparative survey design. The samples were 100 postmenopausal women from rural urban communities selected using non probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by interview using demographic performa and menopause specific QOL., Results: The mean QOL score (X 2 = 27.24) of rural women was higher than the mean QOL score (X 1 = 26.34) of urban women. The calculated independent ' t ' value ( t = 0.86; P < 0.05) is lesser than the table value ( t 98 = 1.980). There was association between QOL of urban postmenopausal women and monthly income of the family (χ 2 = 4.023) was statistically significant at 0.05 levels., Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the QOL of postmenopausal women in rural and urban areas. Indian women are ignorant about the changes taking place in their reproductive system. Religion and culture of our society also inhibits to express these changes. Health care professionals have a great role in addressing these issues to prepare women to face the challenges of reproductive health., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Background: Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has shown to slow chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. This is most notable at the earlier stages of diabetic and proteinuric nephropathies. Objective. Here, we observed the impact of discontinuation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)/angiotensin receptors blockers (ARB) in patients with advanced kidney disease., Methods: 52 patients (21 females and 31 males) with advanced CKD (stages 4 and 5), who attended our low clearance clinic (LCC) in preparation for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Mean age was 73.3 ± 1.8 years with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 16.38 ± 1 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Baseline urine protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) was 77 ± 20 mg/mmol. 46% suffered from diabetes mellitus. Patients were followed for at least 12 months before and after ACEi/ARB were stopped., Results: 12 months after discontinuation of ACEi/ARB eGFR increased significantly to 26.6 ± 2.2 ml/min/ 1.73 m(2) (p = 0.0001). 61.5% of patients had more than a 25% increase in eGFR, whilst 36.5% had an increase exceeding 50%. There was a significant decline in the eGFR slope -0.39 ± 0.07 in the 12 months preceding discontinuation. The negative slope was reversed +0.48 ± 0.1 (p = 0.0001). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) increased from 90 ± 1.8 mmHg to 94 ± 1.3 mmHg (p = 0.02), however ≥50% of patients remained within target. Overall proteinuria was not affected (PCR before = 77 ± 20 and after = 121.6 ± 33.6 mg/mmol)., Conclusion: Discontinuation of ACEi/ARB has undoubtedly delayed the onset of RRT in the majority of those studied. This observation may justify a rethink of our approach to the inhibition of the RAAS in patients with advanced CKD who are nearing the start of RRT.

A 75-year-old patient comes to a community pharmacy to refill her blood pressure (BP) medications. She approached the pharmacist complaining of a headache and an unusually high BP reading that she had gotten from the automated machine. The patient was unaware of her usual BP, but knew that the reading was unusually high for her. Following evaluation of the patient and after obtaining several high systolic BP readings, the pharmacist appropriately calls for an ambulance. At the hospital, the patient is told she is in need of triple-bypass surgery. After her hospital stay, the patient is now diligent about refilling her BP medications on time and consistently monitors and records her BP at home. Isolated systolic hypertension is a growing concern in older adults, and a large percentage of adults are not appropriately managed. Pharmacists play an active role in educating patients on the importance of high BP monitoring and adherence to minimize the risk of cardiovascular events.