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Background: Migraine is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). There are evidences that components of MetS are more prevalent among migraine patients than non-migraineurs. Since both migraine and MetS are associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events, it is likely that the parameters of MetS increase the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in migraineurs. The present research project was conducted for the purpose of investigating the relationship between MetS parameters and different items of migraine headaches. Methods: This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 240 migraineurs [according to International Headache Society (HIS) II criteria] within the 17+ age range. The participants were selected via consecutive and convenience sampling method. The evaluated parameters for each subject included 2 arms: migraine characteristics (intensity, frequency of attacks, subtype, duration, and treatment regimen) and indices of MetS according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III) report criteria [high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (‎HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), height, waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and body mass index (BMI)]. All data were analyzed in SPSS software. Results: Total prevalence of MetS was 16.25% (39 patients). There was a statistically meaningful relationship between hypertriglyceridemia and gender (P = 0.021), hypertriglyceridemia and prophylactic antimigraine regimen (P = 0.022), hyperglycemia and age group (P = 0.010), hyperglycemia and the intensity of headache (P = 0.048), hyperglycemia and prophylactic treatment (P = 0.001), systolic hypertension and migraine subtype (P = 0.004), systolic hypertension and the duration of migraine disease (P = 0.005), diastolic hypertension and migraine subtype (P = 0.002), WC and gender (P = 0.001), WC and the intensity of headache (P = 0.028), WC and prophylactic medication (P = 0.017), HDL and gender (P = 0.001), HDL and the prophylactic regimen (P = 0.023), and MetS and gender (P = 0.005). The prevalence of MetS was increased with increase in the severity of migraine headache. Conclusion: Due to the relative increase in the prevalence of MetS in patients with more severe migraine, an evaluation of the mechanisms of MetS is recommended in this population., (Copyright © 2021 Iranian Neurological Association, and Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Background Pregabalin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid analog which seems to be effective in different neuropathic pains, as well as in incisional and inflammatory injuries. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of pregabalin on pain relief post herniorrhaphy. Methods In this randomized clinical trial, 60 men were chosen for unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy under spinal anesthesia. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. The investigation (pregabalin) group received 300 mg of oral pregabalin 2 h before and 150 mg of pregabalin 12 and 24 h after surgery in addition to routine postoperative medication and 1 mg/kg of pethidine as needed. The control (placebo) group received placebo capsules similar to the investigation group, as well as routine medication and 1 mg/kg of pethidine as needed. All surgeries were done with the same technique. Post-surgery pain was evaluated in the walking and lying positions with a visual analog scale at 12 and 24 h and at 3 and 7 days after the surgery. Pethidine consumption and adverse effects of pregabalin were also assessed. Results The investigation group had less pain and lower visual analog scale scores at 12 and 24 h and also at 3 days after surgery and consumed less pethidine compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions Pregabalin reduces pain and opioid consumption in the first 3 days after surgery. The adverse effects of pregabalin are limited to the first 12 h after surgery. Pregabalin can be suggested for pain relief, but it should be used with caution in the elderly.

Introduction: Adherence to appropriate nutrition and fluid intake is one of the essential parts of chronic renal failure treatment for achieving the desirable results among the patients with hemodialysis. Among various training methods, the "small groups' method", as an advanced method, can be performed by nurses in achieving desirable therapeutic results. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of appropriate nutrition training in small groups on laboratory parameters in hemodialysis patients., Material and Methods: In this clinical trial, 64 patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected and divided into an intervention group and a control group. Subsequently, an appropriate nutritional training program, including lectures along with appropriate nutrition pamphlets in three one hour question and answer sessions were performed. Thirty two patients in each group were assigned to intervention groups of five. Then, the laboratory indicators for each patient were measured in each group one month after training. Thereafter, data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics (statistical tests including independent t-test, paired t-test, repeated measures, and ANOVA) in SPSS V.16 software., Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.1 ± 13.1 years; 47.5% of them had undergone dialysis due to hypertension and 55.7% had a history of 1-5 years of hemodialysis. There was a significant difference in post-intervention levels of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus between the two groups., Conclusions: Appropriate nutrition training via small-group method for patients on hemodialysis can impose positive effects on laboratory parameters.

Background and aims. The aim of the present study is to determine the incidence of MTHFR C677 T and A1298C muta-tions in Iranian patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Materials and methods. We screened 61 Iranian patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate for mutations in the two alleles of MTHFR gene associated with cleft lip and/or palate: A1298C and C677T, using Polymerase Chain Reaction following by RFLP. Results. The 677T and 1298C homozygote genotypes showed a frequency of 36.1% and 11.4%, respectively. Combined genotype frequencies in newborns having oral clefts showed that the highest genotype was 677TT/1298AA (22.9%) and 677TT/1298CC genotypes were not observed. Conclusion. The results showed that 65.6% of all patients had at least one T mutant allele in C677T and 58.9% C mutant allele for A1298C. According to the frequencies of homozygosity of mutant alleles, it could be said that MTHFR genotype of 677TT shows a greater role in having oral clefts.

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infections in the world that cause urogenital infections in both men and women. It appears that infertility is a complication of these infections., Objective: This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium in symptomatic and asymptomatic men and to assess risk factors associated with infection., Patients and Methods: Urine specimens were collected from 200 men; 100 of them were symptomatic and 100 asymptomatic. Samples were examined by PCR to detect the infections., Results: C. trachomatis was detected in 20% of symptomatic and in 4% of asymptomatic men (P < 0.001). The prevalence of M. genitalium was revealed to be 12% and 2% in symptomatic and asymptomatic men, respectively (P < 0.01). Four of 100 men in the symptomatic group were infected with both organisms. C. trachomatis infection was associated with dysuria, urethral discharge, testicular swelling, and genital ulcer (P < 0.05). M. genitalium infection was related with dysuria, testis inflammation, pelvic pain and low educational level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the prevalence of infections at ages 30-39 years was more than other ages., Conclusions: Considering the role of these bacteria in urogenital infections, a screening test is recommended. Since the PCR assay is a highly sensitive and specific assay for the detection of these bacteria in male urine specimens, it provides a noninvasive technique for routine screening.

Background: Infertility is one of the most difficult life experiences that a couple might encounter. Infertility as a bio-psycho-social phenomenon, could influence all aspects of life. While paying special attention to the psychological aspects of infertility in couples; many studies have investigated the non-clinical aspects of infertility, however, they rarely have evaluated the psychosocial development of infertile versus fertile men. We aimed to study the effects of infertility on psychosocial development in men., Methods: In fact, we designed the study based on "Erikson's theory of psychosocial development". We focused on the relationship between psychosocial development and some self-conceived indices. For this purpose, we divided the participants volunteers into two groups of cases (80 infertile men) and controls (40 fertile men) and asked them to complete a 112 (questions questionnaire based on "self description"). The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS (version 13) using independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and analysis of covariance. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant., Results: Data analysis showed significant inter and intra group differences. Infertile and fertile groups showed significant differences in trust, autonomy, generativity and integrity stages (p < 0.05). Infertile intergroup analysis represents us to higher scores in positive than negative stages., Conclusion: Infertility as a phenomenon had its own effects on the psychosocial development of infertile men. However, good coping skills are powerful tools to manage these myriad of feelings surrounding infertile men.

Menstrual blood is easily accessible, renewable, and inexpensive source of stem cells. In this study, we investigated the chondrogenic differentiation potential of menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) compared with that of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) in two-dimensional culture. Following characterization of isolated cells, the potential for chondrogenic differentiation of MenSCs and BMSCs was evaluated by immunocytochemical and molecular experiments. MenSCs were strongly positive for mesenchymal stem cell markers in a manner similar to that of BMSCs. In contrast to BMSCs, MenSCs exhibited marked expression of OCT4, and higher proliferative capacity. Differentiated MenSCs showed strong immunoreactivity to a monoclonal antibody against Collagen type 2, in a pattern similar to BMSCs. Accumulation of proteoglycans in differentiated MenSCs was also comparable with that in differentiated BMSCs. However, the mRNA expression patterns as judged by RT-PCR of chondrogenic markers such as Collagen 2A1, Collagen 9A1 and SOX9 in MenSCs were different from those in BMSCs. Given these findings, MenSCs appear to be a unique stem cell population with higher proliferation than and comparable chondrogenic differentiation ability to BMSCs in two-dimensional culture. Much quantitative studies at the molecular level may elucidate the reasons for the observed differences in MenSCs and BMSCs.

Background: Body Image as a multidimensional entity is related to both physical and psychological aspects of the image one has of his or her own body. Lack/absence of an acceptable body image is one of the reasons of mental distress in infertile individuals., Methods: In this study, an equal number (No=120) of fertile and infertile men attending Avicenna Infertility Clinic (AIC) were enrolled. The participants were compared in regard to body image variables based on the "Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ)" consisting of 10 subscales. Data was analyzed by SPSS, version 11.5, using Chi square and independent t-tests., Results: Fertile men had a more positive body image as compared to infertile individuals. Significant statistical differences were observed when body image subscales were compared in both groups; in other words appearance evaluation, appearance orientation, Novy, health evaluation, health orientation, illness orientation, body satisfaction, overweight preoccupation and self-classified weight showed differences, while no significant difference was observed in regard to fitness orientation., Conclusion: It seems that the ability and efficiency of body image is affected by infertility leading to dissatisfaction of one's body image.

Background: In recent years, the high likelihood of the implantation of transferred embryos has led to an increase in the number of multiple pregnancies and consequently an increased risk of complications in fetuses and mothers. Since the aim of infertility treatment is the birth of a healthy child while preserving the mother's health, therefore, attempts should be made to avoid multiple pregnancies as much as possible besides maintaining the women's chance of pregnancy by transferring an appropriate number of embryos., Methods: The population under study consisted of specialists (gynecologists and embryologists) who worked in ART clinics across the country and had attended an infertility congress in Tehran in 2008. The devised questionnaire enquired about the infertility specialists' attitude towards the appropriate number of transferable embryos. The questions were designed on a Likert scale of strongly agree, agree, indifferent, disagree and strongly disagree. The scores of the questionnaire ranged from 0-60 which were later scaled up to 100 for ease of data analysis. Accordingly, scores below 50 were considered as "negative", 50-75 "moderate" and greater than 75 as "positive"., Results: Overall, 9.9% of the specialists gained a score less than 50 (negative view), 67.3% between 50-75 (moderate) and 22.8% greater than 75 (positive view)., Conclusion: The infertility specialists in Iran are relatively reluctant to transfer a high number of embryos for infertility treatments.

The Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) was established as a primary registry on December 4 2008 and has registered over 1350 trials by June 2011. Many researchers are still unaware of the need for registration of trials before recruiting the first patient and the proportion of retrospectively registered trials is likely to grow until this awareness increases. We sought to investigate the timing of the registrations in IRCT and to explore strategies to overcome this. We used all data in the IRCT database and extracted the date of registration, as well as the dates for the start and the end of recruitment. We categorized trials into 4 groups: those registered before the start of patient enrolment, within 30 days of enrolment, after 30 days but before the end of recruitment, and after the end of recruitment. The proportion of trials in each category was calculated by calendar year. The number of registered trials increased from 26 in the 3 months leading to 2009 to 181 in 2009, 772 in 2010 and 376 in the first 5 months of 2011 (estimate by end of year = 947). The proportions of trials registered after the end of patient recruitment were 55%, 58% and 62% in 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively. On average, 6.4% of trials were registered within 30 days from the start of patient recruitment and 27% in the time between then and the end of recruitment. The rapid increase in the number of registered trials is an indication of strong implementation of the registration policy. This comes partly at the expense of an increased proportion of retrospective registrations. While this may be understandable at the beginning, it is clearly not acceptable and measures should be adopted to increase the proportion of prospectively registered trials and to make trial registration an integral part of the research culture., (© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd and Chinese Cochrane Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University.)