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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of a clinic embedded Medication Assistance Program (MAP) specialist on the prescription benefit prior authorization (PA) process and provider satisfaction in an adult pulmonary clinic., Methods: In this mixed methods study, a retrospective cohort analysis was done to determine the turnaround time for the PA process from initial referral to approval or final denial in an adult pulmonary clinic. Additionally, a pre- and post-implementation survey to providers was conducted to assess provider satisfaction and perceptions around the prescription benefit PA process. The first study aim assessed PA efficiency by summarizing PA approval rate and PA turnaround time using descriptive statistics. Any prescriptions written by a clinic provider requiring a PA during the timeframe of June 2018 through August 2018 were included. The second study aim assessed change in provider satisfaction, analyzed via the Mann-Whitney U test., Results: The MAP specialist completed 110 PAs over 3 months for 110 unique patients. Median turnaround time was 3 hours, with 76% of PAs approved in less than 24 hours. Initial approval rate was 82.7%, and overall approval rate following the appeals process was 87.3%. A significant difference between the pre- and post-survey responses were identified in 2 of the 17 questions., Conclusion: Implementation of a clinic embedded MAP specialist to complete PAs demonstrated an efficient process while also improving provider satisfaction.

Background/objectives: To develop and evaluate a post-acute care simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) continuing medical education (CME)/maintenance of certification (MOC) procedure course., Design: Pretest-posttest study of the SBML intervention., Setting: A 2-day post-acute care procedures course., Participants: Sixteen practicing clinicians (5 physicians,11 advanced practice providers). Participants engaged in a skills pretest on knee aspiration/injection, gastrostomy tube removal/replacement, tracheostomy tube exchange, and basic suturing using a checklist created for each procedure. Participants received a didactic on each procedure followed by deliberate practice with feedback. Using the same checklists, participants completed a skills posttest and were required to meet a minimum passing standard (MPS) to obtain CME/MOC credit., Measurements: The MPS for each skills checklist was determined by a multidisciplinary panel of 11 experts. Participants completed surveys on procedure self-confidence and a course evaluation., Results: There was statistically significant improvement between pre- and posttests for all four procedures ( p < .001). All participants were able to meet or exceed the MPS for each skill during the 2-day course. Participants' self-confidence regarding each procedure improved significantly ( p < .001)., Conclusion: An SBML training course granting CME/MOC credit for post-acute care providers significantly improves performance of knee aspiration/injection, gastrostomy tube removal/replacement, tracheostomy tube exchange, and basic suturing.

Self-monitoring of bood glucose alone is not a good predictor of HbA 1c goal attainment. Health plans might benefit from formulary restrictions to provide more cost-effective care, without negatively impacting glycemic control. And by using targeted inteventions, healthcare providers could help maximize SMBG's clinical benefit for patients who receive test strips. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) can be an important tool in diabetes treatment, both for patient self-management and for guiding clinicians regarding medication adjustments. Evidence supports the association of SMBG with clinical outcomes in patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) although it is mixed for patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The cost of SMBG comprises a substantial portion of the total cost for patients with diabetes, and test strips are one of the main expenditures of the University of North Carolina Medical Center Pharmacy Assistance Program (PAP), which provides medication coverage, including test strips, to indigent patients who have no pharmacy insurance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the utility of SMBG based on the impact of test-strip adherence on glycemic goal attainment in an indigent population that is provided with low-copay test strips. This retrospective cohort study included patients with T1DM or T2DM who were enrolled in PAP in 2016 and who received a prescription for test strips during the 90 days prior to hemoglobin A1c (HbA 1c ) measurement. Adherence was defined as the proportion of days covered (PDC) > 0.8. Of the 498 patients encountered, 20% of the adherent group (n = 245) and 25% of the nonadherent group (n = 253) had a goal of HbA 1c < 7% ( P = 0.24). There were no differences in mean HbA 1c between the groups, except in the multiple daily injections (MDI) of the insulin subgroup (8.9% vs. 9.6%, P = 0.009). The adherent group was 80% less likely to have a diabetes-related hospitalization (odds ratio [OR], 0.2; 95% CI, 0.04-0.92). The total test-strip cost to PAP was more than $200,000. In conclusion, in an indigent population, adherence to SMBG does not correlate with glycemic goal attainment and imposes a substantial cost burden on the healthcare system., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors report no financial or commercial interest in regard to this article.

Over many decades the biological surfaces of aquatic swimmers have been studied for their potential as drag reducing surfaces. The hydrodynamic benefit of riblets, or grooves embedded parallel to the flow which appear on surfaces such as shark skin, have been well documented. However the skin of dolphins is embedded with sinusoidal grooves that run perpendicular or transverse to the flow over their bodies. It is theorized that the transverse grooves present on dolphin skin trap vortices between them, creating a partial slip condition over the surface and inducing turbulence augmentation in the boundary layer, thus acting as a potential mechanism to reduce flow separation and thus pressure drag. In an attempt to test this hypothesis and study these effects, an adverse pressure gradient was induced above a flat plate resulting in a controlled region of flow separation occurring within a tripped, turbulent boundary layer. Small transverse grooves of both rectangular and sinusoidal shape were 3D printed and mounted to the plate to measure their effect on the boundary layer flow. The results were compared to a flat plate without grooves using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The strength of the adverse pressure gradient was varied, and the observed control in flow separation and other effects upon the boundary layer are discussed.

Background: The US National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP) was released in 2009 as a national strategic plan to increase physical activity (PA). The NPAP emphasized implementing state and local PA programs. Dissemination of information about NPAP has been limited, however., Community Context: West Virginia is a predominantly rural state with high rates of chronic diseases associated with physical inactivity. In 2015 an evaluability assessment (EA) of the West Virginia Physical Activity Plan (WVPAP) was conducted, and community stakeholders were invited to participate in updating the plan., Methods: A good EA seeks stakeholder input, assists in identifying program areas that need improvement, and ensures that a full evaluation will produce useful information. Data for this EA were collected via national stakeholder interviews, document reviews, discussions among workgroups consisting of state and local stakeholders, and surveys to determine how well the WVPAP had been implemented., Outcome: The EA highlighted the need for WVPAP leaders to 1) establish a specific entity to implement local PA plans, 2) create sector-specific logic models to simplify the WVPAP for local stakeholders, 3) evaluate the PA plan's implementation frequently from the outset, 4) use quick and efficient engagement techniques with stakeholders when working with them to select strategies, tactics, and measurable outcomes, and 5) understand the elements necessary to implement, manage, and evaluate a good PA plan., Interpretation: An EA process is recommended for other leaders of PA plans. Our project highlights the stakeholders' desire to simplify the WVPAP so that it can be set up as a locally driven process that engages communities in implementation.