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The formation of granulomatous lesions is a typical pathological feature of tuberculosis, and infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main cause. Although the mechanism underlying granuloma formation remains unclear, increasing evidence suggests that immune metabolism plays an important role. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in macrophage glycolytic reprogramming in tuberculosis granuloma formation to discover new methods for early diagnosis and provided new ideas for tuberculosis therapeutics based on the regulation of immune metabolism.

Objective: In a previous study, we reported that transplantation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) significantly attenuated liver damage in a mouse autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) model. Moreover, expression of the LIM domain protein, LMO7, correlated positively with the invasive capacity of hepatoma cells. However, whether LMO7 plays a role in inflammation and fibrosis of AIH remains unknown. This investigation aimed to explore the effect of BMSC transplantation on LMO7 and the role of LMO7 in hepatic fibrosis., Materials and Methods: S100-induced murine AIH and LPS-induced hepatocyte injury models were successfully established. Three doses of BMSCs were injected into AIH mice via the tail vein. LPS-treated AML12 cells were co-cultured with BMSCs in vitro. Small interfering (si) LMO7 RNA and T5224 (a specific inhibitor of AP-1) were used to demonstrate the relationship between LMO7-AP1-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β., Results: Pathological examination and serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels indicated that liver damage was notably ameliorated in the BMSC-treated mice. LMO7 level was upregulated, while AP-1 and TGF-β levels were downregulated upon intervention with BMSCs. AP-1 expression was upregulated in the siLMO7 group, whereas TGF-β level was downregulated in the T5224 group when compared to those in the control group., Conclusions: BMSC transplantation significantly limits liver fibrosis and upregulates the expression of LMO7. LMO7 inhibits the TGF-β pathway by inhibiting AP-1. This implies that BMSCs are a potential means of treating liver fibrosis. This approach has important implications for the treatment of AIH and other fibrotic diseases.

A method is proposed to determine the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of a relativistic few-cycle laser pulse via the frequency of the Thomson backscattering (TBS) light. We theoretically investigate the generation of a flying mirror when a few-cycle drive pulse with relativistic intensity interacts with a target combined with a thin and a thick foil. The frequency of the TBS light generated from the flying mirror shows a sensitive dependence on the CEP of the drive pulse. The obtained results are verified by one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and are explained by an analytical model.

Objective: A meta-analysis to compare the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) following off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) versus after conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)., Methods: A systematic search of the Medline(®), EMBASE(®) and Cochrane Library databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials published until the end of November 2011. Data were analysed using RevMan version 5.0 software., Results: The literature search identified 13 randomized controlled trials which included a total of 2326 cases. Meta-analysis found that the incidence of POCD was significantly higher following CABG than after OPCAB during the perioperative period (1-2 weeks) and at 3 months postsurgery. There were no significant between-group differences at 6 or 12 months postsurgery., Conclusions: Compared with CABG, OPCAB was found to be associated with a reduced incidence of early-stage POCD. Caution must be taken when interpreting these findings because of limitations in the available data.

One strategy for the induction of mucosal immune responses by oral immunization is to administer the antigen in conjunction with cholera toxin. Cholera toxin consists of one A polypeptide (CTA) which is noncovalently linked to five B subunits (CTB) via the A2 portion of the A subunit (CTA2). Coupling of antigens to the nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin may improve the immunogenicity of antigens by targeting them to GM1 ganglioside on M cells and intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we describe the construction of a translational fusion protein containing the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP), a protective amebic antigen, fused to a maltose binding protein (MBP) and to CTA2. When coexpressed in Escherichia coli with the CTB gene, these proteins assembled into a holotoxin-like chimera containing MBP-SREHP-CTA2 and CTB. This holotoxin-like chimera (SREHP-H) inhibited the binding of cholera toxin to GM1 ganglioside. Oral vaccination of mice with SREHP-H induced mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and serum IgG antiamebic antibodies and low levels of mucosal anti-CTB antibodies. Our studies confirm that the genetic coupling of antigens to CTA2 and their coexpression in E. coli can produce holotoxin-like molecules that are mucosally immunogenic without the requirement for supplemental cholera toxin, and they establish the SREHP-H protein as a candidate for evaluation as a vaccine to prevent amebiasis.