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Objectives: To investigate the effect of bi-level positive airway pressure (BIPAP) therapy on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated with anxiety and depression., Methods: This is a retrospective study. One hundred patients with COPD complicated with anxiety and depression who were admitted to the Respiratory Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from August 2021 to August 2022 were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the control group were given conventional symptomatic treatment, while those in the observation group were given BIPAP therapy in addition to the treatment in the control group. The two groups were compared and analyzed in terms of respiratory function indicators, the changes in the scores of St. George's Hospital Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and COPD assessment test (CAT), blood gas analysis indicators, the levels of serum neurokinin A (NKA), serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and serum serotonin (5-HT), as well as the changes in the scores of Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD)., Results: After treatment, the levels of lung function indicators in both groups increased, SGRQ and CAT scores decreased, and pH levels remained unchanged. In addition, PaO 2 levels increased, PCO 2 , 5-HT, NKA and IL-6 levels decreased, and HAMA and HAMD scores decreased. The improvement degree of each indicator in the observation group was superior to that in the control group., Conclusion: In the clinical treatment of COPD complicated with anxiety and depression, BIPAP boasts effective amelioration of lung function and relief of anxiety and depression symptoms, and its mechanism of action may have a close bearing on ameliorating the levels of 5-HT, NKA, and IL-6 in patients., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: None., (Copyright: © Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences.)

Vector quantization encoding requires expensive time to find the closest codeword through the codebook for each input vector. A fast search algorithm for encoding is proposed in this paper. The multilevel elimination criterion is still derived from the three features (mean, variance, and norm) inequalities constraints, but the order of the three inequalities constraints, instead of the predefined order like other conventional multilevel elimination criterion, is optimized to speed up the encoding procedure. In the proposed algorithm, the elimination criterion at the first level is set to mean inequality constraint because of its narrower search width, and the priority order at the second and/or third level of variance and norm inequalities constraints is optimized based on the codewords distribution and the location of input vector in terms of the considered features. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.