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Background: Prophylactic vaccination against influenza and other epidemic viruses is recommended for citizens above 65 years. Several vaccines may contain traces of formaldehyde and are contra-indicated in patients hypersensitive (in the broadest possible meaning) to formaldehyde. Thorough knowledge on the various subtypes of hypersensitivity is sparse among non-dermatologists and non-allergists, and therefore many patients are prevented from vaccination based on a positive patch test to formaldehyde. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate whether patients with positive patch test to formaldehyde subsequently receiving a formaldehyde-containing vaccine and developed a severe adverse reaction., Methods/materials: From January 2000 to June 2021, 169 patients (>50 years) had a positive formaldehyde patch test at the Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital and were included into this retrospective study. The electronic medical record was assessed for receipt of a formaldehyde-containing vaccine after patch test and for subsequent contact with the Acute Ward in the Region of Southern Denmark within 14 days after vaccination., Results: Of the 158 patients residing in the Region of Southern Denmark, 130 patients were vaccinated with one or more formaldehyde-containing vaccines of whom 123 received an influenza vaccine. No contacts to the acute wards were identified., Discussion: Although prospective studies would be beneficial, patients with positive patch test to formaldehyde can be safely vaccinated with formaldehyde-containing vaccines., (© 2023 The Authors. Contact Dermatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background and Purpose: Virtual magnetic resonance elastography (vMRE) is an experimental imaging modality designed to non-invasively predict the haptic properties of tissues. The modality is sensitive to tissue stiffness and fibrosis. Information about meningioma consistency prior to resection is of great interest in neurological surgery as the surgical plan and outcome may be affected by the tumor's stiffness. In this study, we assessed the ability of vMRE to predict the intraoperative consistency and mechanical heterogeneity of intracranial meningiomas., Materials and Methods: We included 12 patients scheduled for meningioma resection, of which one patient was found to have a solitary fibrous tumor on histological examination. All participants underwent preoperative vMRE and intraoperative consistency grading., Results and Conclusions: Intraoperative qualitative consistency correlated positively with vMRE-based consistency assessment (odds ratio 5.63, 95% CI 1.12-28.30, p = 0.04) at b1000. Mechanically homogenous tumors had significantly lower ∆ mean stiffness than heterogeneous tumors (8.13 vs 18.07 kPa, p = 0.01). This study thus demonstrates a possible clinical application of vMRE in predicting the intraoperative consistency and mechanical heterogeneity of meningiomas., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) of the brain allows quantitative measurement of tissue mechanics. Multiple studies are exploring possible applications in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) in clinical and paraclinical contexts. This is of great interest in neurological surgery due to challenges related to diagnosis and prediction of treatment effects. In this scoping review, we present a topical overview and discuss the current literature, with particular attention to clinical implications and current challenges., Methods: The protocol was based on the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. After a systematic database search (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science), the articles were screened for relevance. Thirty articles were subject to detailed screening, and key technical and clinical data items were extracted. The inclusion criteria included the use of MRE on human subjects with NPH., Results: Seven articles were included in the final study. These studies had various objectives including the role of MRE in the assessment of regional elastic changes in NPH, shunt effect, and evaluation of NPH symptoms. MRE revealed patterns of mechanical changes in NPH that differed from other dementias. Regional MRE changes were associated with specific NPH signs and symptoms. Neurosurgical shunting caused partial normalization in tissue scaffold parameters. The studies were highly heterogeneous in technical aspects and design., Conclusion: MRE studies in NPH are still limited by few participants, variable cohorts, inconsistent methodologies, and technical challenges, but the approach shows great potential for future clinical application., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) allows noninvasive assessment of intracranial tumor mechanics and may thus be predictive of intraoperative conditions. Variations in the use of technical terms complicate reading of current literature, and there is need of a review using consolidated nomenclature., Objectives: We present an overview of current literature on MRE relating to human intracranial neoplasms using standardized nomenclature suggested by the MRE guidelines committee. We then discuss the implications of the findings, and suggest approaches for future research., Method: We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science; the articles were screened for relevance and then subjected to full text review. Technical terms were consolidated., Results: We identified 12 studies on MRE in patients with intracranial tumors, including meningiomas, glial tumors including glioblastomas, vestibular schwannomas, hemangiopericytoma, central nervous system lymphoma, pituitary macroadenomas, and brain metastases. The studies had varying objectives that included prediction of intraoperative consistency, histological separation, prediction of adhesiveness, and exploration of the mechanobiology of tumor invasiveness and malignancy. The technical terms were translated using standardized nomenclature. The literature was highly heterogeneous in terms of image acquisition techniques, post-processing, and study design and was generally limited by small and variable cohorts., Conclusions: MRE shows potential in predicting tumor consistency, adhesion, and mechanical homogeneity. Furthermore, MRE provides insight into malignant tumor behavior and its relation to tissue mechanics. MRE is still at a preclinical stage, but technical advances, improved understanding of soft tissue rheological impact, and larger samples are likely to enable future clinical introduction., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) may encounter challenges in their family planning journey. Here, we report on the access to family planning and pregnancy (FPP) information and the concerns among patients in Denmark with CIDs., Methods: Patients aged 18-50 years with CIDs participated in an online survey. Patients were recruited through patient advocacy groups and were asked to report information on their diagnosis, concerns related to FPP and perceptions of access to FPP information. Descriptive statistics were applied., Results: Of the eligible respondents, 368 had rheumatological diagnoses (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis or axial spondyloarthritis; mean age 40 years; 83% women, 17% men) and 95 had dermatological diagnoses (psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis; mean age 38 years; 67% women, 33% men). Approximately 70% of all patients reported seeking FPP information from patient advocacy groups; 57% of both cohorts used the internet as information sources; and 73% and 42% of rheumatological and dermatological cohorts used their hospital and specialist doctor, respectively. Despite this, 58% and 67% of patients with rheumatological and dermatological diagnoses reported limited or no access to FPP information, with > 70% of dermatological patients of early/mid-reproductive age reporting a lack of access to this information. Overall, 68% of patients with rheumatological and 73% with dermatological diagnoses had biological children, amongst whom 24% and 18%, respectively, indicated their disease affected the number of children they ultimately decided to have. The most frequent FPP concerns among patients who did not want any/more biological children were disease worsening, heredity and taking care of the child., Conclusions: Despite awareness of available sources of FPP information, patients expressed experiencing a feeling of limited access to information and having concerns that affect key decisions regarding FPP. The results of this survey highlight a need for improved and more standardised FPP information for patients with CIDs in Denmark., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a novel imaging modality allowing quantification of tissue consistency. Multiple trials have focused on the use of MRE to describe meningioma consistency prior to surgery and on improving diagnostic accuracy of normal pressure hydrocephalus and other dementias. MRE shows promising results, but still lacks direct clinical translational value. Within neurosurgery and neurosciences MRE could contribute and improve decision-making, diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, the use of MRE will improve the basic understanding of neuroanatomy, physiology and pathology.

Background: The purpose of the survey was to assess the knowledge of family planning issues associated with disease modifying therapies (DMTs) among patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS)., Methods: 590 Danish MS patients responded to an online questionnaire about family planning in MS, collecting demographics, disease characteristics, disease modifying treatment, knowledge of potential teratogenic effects in DMTs, number of children, occurrence of unplanned pregnancies and outcome, and sources of information., Results: 488 females and 102 males, mean age 40 years, responded. On average, it was 6.5 and 10.9 years since diagnosis and first symptoms, respectively. 16% of female and 19% of male respondents did not receive DMT at the time of responding to the survey. 30% of all had received only one DMT, 37%, 19%, 8%, and 5% had received two, three, four, and five different treatments, respectively. 42% of female and 74% of male respondents said they did not know if the medication they were taking had teratogenic risks. 83% of females and 85% of males responded that they did not know, whether DMT in male MS patients may expose healthy partners to teratogenic risks; hereto, 13% and 10%, respectively, answered that no transmission occurs. On average respondents had two children; three of four children reported in the study were born prior to the respondents being diagnosed with MS. 50% of both female and male respondents without children wanted a family and 25% of females and 16% of males wanted to start a family within the next two years. 91% of female respondents would discontinue DMT during pregnancy. Among male respondents 32% would continue treatment during a partner's pregnancy and 47% did not know whether they would continue or discontinue treatment. 10% of the female patients had had unplanned pregnancies during MS treatment, of these 49% chose to have an abortion. 53% of all felt they were well informed about MS treatment and family planning. 22% and 41% of the respondents received information from the neurologist about teratogenic risks in female MS patients and about teratogenic risks in women with male MS patients as partners, respectively; 27% and 34%% retrieved information from the internet on these two issues., Conclusion: This survey uncovered a low level of knowledge about DMTs' teratogenic risks among MS patients irrespective of sex. Knowledge about potential teratogenic risks for male MS patients receiving DMTs while planning to start a family was largely absent. 10% of female patients had experienced unplanned pregnancies on MS treatment. In general, patients use the internet and their neurologist to the same extent for information on parenthood planning., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We present three cases with anaphylaxis after injection of a depot corticosteroid. First, the steroid was suspected as the elicitor, but after evaluation the excipient macrogol was found to be the elicitor. One of the patients had reactions to several unrelated drugs. Increased awareness of anaphylaxis to excipients such as macrogols is needed, especially when allergy tests for the active drug is negative and in patients with a history of repeated anaphylaxis to seemingly unrelated drugs. To establish the correct diagnosis it is important to test with the exact formulation of the culprit drug, as well as all the ingredients including excipients.

Background: Recent interest in the labeling of foods and food proteins derived from allergenic sources necessitates determination of the potential allergenicity of such food ingredients. Fish gelatin is extracted from the skin of fish species known to elicit allergic reactions in sensitized individuals., Objective: To determine the allergenicity of fish gelatin by double-blinded, placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) in clinically fish-allergic individuals., Methods: Thirty fish-allergic patients diagnosed according to the EAACI Guidelines were included (age 9-50 years). Skin prick tests (SPT) and Histamine Release tests (HR) were performed with fish gelatin and codfish, and codfish-specific IgE was measured. All patients underwent DBPCFC with a cumulative dose of 14.61 g fish gelatin., Results: In all 30 patients SPT, HR, and specific IgE to codfish were positive. SPT and HR with fish gelatin were positive in 3/30 and 7/30, respectively. One patient showed mild reaction to placebo and no reaction to the active challenge. Two patients reported mild subjective reactions to active challenge. Upon re-challenge one of them described subjective symptoms again to the active challenge (7.61 g cumulated dose of fish gelatin) with no reaction to placebo, while the other experienced very mild subjective symptoms to placebo and nothing to the active. The proportion of truly sensitive patients was estimated to 0.03 in the total study group., Conclusion: None of 30 fish allergic patients reacted adversely to the ingestion of 3.61 g cumulative dose of fish gelatin. In this study fish gelatin presents no risk to fish-allergic patients at the doses typically used. Statistically, these results indicate that there is 95% certainty that 90% of fish-allergic consumers will not react to ingestion of a 3.61 g cumulative dose of fish gelatin.

A large proportion of soybean cultivars grown in the USA are now genetically modified varieties and concern has been raised about the safety of these products for consumers. A study of the impact on allergenic potency in soybeans, comparable except for the newly introduced gene (CP4 EPSPS), was performed using soybean-sensitized patients. The allergenicity of 18 different (10 GM and 8 WT) soybean extracts was examined blindly by the following three methods: A) Sera from patients with specific IgE against soybean were used to determine concentrations inducing 50% RAST inhibition; B) Histamine release induced by the extracts was examined using blood from sensitized patients; C) SPT was performed on sensitized patients with all 18 extracts. All three methods showed variations in the allergenic potency between the individual extracts but allergenic potential was not affected by presence of the transgene. By using standard in vitro methods and SPT for determination of allergenicity we were not able to detect any significant difference in the allergenic potency between GM and WT soybeans.

Objectives: This study examined the effects of a 4-year randomized intervention program that combined a safety audit with safety behavior training in the prevention of farm injuries., Methods: From a random sample of farms in the county of Ringkoebing, Denmark, 393 farms with 1597 residents and employees participated in a weekly self-registration of work-related accidents and injuries during 1 year. Worktasks and time at risk were recorded. A questionnaire including items on safety behavior was also mailed to each farm. Thereafter, the farms were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Two hundred and one farms with 990 persons at risk participated in the intervention study. The main outcome measures were the number and severity of accidents, safety behavior, and farmsite safety audits., Results: Pre- and postmeasurements showed a substantial reduction in injury rates in the intervention group in comparison with a slight reduction in the control group. In a multivariate regression analysis the intervention effect was estimated to be a 30% injury-rate reduction of all injuries, while there was a 42% reduction for medically treated injuries only. Although none of these effects are statistically significant with the present sample size, their magnitude and direction support an intervention effect. The measures of safety behavior revealed significant improvements, and this finding supports the conclusion that the intervention effect was positive, since they concern some of the mediating factors on the pathway from intervention to improved injury rates., Conclusions: This intervention, which focused on safety behavior and was performed as a randomized controlled trial, was followed by a substantial reduction in the number of farm injuries. The reduction was particularly marked for the more severe injuries demanding medical treatment.

Recent studies have characterized the ABC half-transporter associated with mitoxantrone resistance in human cancer cell lines. Encoded by the ABCG2 gene, overexpression confers resistance to camptothecins, as well as to mitoxantrone. We developed four polyclonal antibodies against peptides corresponding to four different epitopes on the mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein, ABCG2. Three epitopes localized on the cytoplasmic region of ABCG2 gave rise to high-affinity antibodies, which were demonstrated to be specific for ABCG2. Western blot analysis of cells with high levels of ABCG2 showed a single major band of the expected 72-kDa molecular size of ABCG2 under denaturing conditions. Immunoblot analysis performed under non-reducing conditions and after treatment with cross-linking reagents demonstrated a molecular weight shift from 72 kDa to several bands of 180 kDa and higher molecular weight, suggesting detection of dimerization products of ABCG2. Evidence of N-linked glycosylation was also obtained using tunicamycin and N-glycosidase F. Finally, both by light, fluorescence and electron microscopic immunohistochemical staining, we demonstrate cytoplasmic and predominantly plasma membrane localization of ABCG2 in cell lines with high levels of expression. Plasma membrane staining was observed on the surface of the chorionic villi in placenta. These results support the hypothesis that ABCG2 is an ABC half-transporter that forms dimers in the plasma membrane, functioning as an ATP-dependent outward pump for substrate transport.