Search

Recently, the altermagnetic materials with spin splitting effect (SSE), have drawn significant attention due to their potential to the flexible control of the spin polarization by the Néel vector. Here, the direct and inverse altermagnetic SSE (ASSE) in the (101)-oriented RuO 2 film with the tilted Néel vector are reported. First, the spin torque along the x-, y-, and z-axis is detected from the spin torque-induced ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR), and the z-spin torque emerges when the electric current is along the [010] direction, showing the anisotropic spin splitting of RuO 2 . Further, the current-induced modulation of damping is used to quantify the damping-like torque efficiency (ξ DL ) in RuO 2 /Py, and an anisotropic ξ DL is obtained and maximized for the current along the [010] direction, which increases with the reduction of the temperature, indicating the present of ASSE. Next, by way of spin pumping measurement, the inverse altermagnetic spin splitting effect (IASSE) is studied, which also shows a crystal direction-dependent anisotropic behavior and temperature-dependent behavior. This work gives a comprehensive study of the direct and inverse ASSE effects in the altermagnetic RuO 2 , inspiring future altermagnetic materials and devices with flexible control of spin polarization., (© 2024 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors play an important role in plant growth and development. However, in tumorous stem mustard ( Brassica juncea var. tumida ), one of the economically important crops cultivated in southwest China and some southeast Asian countries, reports on the identification of NAC family genes are lacking. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide investigation of the NAC family genes in B . juncea var. tumida , based on its recently published genome sequence data., Methods: The NAC genes were identified in B . juncea var. tumida using the bioinformatics approach on the whole genome level. Additionally, the expression of BjuNAC genes was analyzed under high- and low-temperature stresses by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)., Results: A total of 300 BjuNAC genes were identified, of which 278 were mapped to specific chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of B . juncea var. tumida , Brassica rapa , Brassica nigra , rice and Arabidopsis thaliana NAC proteins revealed that all NAC genes were divided into 18 subgroups. Furthermore, gene structure analysis showed that most of the NAC genes contained two or three exons. Conserved motif analysis revealed that BjuNAC genes contain a conserved NAM domain. Additionally, qRT-PCR data indicated that thirteen BjuNAC genes with a varying degree of up-regulation during high-temperature stress. Conversely, four BjuNAC genes ( BjuNAC006 , BjuNAC083 , BjuNAC170 and BjuNAC223 ) were up-regulated and two BjuNAC genes ( BjuNAC074 and BjuNAC295 ) down-regulated under low temperature, respectively. Together, the results of this study provide a strong foundation for future investigation of the biological function of NAC genes in B . juncea var. tumida ., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2021 Jiang et al.)